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Anselm Klose - Modulare HAZOP für flexible Anlagen der Prozessindustrie

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Anselm Klose

Modulare HAZOP für flexible Anlagen der Prozessindustrie

Series: Rechnerunterstützte Verfahren

Volume 479 2023

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Methodik S. 35

„… Methodik33.1 Methodik zur Herleitung des KonzeptsDie HAZOP als Methode überzeugt durch ihre …” „… flexible Anwendung. Mit der kreativenBrainstorming-Methode können die unterschiedlichsten Systeme analysier …” „… prüfbar zu gestalten. Aus diesem Grund wird die angewandte Methodik zur Erstellungdes Konzeptes hier …”

Einleitung S. 1-3

„… geeignete Methoden sind also potenzielle Ereignisse vorAufbau der Anlagen zu identifizieren, Maßnahmen zur …” „… Flexibilität ist also prinzipiell abschätzbar, es liegt nunan den Methoden zur Identifikation und zur Planung …” „… der Sicherheitsanalyse gelegtwerden. Konkret soll eine Methode entwickelt werden, welche den Umgang …”

Grundlagen und Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik S. 4-34

„… daher eine Methode gefunden werden, die Ereignisse, welche auch für den Sicherheits-bericht oder …” „… und Stand der Wissenschaft und Technikkann. Eine Zusammenstellung bestehender Methoden für …” „… liefern können. Klar ist aber, dass eine Sicherheitsanalysenotwendig ist und hier die Methoden …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XII

„… eine neue Methode für die Sicherheitsanalyse von flexiblen, modularen Prozessanlagen vor. Sie richtet …” „… Methode nutzt eine Schnittstellenbeschreibung für einzelne HAZOP Analysen und macht sie damit vernetzbar …” „… Anpassung der HAZOP-Methodik für flexible modulareAnlagenkonzepte in der Prozessindustrie. Diese modularen …”

Zusammenfassung S. 79-109

„… Zusammenfassung9Seit Entwicklung der Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) Methode in den 1960er …” „… Arbeit wurde ein Konzept zur Modularisierung der HAZOP Methode vorgestellt, welchesdas Prinzip einzelner …” „… Beispiel der HAZOP-Methode eingeführt. Basierend auf denFlexibilitätsanforderungen der Prozessindustrie …”

Anforderungen und angrenzende Arbeiten S. 36-38

„… Methode sein, insbesondere das Erzeugen der Erkenntnisse muss für unabhängigePersonen nachvollziehbar …” „… beschrieben werdenDamit die Sicherheitsanalyse einen Mehrwert zu konventionellen Methoden ausmacht, lässt …” „… Wiederverwendbarkeit der Ergebnisse• Berücksichtigung der Unterstützbarkeit• Agilität und Modularität der Methode …”

Literatur S. 110-146

„… . “A modular method for hazard and operability studies of process plant”. en.thesis. Loughborough …” „… Chemie. Das PAAG-Verfahren: Methodik, Anwendung, Beispiele. de. 5. Ausgabe.ISSA prevention series G 2002 …” „… PAAG-/HAZOP-Verfahren und weiterepraxisbewährte Methoden: Risikobeurteilung in der Anlagensicherheit. ger. Hrsg. von …”

Diskussion S. 75-78

„… eines HAZOP-Teams darstellen. Hier75wird also wie bei der konventionellen Methode die Sicherheit des …” „… hinaus kann die Methode der modularen HAZOP auch in weiteren Industrien angewendetwerden, beispielsweise …”

Verifikation und Fallstudie S. 61-74

„… konventionellen HAZOP eine kreativeBrainstorming-Methode von einem Expertenteam. Zur Vorbereitung ist zu …” „… istdie Sicherheit von modularen Systemen mit der entwickelten Methode zu beurteilen und auchvon den …” „… werden durch die Strukturierung derInhalte der HAZOP-Methode selbst erfüllt. Die modulare HAZOP setzt …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186479204

Berit Müller - Near-net-shape fabrication of open-porous bone replacement materials of calcium phosphate and protein

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Berit Müller

Near-net-shape fabrication of open-porous bone replacement materials of calcium phosphate and protein

Series: Biotechnik/Medizintechnik

Volume 294 2017

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METHODS S. 15-26

„… 15 3 Methods 3.1 Powder characterisation The following section gives an overview on methods …” „… particles. 18 3.1.2 Particle size measurement The simplest method for estimating the particle size of …” „… number of differently mesh-sized sieves applied. Methods yielding more exact particle size distributions …”

INTRODUCTION S. 1-3

„… implants is desirable. There is attention on appropriate fabrication methods to develop bone replacement …” „… scaffolds. Such methods are for example replica techniques, direct foaming, and freeze casting [15-17 …” „… is desirable. Among all processing methods, the freeze gelation process is considered highly …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XIV

„… , mechanical stability, and resorbability. As appropriate fabrication method, the slurry-based freeze gelation …” „… ) ............................................................................................................. 14 3 METHODS …” „… .......................................................................................................................... 28 4.2.2 Methods …”

OUTLOOK S. 78

„… . Generally pore channels with up to 20 µm in diameter are possible by freeze casting methods with …” „… sophisticated production methods preventing cracks by demoulding and drying could lead to higher stability …” „… tests to investigate the suitability of the method further studies should concentrate on more …”

REFERENCES S. 81-92

„… prediction method for the isoelectric point of binary protein mixtures of bovine serum albumin and lysozyme …” „… : Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany. 92. Schwartzwalder, K. and A.V. Somers, Method of making porous …” „… ., A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the …”

BASICS S. 4-14

„… lysozyme [47]. Methods for administering drugs can be divided into two categories: systemic and local …” „… . Systematic drug delivery describes the conventional methods for drug delivery: oral administration and …” „… injection. Oral administration is generally seen as the most convenient method for the patient. However, it …”

EXPERIMENTAL S. 27-38

„… 5 [36] 4.7-5.3 [33, 84] LSZ 14.3 [84] 3x4.5 [36] 3x3 [36] 10.7-11.3 [84, 111, 112] 4.2.2 Methods …” „… ultra-pure water system (Synergy system, Millipore, Germany) was used for all studies. 4.3.2 Methods The …” „… method, larger pores were therefore determined by analysing scanning electron microscopy images …”

DISCUSSION S. 64-75

„… potentials were calculated using the finite-difference Poisson-Boltzmann method and applying the software …” „… freeze casting-based methods require a freeze drying step necessary to sublimate the ice formed during …” „… freezing and to avoid the destruction of the green body. In contrast, 70 the one-pot method presented …”

RESULTS S. 39-63

„… mmol/l of the applied test method. For scaffolds with 0.5 wt.% LSZ all values were under the detection …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186294173

Xiao Zhao - Reactor network synthesis with guaranteed robust performance

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Xiao Zhao

Reactor network synthesis with guaranteed robust performance

Series: Verfahrenstechnik

Volume 952 2017

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Solution methods S. 60-106

„… 5 Solution methods In previous chapters we derived two optimization problems, Eqs. (3.44) and (4.39 …” „… by applying the outer approximation (OA) method, which linearly relaxes nonlinear convex constraints …” „… the algorithm can eventually converge to a true solution of the original one. The method of relation …”

Introduction S. 1-16

„… topic and propose a systemic method for open-loop and closed-loop reactor network synthesis. In this …” „… section, we first review different design methods for open-loop reactor network synthesis. 1.1.2 Task The …” „… extra design degrees of freedom. 1.1.3 Methods Methods for reactor network synthesis can be classified …”

Bibliography S. 158-176

„… optimization problems. SIAM Journal on Algebraic and Discrete Methods, 6(3):466–486, 1985. 158 Bibliography [14 …” „… . Biegler, I. Grossmann, and A. Westerberg. Systematic methods of chemical process design. Prentice Hall …” „… numerical methods for optimizing matrix stability. Linear Algebra and its Applications, 351-352:117–145 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XIV

„… conditions. In comparison to the classical design methods, certain specified dynamic properties are …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.3 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Design of …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3 Simultaneous …”

Summary and outlook S. 133-140

„… design degrees of freedom, which are determined by solving a single optimization problem. The method has …” „… reviewing related optimization problems, we proposed a two-step hybrid method to solve the resulting …” „… of applying this two-step hybrid method is that, the normal vector approach can be properly …”

Case study of allyl chloride production S. 107-132

„… and the two-step solution method proposed in Section 5.6. Since we want to guarantee robust stability …” „… shown in Chapter 4 and the twostep solution method proposed in Section 5.6. Since we want to guarantee a …” „… . For comparison, we apply the proposed method to design reactor networks with different numbers N of …”

Open-loop reactor network synthesis S. 30-46

„… problem, this final design can not be found by smooth optimization methods. 3.2.3 A direct problem …” „… MINLP can be better treated by smooth optimization methods, as detailed in Chapter 5. We use integer …” „… (but generally non-smooth) with respect to its arguments. Therefore, the methods to treat standard …”

Simultaneous design of reactor network and its decentralized control system S. 47-59

„… design for closed-loop reactor networks with guaranteed robust dynamic properties. Solution methods for …” „… . Complementarity constraints allow a more efficient numerical treatment, including smoothing methods [16, 56 …” „… non-smooth at certain points. Hence, it can be treated more easily by standard numerical optimization methods …”

Some Preliminaries S. 17-29

„… been discussed in [123]. Here, we present a method based on the left and right eigenvectors. Note that …” „… exist a systematic method to find Lyapunov functions for general dynamic systems [84]. Stability and …” „… ). Corollary 2.3.4 (Lyapunov’s indirect method, refer to Theorem 3.7 in [84]). Consider x∗ = 0 is an …”

Appendices S. 141-157

„… ) model of a PFR can be transcribed into an ODE model by the Method of Lines [151]. After this …” „… , the proposed synthesis method can be applied straightforwardly to reactor network superstructures …” „… yi,j is of the same type as in Eq. (3.4). 142 We use the methods of lines to transcribe the PDE system …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186952035

Lars Radtke - A partitioned solution approach for fluid-structure interaction problems in the arterial system

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Lars Radtke

A partitioned solution approach for fluid-structure interaction problems in the arterial system

Series: Mechanik/Bruchmechanik

Volume 353 2020

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Numerical methods S. 69-152

„… 4 Numerical methods In the previous chapter, several models were proposed for the investigation of …” „… of the models have to be solved approximately using numerical methods. In general, the unknown state …” „… three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction problem, is solved by the well-known finite-volume method (applied for …”

Summary and Outlook S. 253-256

„… arterial system, several modeling and simulation methods were developed and investigated in detail in this …” „… achievement is the development of numerical methods that are needed to realize such a partitioned simulation …” „… in which specialized field solvers applying different numerical methods are coupled. Partitioned …”

Introduction S. 1-5

„… validation of the simulation method that can be generalized to the application scenario. Within the field of …” „… different numerical methods serve to predict their motion. The problem is then regarded as a surface-coupled …” „… partitioned or monolithic methods. In the monolithic case, all fields are solved simultaneously taking into …”

Bibliography S. 269-288

„… based on a POD-Galerkin method and a vascular shape parametrization”. In: Journal of Computational …” „… . “Computational fluid-structure interaction: methods and application to a total cavopulmonary connection”. In …” „… . [21] Y. Bazilevs, K. Takizawa, and T. E. Tezduyar. Computational Fluid-Structure Interaction: Methods …”

Numerical investigations S. 153-219

„… 5 Numerical investigations In order to study the applicability of the proposed numerical methods …” „… , the numerical methods are investigated with respect to their performance in cardiovascular FSI …” „… the corresponding numerical methods introduced in Chapter 4 are investigated. The purpose of the …”

Fluid-structure interaction in the arterial system S. 6-22

„… [159]. Based on this, a novel method for such investigations is presented in [158]. Briefly speaking …” „… application for the development of the numerical methods presented in this work, and it is considered in more …” „… issues related to cardiovascular surgery motivate the development of numerical methods to predict the …”

Appendix S. 257-268

„… finite element method, global matrices and vectors are assembled from the counterparts on element level …” „… global matrices and vectors in the finite element method. 1: for e = 1 . . . ne do 2: for i = 1 . . . (d …” „… ) −r(e) r(e) −r(e) s(e) −s(e) s(e) −s(e) A.4 Taylor-Galerkin method The global systems (4.87) and (4.88 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-X

„… parallel coupling algorithms as well as different methods for convergence acceleration, spatial …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 V Contents 3.3.7 Hemodynamic quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4 Numerical methods 69 …” „… Taylor-Galerkin method for one-dimensional blood flow 88 4.1.4 Solvers for ordinary differential equations …”

Mechanical modeling of the arterial system S. 23-68

„… methods are introduced for each of them. Here, all quantities are to be seen as continuous functions of …” „… , te] and for all p ∈ [1, 2, . . . , np] 3.1.1 Solution approaches In view of the numerical methods to …” „… methods use a time stepping scheme to compute the state variables at consecutive instances in time t0 = ts …”

Applications S. 220-252

„… constitutes the target application for which the numerical methods in this work were developed. Accordingly …” „… ensure the applicability of the developed methods for investigations of this type. 6.3.1 Study case The …” „… based on the Taylor-Galerkin method described in Section 4.1.3 is augmented by the boundary conditions …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186353184

Patrick Erbts - Partitioned solution strategies for electro-thermo-mechanical problems applied to the field-assisted sintering technology

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Patrick Erbts

Partitioned solution strategies for electro-thermo-mechanical problems applied to the field-assisted sintering technology

Series: Mechanik/Bruchmechanik

Volume 345 2016

Results in this title

Numerical methods S. 45-78

„… 45 CHAPTER3 Numerical methods The third chapter is concerned with numerical methods to find an …” „… spatial discretization of the body B using the finite element method (FEM) is described and the time …” „… finite volume method (FVM) is employed to discretize the fluid domain Σ which can be viewed as the …”

Bibliography S. 186-204

„… stable fractional step method for non-linear coupled thermomechanical problems. International Journal for …” „… Numerical Methods in Engineering, 35:737–766, 1992. [4] F. Armero and J.C. Simo. A priori stability …” „… . Meister. A time-adaptive fluidstructure interaction method for thermal coupling. Computing and …”

Solution of coupled problems S. 79-144

„… comparison with monolithic schemes, algorithms to improve the convergence by means of acceleration methods …” „… Full System with Newtons’ method ∂G ∂z ∣∣∣∣ z=zk Δzk = −G(zk) zk+1 = zk + Δzk New Iteration tn+1 Check …” „… formulation: The application of Newton’s method to solve the first subproblemG1(z1, zk2, zk3) = 0 leads to ∂G1 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XVI

„… finite element method is applied while solving the radiation field using computational fluid dynamic …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.3.4 Coupling to other fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3 Numerical methods 45 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.2 Finite element method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.2.1 Spatial …”

Conclusions and outlook S. 171-173

„… mechanical fields is carried out by means of the finite element method (FEM). Further, the ambient of the …” „… tools is the radiation field, which is discretized by the finite volume method (FVM). In this context …” „… conditions, the view factor method (VFM) is utilized. For a participating medium, however, the method of …”

Introduction S. 1-7

„… simultaneously achieved in one time-step. For an unconditional stable time-stepping method, this property can …” „… properties of the partitioned approach. A prominent example is the so-called Aitken method in a formulation …” „… given by KÜTTLER & WALL [106] to solve strongly coupled FSI problems. Another promising method applied …”

Numerical examples S. 145-170

„… solution is predicted by means of vector prediction methods so that the electric and thermal field are …” „… acceleration methods. At the beginning, a fully explicit coupling strategy is taken under consideration. In …” „… 150 5. Numerical examples the Quasi-Newton least square method (QN) are applied to the coupled problem …”

Appendix S. 174-185

„… ] = [ 637.308 119.336 ] W . (A.13) A.2. Vector sequence acceleration methods 177 A.2 Vector sequence …” „… acceleration methods The vector sequence acceleration methods generate sets of transformed vectors which can be …” „… the partitioned coupling algorithm. A.2.2 Brezinski’s θ-algorithm Another method which shall be …”

Governing equations S. 8-44

„… formulate the further equations. In this thesis, the method of choice is the material or Lagrangian …” „… comprehensive example for calculating view factors between different surfaces. There exist several methods that …” „… deal with the calculation of view factors; the crossed-strings method [85], the inside and the unit …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186345189

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