VDI Verlag eLibrary

Friction Potential Estimation for Autonomous Driving

Thorsten Lajewski

Series: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik

Volume 816 2022

Results in this title

Development of a Friction Potential Measurement Method S. 55-80

„… taking place before and after the road maintenance.After the road maintenance is finished, all …” „… wasa known road maintenance on the brake point, the measurements are separated intoall measurements …” „… seen in the plot, is the change of the frictionpotential after the road maintenance. It is unknown if …”

Intermediate Layer Classification S. 104-126

„… sides ofmajor roads. Their main use is to help winter maintenance and traffic management. InGermany, the …” „… , the road condition of all measurements is influenced by road main-tenance due to plowing and gritting …” „… , do not know anything about road maintenance activities.1105.3 Classification methodsline of the …”

Remaining Risk of Overestimating the Friction Potential S. 127-135

„… influence of winter road maintenance has again been correc-ted by setting the intermediate layer of every …” „… maintenance.This highlights the importance to include information about winter maintenance in anestimation …” „… thepast. Although the AV might drive differently from human drivers, the cars will sharethe roads with …”

Introduction S. 1-35

„… less relevance to road maintenance.In this thesis, two continuous wet grip measurement methods have …” „… also lead to operating timesduring night time, where road maintenance is reduced. Especially in winter …” „… found in literature and used inthis thesisRoad Maintenance Friction Potential Measurement MethodsRoad …”

Grip Map S. 81-103

„… smaller than the 100 m segments used in road maintenance.For the track on public roads, the 5 m segments …” „… condition. The possible large spread in wet frictionpotential led road maintenance authorities to use the …” „… methods are a well established method-ology in road maintenance (see section 1.2.1). These continuous …”

Conclusions S. 136-138

„… road main-tenance, where the limit and warning values are derived from a reference measurementcampaign …” „… measurement methods used in road maintenance. According to the con-ducted SWB measurements, the friction …” „… friction potential is to conduct full-brakingtests. Since these tests cannot be conducted on public roads …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XX

„… – KlassifizierungsverfahrenKeywords: Tyre – Friction – Autonomous Driving – Trajectory Planning – Road Maintenance – Road Weather …” „… ) and RoadSTAR, which are used inroad maintenance, were compared with the created database. The results …” „… maximum forces that can be transmitted between tyre and road. The friction potential is a function of many …”

Appendix S. 139-154

„… maintenance measurementtrucks SKM and RoadSTAR. Figure C.1 shows the data measured by the SKM truck onthe …” „… .5.146C Continuous Friction PotentialMeasurementsThe following figures show the data provided by the road …” „… public road course. All three laps are plotted. The different velocity categories areplotted in different …”

Bibliography S. 155-174

„… forecast and winter road maintenance: an examplefrom the Italian Alps. In: THEMISTOCLEOUS, K.; HADJIMITSIS …” „… zero: a toolkit for road safety in themodern era. Injury Epidemiology. 2017, vol. 4, no. 1.3. SINGH, S …” „… Levels of Automated Driving. SAE international tax-onomy and definitions for terms related to on-road …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186816122

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Commercial Vehicles 2023

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2417 2023

Results in this title

S. Tjaden, H. Flämig Designing a future-oriented logistics system with driverless driving S. 191-204

„… vehiclesReduction for costs for expansion and maintenanceDesign optionsReduction of vehicle kilometres …” „… 2021, the introduction of this new vehicle technology in road freight transport will become …” „… . Whether in internal logistics or in public road transport, driverless driving can lead to far-reaching …”

P. Akerman, A. Rupprecht Dynamic charging for trucks S. 35-46

„… flow back to road maintenance and investment, as well as for a tax income for governments to offset …” „… heavy and long-haul road freight different zero emission technologies are being tested. VDI-Berichte Nr …” „… evaluate the prospect for reaching the climate goals with help of an Electric Road System (ERS) on …”

X. Seykens, C. Bekdemir, P. van Gompel How can hydrogen combustion engines contribute to realizing climate targets? S. 105-122

„… consumption, and maintenance costs. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2417, 2023 117 Fig. 8: Overview of total (investment and …” „… LPDI is due to differences in maintenance cost estimation. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2417, 2023118 …” „… . Funding: Starting up pilot and demonstrator projects with vehicles/fleet on the road for smooth …”

M. Sommer, E. Sax, T. Rösch Fleet data used for self-learning functions in commercial vehicles S. 81-92

„… maintenance, passenger experience, as well as the operation of the bus components itself. By leveraging the …” „… based on traffic data, chassis mode based on road data. Control over the air (COTA) Control functions …” „… concept offers many advantages for the OEMs in terms of easier integration and maintenance of functions …”

C. Liehr The future is Megawatt Charging – A high power revolution on charging infrastructure for commercial vehicles S. 25-34

„… MCS is clear – less charging time means more time on the road. There are wider benefits for society …” „…  Reduction of operation and maintenance cost  Standardization of charging infrastructure  Optimization of …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024171

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Commercial Vehicles 2021

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2380 2021

Results in this title

H. Zeltwanger Standardized body builder network with cloud connection S. 283-XII

„… . To satisfy the customer demand on pre-emptive maintenance options a standardized interface between …” „… 1939 or CANopen as application layer. Body application Many commercial road vehicles are equipped …” „… . Additionally, the body application sends request to the commercial road vehicle via such an in-vehicle gateway …”

N. Rossel, M. Sommer, E. Sax Automated and networked city buses – Optimized, demand-oriented service through intelligent use of data S. 215-228

„… road works or dense crowding at bus stops are just a few examples of the daily challenges during the …” „… influence the daily operation and maintenance of the buses, which will be shown on the example of automated …” „… also the dynamics of other road users and pedestrians. Looking at the ego-vehicle, the route results …”

H. Bublies, T. Dieckmann The chassis remains the backbone of road transport  smart & light S. 179-188

„… Predictive Maintenance Road Preview e Horizon Impact Monitoring Height Leveling Road & Bridge Monitoring …” „… The chassis remains the backbone of road transport smart & light Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Holger Bublies …” „… of road users, driver comfort and cargo integrity Digitalization Connectivity and software …”

J. F. Beaupère, F. Domprobst Tire contribution to truck sustainability – Roadmap to 2030 S. 135-148

„… analysis is better leading to a global improvement of road freight environmental footprint …” „… RRC before the tire reaches a stabilized thermal state must be considered as well. - Real road …” „… 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 RR ISO Load Pressure Speed Ambient T°C Transcient Road roughness Road curvature …”

K. Feyerabend, A. Goers Towards the standardization of a high speed truck-trailer data connection S. 205-214

„… standard for a complete vehicle road train network with high bandwidth for the next decades Source …” „… , wikimedia.org New Connector (Proposal) Related Research Activities TMC (Trucking Maintenance Council) TMC S1 …” „… over IP (SOME/IP) • ISO 17215 – Road vehicles: Video communication interface for cameras • ISO 13400 …”

H. Ulmer, M. Rothschuh, F. Brinkmann, R. Wascheck, T. Delebinski eDrive & Fuel Cell powertrain systems engineering for commercial vehicles S. 55-72

„… ]. Consequently, all on-road commercial vehicles manufacturers are facing OEM specific challenges for introducing …” „… concept & business case development up to ready-to-use systems in operation, maintenance solutions and …” „… System in operation Concept Development Production Disposal Maintenance Operation Realization …”

L. Heber, J. Schwab, T. Knobelspies Thermoelectric generators for heavy-duty vehicles as an economical waste heat recovery system S. 17-32

„… emissions of road transport and without further innovation, significant reductions are unlikely. Part of …” „… network or charge the battery. Their advantages are low maintenance costs, relatively low system weight …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023808

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ELIV-MarketPlace 2022

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2405 2022

Results in this title

S. Poledna, L. Antonia Zaza Bringing together major stakeholders to shape the future of autonomous operation. Can this also be done for the offhighway industry? S. 447-460

„… automation• Quality control• Safety assistance• Predictive maintenanceVDI-Berichte Nr. 2405, 2022 455 …” „… safe autonomous mobility for on-road vehicles a reality. Concepts out of automotive field are nowadays …” „… transferring also to the off-highway market. Trends like smart and autonomous operation for off-road …”

J. Hampp Targeted use of modern high-level languages, reuse of software modules and an ISO 26262 and ISO 21434 compliant compiler tool chain to ensure reliable cooperation guaranteed using all available hardwa... S. 173-180

„… the experts at TASKING with commercial maintenanceThe new TASKING development environment is developed …” „… cybersecurity conform according to ISO/SAE 21434:2021 road vehicles. Combined Safety/Security Manual. TÜV …” „… Qualification Kit.Customers who purchaseSmartCode v10.1r1 withcommercial maintenanceare entitled to get all …”

F. Klebert NDS – The Development and Use of a Worldwide Standard for Map Data S. 315-324

„… providers and on the road in millions of vehicle of more than 30 brands. Unlike NDS.Classic, NDS.Live is not …” „… Data2018 - 2022ELIV Marketplace November 16, 2022 | 4NDS.Classic: on the road since 2012Today, map …” „… relevant for a broad set of use cases or as a general reference for all other dataRoads or display data …”

U. Bodenhausen Comprehensive Test Strategy for AI Based Systems – From AI Test Principles to T est Optimization S. 265-282

„… (e.g. voice and gesture recognition) or predictive maintenance. Recently, the application of AI to …” „… maintenance. AI: Great Opportunities for New or Enhanced FunctionalitiesAI in Automotive* Source: ISO/TR 4804 …” „… - ISO/PAS 8800 Road Vehicles: Safety and AI*AI in Automotive* Source: ISO/PAS 8800 Road Vehicles: Safety and …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024058

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Ventiltrieb und Zylinderkopf 2017

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2291 2017

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N. Auffret, M. Moretti, D. Palmisani Modular Valve Train Systems for Heavy-Duty engines S. 199-210

„… following features: - Maintenance free system using hydraulic valve adjustment - Optimized engine brake …” „… . Drivers for future off-road engines development To be able to face the worldwide need to build …” „… outstanding buildings, skycrapers or facilities, off-road engines manufacturers are developing always bigger …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181022917

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Nutzfahrzeuge 2017 – Commercial Vehicles 2017

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2298 2017

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D. Nulens The Future of Telematics – Intelligent Connectivity – A journey to exceptional fleet performance S. 277-290

„… which involves autonomous driving. Connectivity of the past Road freight transport is the …” „… roads, delivering 14 billion tonnes of goods per year and representing a yearly business in Europe of …” „… ] Looking at these impressive figures, one might assume that the road transport business is booming. Yet …”

T. Huber, T. Grossner Future CO2 legislation and innovations to reduce TCO – using Continental Innovation Truck as an example – Evaluation of Photovoltaic System and Coasting Technology S. 79-102

„… safety, efficiency and comfort, as well as measures to reduce the maintenance costs play an important …” „… (HDVs) only represent 4 % of the on-road fleet in the European Union, they are responsible for around 30 …” „… % of on-road CO2 emissions [1]. Unlike other countries such as the United States, China, Japan and …”

G. Chen, C. Keller-Ebert, Z. Liu Requirements of Chinese domestic market for introduction of disc brakes for medium and heavy tractor truck axles – Sino German collaboration to enhance the product introduction process into Chinese ... S. 179-196

„… of Shanghai for Science and Technology in the road spectrum data acquisition, inspection and testing …” „… process of brake, solve the problem of frequent maintenance and other problems so that it should be used …” „… brake lining is the most major maintenance work of the air disc brake, the maintenance record of the …”

G. Nitzsche, S. Wagner, M. Engel Electric Drivelines in Semi-Trailers – TRANSFORMERS: An additional Way to Hybridisation S. 167-178

„… goods on roads is an important mode of transport in today’s economy – if not even the most important in …” „… , the majority of these on-road transports use diesel powered trucks. In the White Paper of the …” „… road freight transport in tonne-kilometres. This can be achieved by maximizing load efficiency as well …”

B. Grzegorzewski The next generation of natural gas trucks – Development of a 4x2 tractor with a natural gas engine S. 223-234

„… NG ATS. Maintenance interval Due to the high thermal load the maintenance interval is shorter …” „… than on Diesel vehicles. On the Stralis NP a maintenance interval of 75.000 km has been achieved …” „… . Compared to previous gas trucks this is an increase of 50 %. Nevertheless the typical maintenance …”

M. Eckert, M. Thiem, C. Beidl Development of an Electric Powertrain System for Truck Trailers S. 155-166

„… freight road transport mileage, sales and total number of medium- and heavy duty vehicles. This leads to …” „… a current share of about 30 % in road based greenhouse gas emissions caused by freight transport …” „… transported by road, while transportation mileage is expected to double its number until 2030 [3]. This makes …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181022986

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ELIV 2021

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2384 2021

Results in this title

J. Klesing, P. Schmitt Chassis Health Management – End-to-End Architecture and Methods S. 105-116

„… useful life of a chassis component, which enables preventative maintenance and, in turn, increases the …” „… automotive, maintenance strategies have been shifting over time towards approaches that reduce the lifecycle …” „… cost of a vehicle [1]. The journey started with corrective maintenance after a failure had occurred …”

Z. Hermon Active Acoustics Innovations Supported by Tuning & Prediction Tools S. 331-338

„… appropriate destructive acoustic fields to reduce unwanted engine, road, HVAC and wind noise in passenger …” „… a set of sensors on the chassis and inside the headliner or the seats. The Active Road Noise …” „… installation, maintenance, and replacement, and increasing noise cancellation efficiency. Silentium …”

C. Cremers, P. Hubertus, R. Laszlo, M. Pfeifle, O. Muratov Augmented Reality Guidance based on 6D Positioning and HD Lanes S. 367-380

„… lane boundary; as well as warning information that the car should slow down due to road users …” „… information and the computed route path (in addition to the position and velocity of other road users) into …” „… . When a vehicle uses an electronic horizon powered by map data, it can understand the road in greater …”

M. Rath, N. KN, A. K. Laxminarayana, R. Tandon Automated Driving – How cloud infrastructure plays a vital role in future of validation for Automated Driving? S. 95-104

„… environment and traffic conditions. Executing this testing of millions of kilometres physically (on road …” „… . Introduction Data driven scenario-based validation is critical to ensure the safety of the vehicle on road …” „… on real road accidents/situations and standards prescribed by agencies like National Highway Traffic …”

G. Castignani, F. Chandelle, S. Jafarnejad, I. Scherer Evaluation of a driver’s compatibility with electric, plug-in hybrid, and hybrid vehicles based on mobility patterns analytics S. 489-500

„… traveled, the usual speeds at which the driver travels, the road environment (e.g., urban versus motorway …” „… are added to each location and road segment of the trip. 1. General trip information: raw and …” „… 2. Driver actions: illegal turns & U-turns, illegal directions 3. Road environment: speed limits …”

S. Kuhn Combined application of agile practices and functional safety in automotive software development S. 197-204

„… minimum, e. g. for enabling maintenance and customer guidance. Documentation intended just for short-term …” „… vehicle testing on proving ground versus testing on public roads). By suitably integrating safety aspects …” „… : Easier maintenance => supports avoidance of systematic faults. Higher performance => supports …”

U. Bodenhausen Make AI Testing Meaningful – From Understanding to Mastering of AI Testing S. 151-162

„… . for Automated driving Innovative user interfaces Predictive maintenance. Besides …” „… illustrates the issue by examples of driving situations in a public road. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2384, 2021 155 …” „… Fig. 4: Examples of driving situations on public roads. The left example shows rather seldom road …”

A. P. Das, K. Thomas, A. Mohan, A. S. Akhil, K. P. Ganesh A Battery Digital Twin framework for Predictive Maintenance and State of Health Estimation of Electric Vehicles S. 579-592

„… A Battery Digital Twin framework for Predictive Maintenance and State of Health Estimation of …” „… safety, predictive maintenance, and battery life. The on-board BMS cannot store or process large amounts …” „… . This cutting-edge technology helps the companies to optimize performance, maintenance and achieve …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XIV

„… road to the next paradigm shift with VIRTIO standards …” „… , Mountain View CA, USA A Battery Digital Twin framework for Predictive Maintenance and State of Health …”

T. Fricke, F. Schuck, J. Vogelpoh, J. Ax, R. Stolpe, H. Amelunxen Collaborative Development of a Test Environment for Automated Driving S. 5-16

„… different tasks, such as model integration and delivery, test automation or system maintenance). Since …” „… . The RT-PC indeed simulates the vehicle dynamics and the vehicle surroundings (static road and scenery …” „… simulation of real roads. The modular architecture allows partial set-ups of the test bench for early …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023846

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LAND.TECHNIK 2020

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2374 2020

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L. Trösken, L. Frerichs Process model for an economic evaluation of cultivation methods on agricultural farms S. 435-444

„… information of the corner points. Information from “OpenStreetMap” integrate the road network. Each machine …” „… maintenance as well as diesel costs and other annual expenses represent the direct costs for the use of …” „… according to the approach presented and charged with a percentage interest rate. Repair and maintenance …”

O. Lagnelöv, P.-A. Hansson Understanding the opportunities and challenges of self-driving, electric field tractors using dynamic discrete-event simulation S. 9-16

„… ], specific operations [3] and non-road heavy work machinery in other sectors, there is still a lack of market …” „… system. In the annual cost, the BEV systems showed a decreased cost for maintenance, fuel, operation and …” „… cost, but lower annual cost due to reduced costs of fuel, maintenance and operation, as well as the …”

A. Holler, C. Mueller From driver to automated driving – Proposal for a holistic step by step approach S. 413-424

„… commonalities. They work on designated areas with restricted or no public access, driving on public roads is …” „… standards have to be considered in terms of functional safety, namely the ISO 26262 for automobile on road …” „… vehicles which is only of relevance when mobile machines are operated in on road use cases. This standard …”

R. Schmetz Energy analyses of different advanced drive systems for agricultural machinery S. 315-322

„… cases can (sometimes even better) be covered with other machines (e.g. pure road transports with trucks …” „… requirement for the manufacture (plus maintenance during the phase of use and waste disposal if applicable …”

S. Tanner Experience gained in developing Autonomous Robots using AI and spot spraying to weed open field crops S. 213-222

„… has drawbacks, such as higher maintenance costs compared to batteries and electrical propulsion. For …” „… have a problem: they cannot drive on the road. How will the farmer go back home once he has left his …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023747

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Grid-based Environment Estimation for Local Autonomous Vehicle Navigation

Georg Tanzmeister

Series: Mess-, Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik

Volume 1246 2016

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Introduction S. 1-9

„… all road accidents are caused by human errors [53, 134]. A study of the United States National Highway …” „… in Road Scenarios Since the 1980’s and especially triggered by research projects, such as the Eureka …” „… before, it usually relied on special modified and expensive road infrastructure for vehicle guidance. The …”

Road Course and Road Boundary Estimation S. 87-101

„… maintenance, and there is no guarantee that the stored information is valid. Additionally, some road …” „… 5 Road Course and Road Boundary Estimation The road course with its road boundaries is an essential …” „… component of many advanced driver assistance systems and of autonomous vehicles. It represents the road …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186246080

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Fahrerassistenzsysteme und automatisiertes Fahren 2018

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2335 2018

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C. Krummel, D. Wanner Degradation Aspects for Urban Automated Taxis S. 223-230

„… the operating conditions are limited to specific road networks (e.g. certain cities) and pre-defined …” „… in road traffic. Mitigation or even prevention of harm to humans have absolute priority before any …” „… destination and UAT will return to maintenance center. Moreover, the specific extent of a particular fault …”

A. Noll, R. Schwarz, D. Reitze Intelligentes Fahrwerk – Aus Situationen lernen S. 91-106

„… die Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit von einzelnen Bauteilen reduziert werden – „Predictive Maintenance …” „… . : Road Disturbance Estimation and Cloud-Aided Comfort-Based Route Planning, IEEE Transactions on …” „… of Road Observers with Uncertainties for Reconstruction of the Road Elevation Profile, IEEE …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023358

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Drivetrain for Vehicles 2017

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2313 2017

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R. Böhme The basis for overall connectivity within heterogeneaus logislies industry: Anew platform-How RIO improves 828 processes, cosls and margins S. 109-110

„… unter anderem auch ein Fokus auf die Entwicklung von Konzepten im Bereich „Predictive Maintenance …” „… modal: encompasses all modes of transports – road, rail, sea and air (3) Efficient: not only focusing …” „… like to give more inside in one of the solutions of the RIO platform which is “Predictive Maintenance …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023136

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41. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 22.-24. April 2020

Bernhard Geringer (ed.), Hans-Peter Lenz (ed.)

Series: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik

Volume 813 2020

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M. Bell, S. Kollamthodi, N. Hill, A. Greaney Die „Net-Zero-Herausforderung“ - Auswirkungen der Lebenszyklusanalyse auf Antriebssystemtechnologien, Lieferketten und die regulatorische Landschaft /The Net Zero Challenge - Life Cycle Impacts on Pro... S. I-171-I-190

„… from road transport, not just the “in use” emissions. The implementation of a broader, and more …” „… recycling. It will also impact on propulsion system selection and future fuels and energy for road …” „… becoming more important. Ultimately the development of an LCA approach to road vehicles will help support …”

N. Andrisani, F. Contarin, A. Lorenzon, M. Nencioni, M. Scassa, F. Mallamo, T. Korfer, H. Busch Innovative Ventiltriebe als Beitrag zur Erfullung zukunftiger Emissionsanforderungen im Stadtbetrieb /Novel Valvetrain Design as Enabler for Compliance with Upcoming Stringent Emission Demands in Urba... S. I-285-I-310

„… of a LCV raises quite rapidly, as the higher road resistances of the LCV (higher weight; larger …” „… modifications are found in a) the maintenance of a certain temperature level of each cylinder, balancing the …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186813121

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Bauingenieur

Browse Volumes: Bauingenieur

Bauingenieur Volume 93 (2018) Issue 03 ISSN Online: 0005-6650

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A. Bojović, A. Mora Muñoz, Z. Marković, N. Novaković Network arches over the Danube – Railway Road Bridge in Novi Sad/Netzwerkbögen über die Donau – Eisenbahn-Straßenbrücke in Novi Sad S. 110-115

„… • B og en br üc ke n Network arches over the Danube – Railway Road Bridge in Novi Sad A. Bojović, A …” „… . Mora Muñoz, Z. Marković, N. Novaković Abstract The Railway road bridge in Novi Sad (Serbia) is …” „… (160 km/h), two road lanes and two footpaths. The bridge structure consists of four structures: two …”

doi.org/10.37544/0005-6650-2018-03

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Fahrerassistenz und Integrierte Sicherheit 2016

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2288 2016

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A. Kraus Sicherheitsanforderungen an Systeme hochautomatisiert fahrender Fahrzeuge S. 311-322

„… reduction of fatalities by supporting driver in different critical situations. Further road safety …” „… on the roads. The technical development towards smart mobility systems is very fast. It must be …” „… to achieve the main objectives – increase comfort and reduce accidents and fatalities on the roads …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181022887

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AgEng LAND.TECHNIK 2022

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2406 2022

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E. Michielan, M. Mattetti Combine harvester – Outlining the combine harvester usage through CANBUS data analysis S. 41-46

„… harvesters were inside the boundary of any farm unit.  Road, anytime the combine harvesters were closed than …” „… 3 meters to any section of the roads.  Field, anytime the combine harvesters were inside the …” „… the road network and boundaries of field plots, and the boundaries of the farm units were created. To …”

L. Wenzel, T. Stein, H. J. Meyer Automatic onboard process and worktype identification of agricultural machinery with Edge Devices S. 403-410

„… , maintenance activities, ...) (2). In the BiDaLap project, an algorithm was developed that uses GNSS data to …” „… decision tree is trained that classifies the data into road and field travel. When an action is detected as …” „… or on the road. Here, field travel is defined as the action and road as the approach. To avoid …”

O. Lagnelöv, G. Larsson, A. Larsolle, P.-A. Hansson Electric tractors – Sustainable and Profitable? Economic and environmental impact of autonomy and electric drivelines in agriculture S. 189-196

„… had a reduced the annual cost by lowering operator, fuel and maintenance cost. In total, the cost was …” „… , maintenance and timeliness. Additional factors normally included in agricultural cost analysis (such as …” „… . The autonomous electric tractors reduced the costs for fuel (-62%), maintenance (-29%) and operator …”

A. Hecker, B. Striller, F. Boye, Norman Franchi, H. Freytag Aspects on Applying and Operating Campus Networks in Agriculture S. 411-418

„… such as planning, deployment, testing, maintenance, and compliance with regulations in order for a …” „… solution can be roughly divided into planning, deployment, testing and maintenance. One secondary, but …” „… example of site planning and measurement performed prior to the ON/OFF Road Safety Demo – one of the …”

M. Reyhani, E. Santolini, M. Bovo, A. Barbaresi, D. Torreggiani, P. Tassinari A comparative life cycle analysis of living walls S. 235-244

„… , construction, maintenance, and disposal phases [15]. In fact, LCA analyses have been performed to establish …” „… benefits (from cradle to grave), showing a far lower impact of unsupported due to the less maintenance …” „… boundaries of the LCA system considers the production, construction, and maintenance stages. Raw materials …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024065

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