VDI Verlag eLibrary

Suppressing Electromagnetic Interference in Switching-Mode Power Supplies by Chaotic Carrier Frequency Modulation

Junying Niu

Series: Informatik/ Kommunikation

Volume 851 2017

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Power Spectral Characteristics of CCFM-based Switching Converters S. 34-44

„… 3 Power Spectral Characteristics of CCFM-based Switching Converters Since EMI can be estimated by …” „… measuring the PSD of the switching signal in the converter, the power spectral characteristics of the …” „… the CCFM-based switching converter has been studied in [18, 43, 55, 68, 69], which were normally based …”

References S. 95-106

„… . Classification and comparison of emi mitigation techniques in switching power converters - a review. Journal of …” „… . Tanaka, T. Ninomiya, and K. Harada. Random-Switching Control in DCto-DC Converters. In Power Electronics …” „… . Pedersen. Random Modulation Techniques with Fixed Switching Frequency for Three-Phase Power Converters. In …”

Application of CCFM in LED Drivers S. 45-63

„… converter based LED driver 4.3 Flyback Converter-Based LED Driver 4.3.1 Working Principle Due to the feature …” „… of 220V 48 4.3 Flyback Converter-Based LED Driver and 50Hz, is a constant current source, of which …” „… negative, so the diode D6 with a reverse voltage is off, and 50 4.3 Flyback Converter-Based LED Driver thus …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-VIII

„… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3 Power Spectral Characteristics of CCFM-based Switching Converters 34 3.1 Introduction …” „… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.3 Flyback Converter-Based LED Driver …” „… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.4 Push-pull Converter-Based LED Driver …”

Introduction S. 1-16

„… electric energy of the power supply is transferred to the output device through the switching converter at …” „… power source and interfere with the operation of other equipments. As a result, the switching converter …” „… popular in recent years. These methods will be briefly reviewed as following. Switching converter Load EMI …”

Analogue Chaotic Frequency PWM IC S. 64-77

„… of the switching voltage in shift-phased full bridge converter Harmonic order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 …” „… switching frequency can not be modulated. Hence, PWM IC with an internal chaotic frequency oscillator can …” „… the transistor, and finally output the switching signal on the transistor. Nevertheless, the analogue …”

Digital Chaotic Frequency PWM IC S. 78-92

„… switching frequency. A buck converter controlled by digital PID algorithm is employed as an example …” „… systems, the emphasis is focused on the design of a chaotic switching period counter, and Logistic map …” „… buck converter are conducted to verify the effectiveness of CDPWM IC on EMI reduction in the digitally …”

Chaotic Carrier Frequency Modulation Module S. 17-33

„… Switching converter Figure. 2.1: The circuit design of CCFM scheme based on PWM IC 17 2 Chaotic Carrier …” „… , namely the switching period of the converter, can be expressed as T = tc + td ≈ tc. (2.3) Q Q SET CLR S R …” „… by the chaos circuit, is conducted to the auxiliary circuit at the beginning of each switching period …”

Conclusion S. 93-94

„… switching converter with CCFM shows that the effectiveness of EMI suppression is determined by the …” „… switching frequency around the nominal value, the discrete harmonic power that usually exists in classical …” „… probability distribution and the randomness of the switching period. When the proposed module is used to …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186851109

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Suppressing Electromagnetic Interference in Switching Converters by Chaotic Duty Modulation

Yuhong Song

Series: Informatik/ Kommunikation

Volume 850 2017

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Introduction S. 1-13

„… 1 Introduction 1.1 Switching Converters A power supply is the device which transforms the …” „… of AC, which is AC-AC converter. One switching mode power supply, namely a switching converter …” „… transistors to obtain a stable output. Hence, the technology of switching converters involves the circuit …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-VIII

„… Reihe 10 Suppressing Electromagnetic Interference in Switching Converters by Chaotic Duty Modulation …” „… Suppressing Electromagnetic Interference in Switching Converters by Chaotic Duty Modulation DISSERTATION zur …” „… Electromagnetic Interference in Switching Converters by Chaotic Duty Modulation Yuhong Song, M. Sc., Yichang …”

Conclusions S. 88-89

„… 9 Conclusions Switching converters play an important role in many fields. However, converters …” „… EMI for application of switching converters. Chaotic modulation has been developed to suppress EMI of …” „… the switching converter by dispersing the energy into a wide frequency band and smoothing the peaks of …”

The Remaining Useful Life under Chaotic Modulation S. 72-82

„… the remaining useful life of switching converters. Firstly, from the failure modes of the switching …” „… Failure Model of Critical Components The failure of the switching converter possesses many modes, which …” „… critical components of the switching converter are the electrolytic capacitor and the transistor switch …”

References S. 90-100

„… . Hui. An evaluation of the spectral characteristics of switching converters with chaotic …” „… . Zhang. Quantification description of the chaotic PWM spectrum of the switching converter. Acta Physica …” „… References [1] L. Bert and P. Robert. Power converters and voltage regulators. Omnidirectional …”

System Stability under Chaotic Duty Modulation S. 57-71

„… 6 System Stability under Chaotic Duty Modulation 6.1 Introduction The switching converter is a …” „… ]. According to the classical control theory, the stability analysis of the switching converter is normally …” „… verify the stability of the soft-switch converter [54]. Because CAM focuses on the switching character …”

Effect of Central Frequency on EMI Reduction S. 30-43

„… electromagnetic interference (EMI) in switching converters. Simulations and experiments are conducted to verify …” „… the switching frequency of the converter. Therefore, the effectiveness of chaotic modulation is …” „… suppression in switching converters under chaotic modulation. Simulation and experimental results have …”

Circuitry Design for Chaotic Modulation S. 14-22

„… [34–36]. This chapter presents a qualitative analysis to explain why EMI of switching converts can be …” „… modulation has been conducted to reduce EMI in switching converters [30, 36– 38], commonly by attaching a …” „… 2 Circuitry Design for Chaotic Modulation 2.1 Introduction By normal PWM control, switching …”

Tests of Input and Output Characteristics S. 83-87

„… interruption and boot impulse current. For a switching converter, protection functions through some sensors and …” „… the switching converter. Consequently, the output ripple resulting from chaotic modulation should be …” „… confined. By combining the converter function with other specific requirements of the switching converter …”

Realizing Chaotic Duty Modulation S. 44-56

„… spectrum and suppress EMI in the switching converters [17, 21, 22]. However, FMFD is limited in …” „… IC is commonly used in the switching converter, the proposed scheme possesses the practical …” „… of the fundamental component and its harmonics of the switching frequency [24]. Among the four modes …”

Central Frequency of Chaotic Signals S. 23-29

„… central frequency on EMI reduction in switching converters under chaotic modulation. 29 …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186850102

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Autonomous Systems 2017

Herwig Unger (ed.), Wolfgang A. Halang (ed.)

Series: Informatik/ Kommunikation

Volume 857 2017

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Yuhong Song, Zhong Li, Junying Niu, Wolfgang A. Halang Chaotic Central-frequency Modulation Effective for EMI Suppression in Switching Converters S. 166-173

„… 166 Chaotic Central-frequency Modulation Effective for EMI Suppression in Switching Converters …” „… electromagnetic interference (EMI) suppression in switching converters under chaotic duty modulation will be …” „… Introduction Switching converters are commonly applied in industry and daily life. However, the serious …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-VI

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Chaotic Central-frequency Modulation Effective for EMI Suppression in Switching Converters Yuhong …”

Gerhard Sartorius Metrology and Machine Learning S. 88-104

„… of switching over to a reserve signal in the event of error. The effort which is necessary is …” „… measurement signal is transformed into a digital measurement value using an analog-to-digital converter (ADU …” „… , ÜF: transfer function, ADU: analog-digital-converter, DM: digital measuring data, W: value xxx,yy in …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186857101

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ELIV-MarketPlace 2022

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2405 2022

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Manuel Gärtner, Nadia Lecci New STi2GaNTM technology for ultra-fast switching automotive applications S. 121-132

„… switchingPoC also for new and innovative concepts for bidirectional 48V/12V DCDC converter and highly …” „… converterSiP – bidirectional 48V/12VController ProtectionDriver SiPower stage100V GaNPower stage in GaN …” „… - Bidirectional DC/DC converterSiP – bidirectional 48V/12VController ProtectionDriver SiPower stage100V GaNMain …”

M. Raimann New GaN based DC-DC converter concept for future fuel cell and charging applications S. 331-338

„… application scenarios. Due to the nature of those DC-DC converters (high switching frequency, moderate …” „… switching current) GaN transistors in combination with novel converter topologies enable both higher …” „… AGConclusionGaN transistors are an excellent choice for HV-HV DC-DC converters• Lower switching losses compared to …”

A. Berger An Advanced High-Efficiency Inverter with High Switching Frequencies to Improve Powertrain Efficiency and Performance S. 85-98

„… reduced or eliminated, the switching frequency of the converter can be increased and the system can enjoy …” „… losses of a converter vs. switching frequency under full-load condition [4] A new method of materially …” „… An Advanced High-Efficiency Inverter with High Switching Frequencies to Improve Powertrain …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XIV

„… � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �79 S. Suo, KPIT Technology, Novi, MI, USAAn Advanced High-Efficiency Inverter with High Switching …” „… – Approaching parameter uncertainties for traction drive systems and DC/DC-converters in automotive HV …” „… GmbH, StuttgartNew STi2GaNTM technology for ultra-fast switching automotive applications …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024058

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Autonomous Systems 2016

Herwig Unger (ed.), Wolfgang A. Halang (ed.)

Series: Informatik/ Kommunikation

Volume 848 2016

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Suppression of Disturbances S. 104-132

„… Switching Converters. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 21(8):97–102, 2006. 116 J. Niu, Y …” „… L. Zhang. Research on the Enhanced Electromagnetic Compatibility of Switching Converter with Chaotic …” „… Chaotic Switching Scheme for Power Converters. In Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2000. PESC 00 …”

Short Contributions S. 219-226

„… converters, which is based on a novel impedance source to overcome the drawbacks of traditional converters …” „… on smart grins. 224 Aperiodic Pulse Width Modulation in Power Converters for EMI Suppression Hong Li …” „… ) technique has been widely used in power converters owing to its simplicity and ability to generate the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-VIII

„… fighting electromagnetic interferences in switching-mode power supplies by spreading the spectra of input …” „… suppression of electromagnetical interferences as exemplified for power converters by aperiodic pulse width …” „… in Switching-mode Power Supply J. Niu, Y. Song, Z. Li and W. Halang …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186848109

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International Conference on Gears 2017

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2294 2017

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A. Furtmann, G. Poll Electrical stress and parasitic currents in machine elements of drive trains with voltage source inverters S. 109-118

„… responsible for EDM-currents. Due to the fact that voltage-source converters only have discrete switching …” „… converter-induced bearing currents,” in IECON 2010 - 36th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics, 2010 …” „… converter-fed electric motors,” in 2015 17th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'15 …”

J. Cathelin, R. Janssen Material data for advanced plastic gear simulation S. 1553-1564

„… dependent on the test set up. This makes the comparison between different sources difficult and switching to …” „… grade portfolio. Basics of classical laminate theory are used to convert anisotropic mechanical …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181022948

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Modellbildung, Dimensionierung und modellbasierte Regelung des Modularen Mehrpunktstromrichters zur systemoptimalen Betriebsführung von Drehstrommaschinen

Manuel Oberneder

Series: Elektrotechnik

Volume 424 2022

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 174-186

„… Exposition (ECCE), S. 3593–3600, Oktober 2015.[47] Lai, J. S. und F. Z. Peng: Multilevel converters-A new …” „… ConvertersVersus Two-Level Converters for Low-Voltage Drives, Traction, and Utility Ap-plications. In: IEEE …” „… Selection of the Average Capacitor Voltage for Variable-Speed Drives WithModular Multilevel Converters. In …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186424211

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Testen und Validieren elektrischer Antriebsstränge 2024

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2431 2024

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A. Kremser Berechnung und Messung von Motor- und Umrichterverlusten nach IEC 61800-9-2 ED2/Calculation and measurement of motor and converter losses according to IEC 61800-9-2 ED2 S. 111-120

„… approximately 0.6. 2.3 Measurement validation of converter-related motor losses It was examined on some …” „… calculating harmonic iron losses in converter-fed asynchronous machines was demonstrated. When analytically …” „… measurement of motor and converter losses according to IEC 61800-9-2 ED2 Kremser, Andreas: Technische …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024317

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ELIV 2023

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2423 2023

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D. Nardo, G. Aiello, F. Gennaro Analysis of WBG based hybrid semiconductors approach for bidirectional PFC in On-board charger applications S. 223-234

„… efficiency, topologies behavior versus switching frequency and voltage stress on the devices. Regarding the …” „… higher operating temperature compared to silicon. Moreover, WBG reduces conduction and switching losses …” „… and enables high switching frequencies. The power rating of modern OBC increases moving from 3.3 or …”

A. Hensel, D. Derix, J. Bornwasser Power electronic system technology for future high-power charging systems on highways or large inner-city electric charging stations with several MVA system size S. 235-246

„…  Switching frequency 48 kHz Design of the Buck Converter The topology of the buck converter stage in the DC …” „… a power of 180 kW was developed. The latest 2 KV SiC semiconductor was used. The low switching …” „… range of 1.5 kVDC (see Fig. 1). A galvanically isolated converter couples the DC distribution network to …”

L. Li, M. Schlecker, T. Zipper AI-Based Energy Management of Next Generation Architectures S. 391-404

„… BEV in Fig. 2, is conducted passively. The HV board net feeds via the DCDC converter the LV board net …” „… LV board nets are bridged via two DCDC converters. The DCDC converters are connected via an eFuse box …” „… consumers and conventional fuse boxes with high energy demand are attached to the eFuse boxes. By switching …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024232

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Dritev – Drivetrain For Vehicles 2019

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2354 2019

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M. Elshaer, C. Chen Wide-Band-Gap (WBG) power semiconductor switches for automotive HV battery chargers – Opportunities & challenges S. II-1-II-14

„… network topologies that can be used to realize soft-switching and adjust the converter’s voltage gain [14 …” „… converter has a tangible impact on the charger cost. Power and switching frequency are key factors for …” „… investigated. Switching frequency impact on semiconductor devices’ losses and magnetic components’ design is …”

J. Grabowski, A. Colognese 48V to 12V Converters for xEV Applications – Managing the headaches of dual voltage automotive architectures S. II-45-II-54

„… 48V to 12V Converters for xEV Applications Managing the headaches of dual voltage automotive …” „… voltage converter. The methods for overcoming the design challenges are highlighted in this paper and …” „… wishing to understand the complexities of incorporating a superior converter design in a MHEV …”

C. Schoerghuber, I. Müller, H. Wiener Dedicated hybrid transmission for commercial vehicle applications – Mechanical layout, system analysis and simulation of a dedicated hybrid transmission for commercial vehicles S. III-29-III-48

„… reason of using a simplified DHT model with switching algebraic torque, speed and power equations based …” „… . 2354, 201944 sion (AT) and torque converter is performed. Thereby, a state-of-the-art AT transmission …” „… , a torque converter with lock-up clutch and an engine with start-stop function are modelled. Both …”

K. von Rueden, C. Danzer, J. Liebold, T. Mueller, T. Hirschbeck 1, 2 or 3 – how much it would be? Evaluating the need of multispeed electric drives coming from different perspectives S. I-227-I-254

„… socalled DC/DC-voltage increased by means of a boost converter, or the maximum switching frequency of the …” „… a result of internal friction in open switching elements (cf. source [Alt15], [Gas17]). Whether the …” „… , is not sufficient to compensate the additional mechanical loss mechanisms, such as switching elements …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023549

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ELIV 2019

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2357 2019

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T. Grasshoff, O. Tamm Efficiency Advantages of SiC in Electric Drive Train Applications S. 169-176

„… have a 1% higher efficiency compared to Si based converters even at the lower switching frequencies …” „… connection to the DC link must be optimized for fast switching and high temperature operation. The paper …” „… typical power range is between 40 and 250kW. The cost split of a reference converter shows that the power …”

A. Kashyap, A. Gendron-Hansen, D. Sdrulla, B. Odekirk The Transition of EV Applications from Silicon to Silicon Carbide – Helping the power electronics design community overcome reliability challenges for EV applications that use silicon carbide S. 177-188

„… converters, and EV traction inverters must consider established and new technologies that enable achievement …” „… include the external DC charger, the on-board charger, a DC-DC converter and the traction motor control …” „… parts or SiC modules provides a viable AC-DC converter architecture. At and above 120 kW power levels …”

S. Wagner, F. Wüst, S. Trampert, F. Sehr, A. Middendorf, O. Wittler, M. Schneider-Ramelow Condition monitoring for failure monitoring of power electronic assemblies S. 115-126

„… events, of which only one is evaluated at the moment. The time to digital converter (TDC), an Acam GP 22 …” „… collector-emitter voltage are measured by analog digital-converters (ADC) and communicated to the evaluation unit …” „… switching losses, i.e. the non-linear behaviour of the semiconductor, result in a current dependent …”

T. Bürger, Kunal Goray, F. Berg, W. Resende Modular DC-DC converter for high-performance fuel-cell systems in trucks and buses S. 189-200

„… Modular DC-DC converter for high-performance fuel-cell systems in trucks and buses Thorsten …” „… and new requirements on the DC-DC converter and other electronics of the PEM fuel-cell system. The …” „… biggest challenge for a DC/DC converter in a fuel-cell based powertrain for heavy-duty trucks and buses …”

B. Fähnrich, A. Körner Easy Integration of 48V Mild Hybridization by Dual Voltage Battery Management – Realizing CO2 saving potentials by low implementation efforts S. 139-152

„… Battery Management (2VBM) comes in. This bridging technology makes it possible to convert vehicles to a 48 …” „… vehicle also needs to be able to accommodate a 48V lithium ion battery and a 48V/12V DC/DC converter …” „… converter within the package space of the existing 12V lead acid battery (between battery size H5 and H7 …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023570

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LAND.TECHNIK 2016

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2273 2016

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P. Lehmann, F. de Moraes Boos, N. Tarasinski Fail-safe power supply for x-by-wire systems in ag and construction machines S. 117-126

„… the pneumatic brake compressor. The 12 V system of the vehicle is powered by a DC to DC converter …” „… extended to supply a pair of DC to AC converters powering the tractor’s steering system. Fig. 1 shows …” „… charger in order to charge the battery stack during normal engine operation. Switching between the two …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181022733

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Ein neuer Ansatz zur Zustandsraumdarstellung, Systemanalyse und Regelung von Drei-Wege-Autoabgaskatalysatoren

Radoy Stanchev

Series: Mess-, Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik

Volume 1255 2017

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 135-150

„… ] Balenovic, M.: Modeling and model-based control of a three-way catalytic converter. Doktorarbeit. Technische …” „… catalytic converter. In: Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications. 2001 …” „… catalytic converters. In: IEEE 51st Annual Conference on Decision and Control. 2012, S. 3759–3764. [10 …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186255082

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Drivetrain Solutions for Commercial Vehicles

VDI Wissensform GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2421 2023

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T. Jonsson, S. Balaji, G. Sivaraman, V. Ravindran, J. Engström Effects of PWM on losses and comparison of calculation approaches S. 47-58

„… the electric machines induced by the switching pulses from voltage source inverter fed variable speed …” „… the torque of the electric machine by modulating the switching pulses of the supplied voltage. This …” „… distorted modulated voltage due to switching, contains within itself higher-order time harmonics in addition …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024218

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ELIV 2024

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2441 2024

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T. van Wijk Integration of chargers and the grid How to Improve the Charging Experience of Your Customers by Better Integration with the Electricity Grid S. 483-490

„… .- Use filters in AC/DC convertors tuned to the switching frequency of the converter to filter out …” „… to the switching frequency of the converter. Also, during the TEPQEV research it was noticed that …” „… . Supraharmonics EXPLANATION: Any modern AC/DC converter, like used an electric vehicle or DC chargers, switches on …”

D. Simon, T. Wenka Battery-Integrated Multilevel Inverter Technology A Highly Integrated Electric Drivetrain Approach and its Technical Implementation in a Distributed Real-Time System S. 467-476

„… multilevel series parallel converter (MMSPC) and represents a highly integrated electric drivetrain in a …” „… drivetrain for function demonstration based on multilevel converter technology. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2441, 2024 …” „… component – the so-called AC battery implemented with multilevel converter technology. The AC battery …”

T. Huck, A. Achtzehn When innovation demand meets E/E architecture Further endeavours into next-gen architectural designs S. 395-406

„… balancing and pack switching. The challenge in the component design is with the DC/DC converters. They need …” „… designers have removed the secondary DC/DC converter and the second low-voltage battery. The performance of …” „… battery for voltage smoothing, the DC/DC converter needs to be more robust and agile. VDI-Berichte Nr …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024416

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