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Drivetrain Solutions for Commercial Vehicles

VDI Wissensform GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2421 2023

Results in this title

L. Heber, M. Helmich, J. Schwab, T. Knobelspies, M. Kober, F. Rinderknecht Thermoelectric Generators for Heavy-Duty Vehicles as an Economical Waste Heat Recovery System – Holistic design and evaluation with the use of modern simulation methods S. 109-122

„… . Thus, the liquid hy-drogen should be used as an efficient heat sink. A use case could be the …” „… e.g. exhaust gas or exhaust gas recirculation. The engine coolant, for example, can be used as a heat …” „… can be used as a heat sink. Fig. 2: Thermoelectric fundamentals und thermodynamic behaviour of a TEG …”

A. Arnberger, H. Wancura, M. Wieser, H. Zhou, W. Gruber, J. Pell, C. Schörghuber Hybrid powertrain with hydrogen-engine – Technical solutions for future commercial vehicle powertrains S. 79-92

„… + reduction of parasitic losses)  Powertrain: use of hybrid powertrain architecture Especially the third …” „… measure above, i.e., the use of a hybrid powertrain, needs to be evaluated in detail, as the Diesel engine …” „… would be a parallel or power-split configuration. Serial hybrid will not be considered for this use case …”

M. Trahand Drivetrain architectures and vehicle integration: The evolution and advantages of in-wheel propulsion for heavy-duty commercial vehicles S. 123-134

„… freshness. Refrigerated trailers still use a rudimentary diesel motor, also referred to an diesel internal …” „… battery packs can power systems such as HVAC to heat and cool the truck’s cab when parked and idling …” „… , sparing additional diesel motor run-time. The use of battery-power for the APUs results in easy …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-X

„… for Heavy-Duty Vehicles as an Economical Waste Heat Recovery System – Holistic design and evaluation …” „… with the use of modern simulation methods 109L. Heber, M. Helmich, J. Schwab, T. Knobelspies, M. Kober …”

B. Meurer The next level of an improved Truck-Trailer connection and interaction – Examples for Electrification and Automated Driving S. 29-36

„… level is the use of an electric drive train for traction support on conventional semi-trailers. In 2018 …” „… long-haul zero-emission transport in the future. Due to different requirements and use cases modular battery …” „… electric auxiliaries [3]. Fig. 1: Main electrified trailer use cases powering decarbonization and energy …”

G. Wiche Voith Central Drive Concept for HD Trucks S. 181-190

„… scope options provide additional functionalities and capabilities for specific use cases, making the …” „… be customized to fit specific use cases and requirements. The modular design also means that …” „… with a high-power density make the EVO motors ideal for use in electric vehicles. The stator is …”

L. Vassieux, A Diop Valeo hybrid solutions for Commercial Vehicle – 48V and HV hybrid solution S. 93-108

„… , brake compressor, engine cooling, heater catalyst, etc… And it has the capacity to turn off the ICE in …” „… the electrical engine from 30 000 hr to 8 000 hr. This allows the use of passenger car electrical …” „… heat on the hydraulic retarder. ● Powershifting mode is a torque assist during AMT gear shifting. This …”

A. Rozum, R. Uerlich, G. Witham, L. Eckstein Modular powertrains for heavy-duty electric vehicles – From concept to prototype S. 191-XII

„… of a passenger car [3]. Low quantities in combination with a broad variety of use cases and high …” „… Estimating the Efficiency and Heat Balance of Gearboxes Based on an Electrified Heavy Commercial Vehicle Axle …” „… evaluation and concept selection are carried out by the user. The key advantage of the method [11] is the …”

M. Eisele, M. Kohler Modular Electric Driveline Platform for Commercial Vehicles – Central Drives and Electric Axles Built up From Standardized and Scalable Components S. 37-46

„… pump is used. The oil is water-cooled in a heat exchanger, where also VDI-Berichte Nr. 2421, 202340the …” „… inverter is connected to. Thus, the waste heat from motor and inverter can be used for a heat pump in the …” „… pumped through the motor in order to absorb the heat at the point where it is mainly generated, namely in …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024218

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ELIV 2019

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2357 2019

Results in this title

L. Schindele, D. Schütz, F. Heber, P. Sailer, G. Le Hen, N. Müller Future e-mobility and the change in system requirements – The interplay between battery and thermal management for different mobility concepts S. 87-100

„… waste heat recovery, e.g. of powertrain components, is possible. For use cases with a small annual …” „… mileage (e.g. use cases like Short Distance Commuter and Privately Owned Vehicle), a heat pump can be …” „… annual mileage, a heat pump can be highly beneficial. For use cases with a high annual mileage, an …”

A. Kashyap, A. Gendron-Hansen, D. Sdrulla, B. Odekirk The Transition of EV Applications from Silicon to Silicon Carbide – Helping the power electronics design community overcome reliability challenges for EV applications that use silicon carbide S. 177-188

„… design community overcome reliability challenges for EV applications that use silicon carbide A …” „… the backside, an excellent heat dissipation from the backside and the frontside (with proper design …” „… time-to-failure results provide some insights into how well the part can dissipate heat under very stressful …”

D. Robinson How to Improve Automotive Testing in an Agile Development Process – A Review of Popular Testing Methods and Overview of Advanced Automated User Interface Testing S. 519-528

„… simple and often constrained to the designed use case. Successful manual test programs require a large …” „… GUI-on-hardware results. Those results are collated and compared; visual difference heat maps are provided to …” „… shadows of a graphic or an improperly drawn font. The heat maps provided demonstrate the severity of a …”

T. Grasshoff, O. Tamm Efficiency Advantages of SiC in Electric Drive Train Applications S. 169-176

„… use of 750V SiC offers in the higher power range an very attractive option to increase the travel …” „… Silicon Carbide SiC MOSFETs can be the best choice for losses, but their use also poses major …” „… in such a way that the heat generated by SiC components is optimally dissipated and the thermal …”

T. Bürger, Kunal Goray, F. Berg, W. Resende Modular DC-DC converter for high-performance fuel-cell systems in trucks and buses S. 189-200

„… , the fans in the intercooler of the vehicle cooling system and sometimes cabin heaters, but, their …” „… implementation is less critical. So, this paper will use the air compressor as major focus for all parasitic …” „… option that is also being explored by AVL can be to use custom packaged electronics or non-automotive …”

O. Bitsche 800V Fast Charging is Reality – From the Vision in 2015 to Reality in 2019 S. 529-536

„… requirement of more than 600 hp (440kW). To solve the trade-off between cable cross-section, heat-loss and …” „… converter for the electrical drive engines and the electronics of the H2O heater. The 12V and the 48V …” „… used for the active chassis system. Fig. 3: HV- System Fig. 2: Charging Power VDI-Berichte Nr. 2357 …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023570

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AgEng LAND.TECHNIK 2022

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2406 2022

Results in this title

D. Tyris, P. Panagakis, D. Manolakos, A. Gkountas, P. Bakalis A dynamic heat pump model for precise environment control of a broiler house in Northern Greece S. 485-492

„… ), 29–37. [7] Manolakos, D., Panagakis, P., Bartzanas, T., Bouzianas, K., 2019. Use of heat pumps in HVAC …” „… A dynamic heat pump model for precise environment control of a broiler house in Northern Greece D …” „… use electricity or fossil fuels as energy sources, leading to CO2 emissions, increased cost and …”

W. Faes, S. Lecompte, J. Maselyne Cost-effective implementation of renewable energy sources in livestock barns S. 245-252

„… other cases will use a heat pump (HP), possibly combined with solar or wind energy. A heat pump is used …” „… use one or two heat pumps. As the purchase cost of a heat pump is higher than that of a gas boiler …” „… % are possible. These however require (for the case where heat pumps are used), upfront investments of …”

L. Wannasek, D. May, D. Tyris, T. Amon Design of an on-farm biomethane upgrading plant with hybrid compression and filling station S. 259-266

„… on-farm is commonly used for power and heat generation (typically in combined heat and power plants), its …” „… consumption of fossil fuels if they are used across the board. The decentralized use of such technology can …” „… by-products to produce biogas is a well-established technology. Small-scale biogas plants that use this …”

S. Germer, M. E. Adamseged, Z. Ding, T. Heinrich, T. Hoffman, R. Orozco, H. Park, P. Grundmann Grass-based circular solutions for rural agri-food value chains – Lessons learnt from GO-GRASS project S. 305-312

„… afterwards can easily be used as fertiliser, as well as for biogas or heat production. These two main …” „… conversion process that can be used for heat generation, but the heat amount would exceed the need for head …” „… strategies on European, national and regional levels call for a better use efficiency of renewable biological …”

D. Tyris, D. Manolakos, T. Bartzanas, S. Benni, T. Amon, J. Maselyne, S. Lecompte, P. Grammelis, A. Balafoutis, G. Zhang, P. Bakalis, S. Kalogridis, O. Marchand, H. Hoes, J. Gomes RES4LIVE – Energy Smart Livestock Farming towards Zero Fossil Fuel Consumption S. 493-498

„… productivity with minimum climate change impact. Introduction Fossil fuel use in the agricultural domain has …” „… fuels use. This sector includes more than 2.6 million farms spread all over the EU (EUROSTAT, 2018 …” „… normal commercial production. Within RES4LIVE, modular heat pumps and PVT collectors will be installed …”

G. Hoffmann, J. Heinicke, S. Wille, T. Amon Influence of barn climate on the rumen temperature of lactating dairy cows – Does the rumen temperature of dairy cows react under heat stress? S. 69-74

„… time unit (every 10 min). The THI was used to define the heat load the cows were exposed to. The null …” „… the heat load thresholds we used a broken-stick regression model. The rumen temperatures were linked …” „… temperature of dairy cows react under heat stress? Dr. G. Hoffmann, Dr. J. Heinicke, Leibniz Institute for …”

M. Agrusti, M. Ceccarelli, M. Bovo, S. Benni, A. Barbaresi, E. Santolini, D. Torreggiani, P. Tassinari Assessment of milk yield loss induced by heat stress in dairy cows – Researching the sustainability and the animal welfare S. 75-84

„… Assessment of milk yield loss induced by heat stress in dairy cows Researching the sustainability …” „… in dairy farming through the use of advanced data analytics. Livestock farms routinely produce and …” „… milk yield due to extreme hot conditions inducing heat stress effects and milk yield loss. In fact, the …”

S. H. F. Al-Rikabi, E. Santolini, M. Bovo, A. Barbaresi, D. Torreggiani, P. Tassinari, B. Pulvirenti Definition of a Porous Media Model Simulating the Presence of a Small Canopy Crops in a Greenhouse – CFD simulations and comparison with experimental tests S. 639-648

„… considered as a boundary condition that receives a radiative flux. A user-defined function is used to …” „… transfer and heat exchange, and both indoor and outdoor climate conditions have been combined to set up a …” „… the porous medium model could accurately simulate the heat and mass transfer between the crops, the …”

M. Reyhani, E. Santolini, M. Bovo, A. Barbaresi, D. Torreggiani, P. Tassinari A comparative life cycle analysis of living walls S. 235-244

„… the expansion of the construction sector, with environmental consequences such as increasing heat …” „… strategy consists in the use sustainable solutions to improve the grey urban environment. Green …” „… urban heat island by means of decreasing local temperature and increasing urban green areas in cities [7 …”

A. Gkountas, P. Bakalis, D. Tyris, D. Manolakos Thermodynamic modelling of a Biomass Organic Rankine Cycle for sustainable heat and power cogeneration in greenhouses S. 47-52

„… presented in Figure 1. A biomass combustion boiler is used to heat a glycol-based working fluid, providing a …” „… evaporator and heat is transferred to the refrigerant, while the glycol is cooled down. An ORC engine is used …” „… this rejected heat by the condenser is used to heat the air in the greenhouse VDI-Berichte Nr. 2406 …”

J. Schemminger, Sharvari Raut, B. Sturm, Albrecht Daniel, Thijs Defraeye A digital shadow to study the convective drying of carrot slices S. 155-164

„… air drying process (see figure 1) are used in order to calculate the heat flux boundary condition …” „… thus energy consumption while still ensuring a safe product. The use of digital shadows will contribute …” „… liquid water ℎ ? , ⋅ ? ? , using the specific heat capacity of liquid water ? , and a defined reference …”

M. Messieux, D. Touze, R. Guillaud, O. Bensehila, O. Marchand, S. Foroushani, L. Wannasek, T. Amon Conversion of a diesel farm tractor to run on bioCNG – Adapted in-use livestock farm tractor for biomethane S. 253-258

„… -5 and to perform Non-Road-Transient-Cycle (NRTC). A water to air heat exchanger was used to simulate …” „… Conversion of a diesel farm tractor to run on bioCNG Adapted in-use livestock farm tractor for …” „… decades to supply Combined Heat and Power plants (CHP) using stationary gas engines with biogas. Today …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXII

„… sustainable heat and power cogeneration in greenhouses …” „… rumen temperature of dairy cows react under heat stress? 69G. Hoffmann …” „… by heat stress in dairy cows – Researching the sustainability and the animal welfare …”

J. Mellmann, T. Ziegler, T. Teodorov, T. Hoffmann, R. Joachim, B. Sturm Homogenization of belt drying of hops by controlling the supply air humidity using partial air recirculation S. 211-216

„… and Thuringia use Czech-design three-belt dryers of the PCHB-750 type for preserving their various hop …” „… temperature in exhaust gas-air heat exchangers. The heat is provided by fuel oil fired burners. The main …” „… which the fuel oil burner, the heat exchanger, and the main fan are housed. The supply air fan is open …”

N. Katsoulas, C. Baxevanou, D. Feidaros Optimal design of a hybrid power generation system for greenhouses S. 53-60

„… not used for heating, the use of photovoltaic is preferred since the maximum demand for electricity …” „… systems and conventional sources is often proposed. In this design dual purpose should be served: the use …” „… relatively extended literature about use of PV in greenhouses’ roof [3]. In the use of PV on greenhouse roofs …”

F. Regler, K. Ziegler, H. Bernhardt, T. Förster, K. Hemmert, C. Koch, H. Sauerwein Closing data-gaps between calves and cows – Conceptualization of a specified sensor system for data acquisition in calf and heifer husbandry S. 387-396

„… Abstract Today the use of modern sensor technique to analyze the status, health, and productivity of dairy …” „… cloud for analysis. In further work, we will use the data to extract the information which indicates …” „… give early recommendation for possible treatments. We will use the acquired data for breeding …”

M. A. Moreno-Teruel, F. D. Molina-Aiz, D. L. Valera-Martinez, A. Lopez-Martinez, F. Baptista Numerical and Experimental Analysis of the Stomatal Resistance of a Tomato Crop in Almería (Spain) S. 439-446

„… ) from CO2 concentration [11, 12] produced estimation of rs between 160 and 300 sꞏm–1. The use of the …” „… Investigation and modelling of heat and mass transfer between a tomato crop and the greenhouse environment …” „… transpiration rate. Models The most widely used way to model stomatal resistance rs in tomato plants inside …”

M. Trimmel, E. Eder, P. Riegler-Nurscher, K. Schedle Prospective Thermal Processing of Soybeans Using a Bean Characteristic Model S. 541-548

„… adjustment using a regression model based on bean characteristic is presented. Introduction After the heat …” „… detected. Such quality fluctuations, caused either by heat damage to the high-value protein or by …” „… inactivation TI´s is reached by a heat treatment step. As proteins TI´s are also composed of amino acids …”

S. Dekkers, W. Saeys, B. Missotten Assessment of cutting quality on a combine harvester header using optical flow – Relation between velocity drop over knife and stubble height variation S. 165-172

„… The heat map of the lateral crop velocity (Fig. 3) shows incoming crop at the expected constant …” „… behind the knife tip. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2406, 2022 169 Fig. 3: Top: Heat map of the lateral crop flow …” „… this research, it is hypothesized that a camera with optical flow algorithm could be used to assess the …”

A. Barbaresi, M. Ceccarelli, M. Bovo, M. Agrusti, E. Santolini, D. Torreggiani, P. Tassinari, G. Menichetti Machine Learning Models for Predictions of Thermal Energy Need in Farm Buildings S. 477-484

„… heat wsh U J/(kgK) Yes wall transmittance Uw S W/(m2K) No wall superficial mass wsm S kg/m2 No wall …” „… W/mK No roof density rd U kg/m3 Yes roof specific heat rsh U J/(kgK) Yes roof transmittance Ur S W/(m2K …” „… used to rank building variables according to their impact on the building energy need. 2. Materials …”

H. Sahu, D. Janke, T. Amon, S. Hempel Investigation of the vertical distribution of ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide in a naturally ventilated dairy barn – Evaluation of gaseous pollutants concentrations S. 601-610

„… Animal Houses-Heat and Moisture production at animal and house level 4th report of CIGR working group …” „… will be useful for the design of optimized gas sampling setups for the direct measurement of emissions …” „… reason, modeling approaches were used to study the deviations in emission calculations from NVDB. In the …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024065

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Dritev 2023

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2420 2023

Results in this title

A. Paone, J. Larbig, A. Rohm, T. Höche ZF TherMaS: Holistic Thermal Management for BEV S. 45-60

„… every main heat sink and source and makes best use out of available resources. The main sinks and/or …” „… harvest heat from the environment at low ambient temperatures. Particularly in this use case, R290 shows a …” „… particular use-case the vehicle is performing. Thermal Management Systems – current market Technical system …”

Y. Jin Smart eDrive – Autonomous cooling eDrive for small BEVs and P4 AWD S. 21-36

„… thus its cost. However, these small BEVs cannot use the same approach as the higher segment vehicles …” „… contrary, the Smart eDrive can en-sure in various critical use cases an accurate oil lubrication offering …” „… Secondly, the Smart eDrive must demonstrate its capability to dissipate heat through its cool-ing fins …”

J. Jung, A. Helm Manufacturing technologies for reduced AC copper losses in hairpin stators – Increasing the efficiency of electric traction machines S. 131-142

„… on the use of permanent magnets, others on dedicated copper windings in the rotor, which are fed by …” „… the heat capacity of active parts, which is why peak power is limited in time, e.g. to 30 seconds …” „… is suitable for use in the design phase. Comparison between four- and eight-wire hairpin system As …”

A. Kappes, S. Frei, P. Noone, Stephan Rinderknecht Development and Design of a Range Extended four-speed Two-Drive-Powertrain S. 253-280

„… use the waste heat from the electric components for thermal oil conditioning. The potential was …” „… used in DE4LoRa for injection lubrication, an oil-water heat exchanger was added to the transmission to …” „… and heat sinks in the overall system to be used efficiently. For example, the internal combustion …”

L. Bayoux, K.-L. Kimmig, D. Reitz Has the potential in terms of weight, installation space, and function already been exhausted for hybrid transmissions? S. 205-220

„… a highly efficient electric motor. Hybrid modules offer the benefit of flexible use within an …” „… heat dissipation. Fig. 5: Core components of the hybrid transmission from Schaeffler VDI-Berichte Nr …” „… , a water-oil heat exchanger is located on the housing. The high degree of integration of the hybrid …”

J. Bonifacio, V. Warth, S. Scharr Optimizing sustainable high-performance e-drives S. 349-358

„… Abstract Sustainability concerns related to the production and use phases of products have gained …” „… greener products. The two key aspects for reducing CO2 emissions in the use phase of electric drives for …” „… e-drive system. The extensive use of holistic system optimization and the related computation and …”

J. Ahn, S. Yang Disconnect Actuator System (DAS) for AWD EV’s Driveline – Increasing electric efficiency, Seamless shifting system S. 115-130

„… solve this problem, automakers use various control methods such as the torque distribution control …” „… clutch, synchromesh clutch, and dog clutch type As shown in fig 8. Friction clutches use friction plates …” „… driving situation or the AWD uses driving situation according to the user's intention. As shown in Figure …”

M. Magnusson, O. Nicklasson, H. Jacobsson Electric Cross Differential, eXD S. 235-252

„… . Potential for improved regeneration capabilities Reduced tyre load, enabling the use of narrower tires …” „… , enables full utilization of the eXD performance benefits. Use of BorgWarner latest core technology with …” „… torque on the high grip wheel. The added wheel brake torque is associated with a heat power loss …”

P. Geradts, M. Kasten, A. Landvogt Psychoacoustic optimization of the NVH behavior of an eDrive power train – Application of a Targeted Micro Geometry Scatter on Helical Gears to break-up the regularity of the transmission error excita... S. 459-470

„… microge-ometry for each gear, the proposal makes use of a prescribed distribution in the tooth-to-tooth …” „… dependent on the geometry devi-ations after heat treatment and the material removal is less than by grinding …” „… . A closed-loop feedback control (repeated grinding and profile measurement) was used to obtain the …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024201

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OPE Journal

Browse Volumes: OPE Journal

OPE Volume 13 (2023) Issue 45 ISSN Online: 2366-8040

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Smart heating S. 20-21

„… foils.Metal mesh technologyWhen manufacturing transparent foil heaters, the challenge is to use a material …” „… no longer allowed to use light bulbs that keep ice out with their heat, such a lamp ices up under …” „… transparent conductive films as printed layers that can be used as heaters for transparent surfaces. For this …”

More comfort in healthcare S. 14

„… flexible heaters based on PE can find use in medical tools such as incubators, to create a warm and …” „… of the potential concrete solutions enabled by using flexible heaters printed on fabric, with the use …” „… provide effective solutions for the end users.Image sources: SilgaFig.1: Flexible heatersFig. 2: Flexible …”

Audio recording with textiles – no longer science fiction! S. 24-25

„… requirementsHIFI Polyester Film have wide expertise in the production of HEAT STABILISED POLYESTER FILM. Product …” „… garments. The resulting fabric must therefore be scrunchable, foldable, and wash-able for repeated use. In …” „… into threads. NC State has expertise in developing active smart textiles for medical and athletic use …”

Propelling autonomous driving forward S. 22

„… pressure changes that occur, such as those caused by temperature changes, humidity differences, or heat …” „… two consecutive steps using UV light and heat. After dispensing, the adhesive is fixed in a few …” „… LiDAR and RADAR applications, DELO DUALBOND BS3770 is also used in driver monitoring and for 5G …”

doi.org/10.51202/2366-8040-2023-45

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OPE Journal

Browse Volumes: OPE Journal

OPE Volume 12 (2022) Issue 40 ISSN Online: 2366-8040

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Thin-film technologies for the energy transition S. 26

„… means of blinds, for example, reduces comfort and does not contribute to the use of heat input in the …” „… in winter, the interior of the building heats up in summer and requires active cool-ing. Shading by …” „… solution here. Such windows can regulate the heat input of solar radiation according to the weather …”

Passive flexible sensors for moisture indication S. 15-17

„… developing process to make a feasible, easy-to-use product. This process could take days to several years …” „… be for example moisture levels, heat, or electrical charges. This is a complex concept because …” „… reactions need to happen to indicate a change. It does not use any external electri-cal source; the battery …”

doi.org/10.51202/2366-8040-2022-40

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Dritev 2022

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2401 2022

Results in this title

J. Kniel, M. Göckler, B. Müller Holistic thermal management as a “must have” for efficient BEV S. 397-406

„… like providing heat to the cooling circuit in the vehicle, we can simulate to most important Use-Cases …” „… E-Drive Unit at what time and then decide if and how to use this heat. For example, it can make sense to …” „… on system and component level. We simulate the most important Use-Cases even in an early development …”

P. Alagarsamy, A. Zangaro Compact Reduced Order Model (ROM) based on Finite Element (FE) Models of Power Electronics in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles S. 95-108

„… method developed and used at Vitesco Technologies is that more than one heat transfer co-efficient (HTC …” „… cooling condition has been used with multiple heat inputs. In the second scenario multiple heat sinks with …” „… parametric cooling conditions has been used in conjunction with multiple heat sources. 4.1. Parametric …”

J. Merckling Use of Power-Dense Fuel-Efficient Tapered Roller Bearings in E-Drives under Low-Viscosity Oil and High-Speed Conditions S. 153-168

„… Use of Power-Dense Fuel-Efficient Tapered Roller Bearings in E-Drives under Low-Viscosity Oil and …” „… , FranceAbstractAs electric driveline technology becomes more prevalent, the use of low-viscosity oils in high-speed …” „… (see Fig. 6). These guidelines are for general-use applications and not intended for aerospace, machine …”

F. Schuchter, M. Schönstein, K. Bause, A. Albers Temperature Modelling of a Dual Clutch with Artificial Neural Networks S. 335-346

„… that the model performs well in later use. A disadvantage of this method is that it uses vehicle …” „… oil. [1] The use of temperature sensors is not possible due to costs and installation space …” „… turbulent flow can occur. Therefore, it is very complex to describe the heat transfer processes precisely …”

A. J. Wimmer High-Speed Testing: The Fast Lane towards a Running System S. 365-380

„… power density of electric vehicle drives the effectiveness of heat dissi-pation must be enhanced …” „… . Therefore, more and more development departments think about or do already use the opportunity of cooling …” „… masses in order to achieve sta-ble rotordynamics. Unfortunately, still a common approach is to use a …”

M. Schröder, K. Herold, C. Monissen Efficiency Increase of Electric Machines with Active Thermal Field Weakening S. 119-132

„… electric machine topology for use in electromobility. Due to high performance requirements, such as fast …” „… stator. The rotor is dry-running, and heat is transferred through the air inside the machine. Further …” „… , while the one from the rotor is 1380 s. To simulate the heat-up of the coolant, an addi-tional time …”

F. Lagier, N. Freund, K. Bause, S. Ott, A. Albers Simulation-based evaluation of high-speed PEEK gears in automotive powertrains and design of a validation environment for high-speed gears S. 223-240

„… weight as well as increasing performance is offered by the use of lightweight materials in …” „… potential use of PEEK in the field of high-speed automotive gearboxes can be determined, an initial analysis …” „… improvement of a high-speed system through the use of polymer gears in a theoretical comparison to steel gears …”

C. Ugare, A. Sibirko Plastics in high reliability Power Inverter Applications S. 209-222

„… the motivations for the use of plastics especially in commercial vehicle (CV) Power Inverters for …” „… reliability. The use of plastics creates new opportunities to increase power density with lower cost, reducing …” „… , sufficient cooling of additional heat sources (e.g. busbar) is needed to optimize the thermal condition of …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024010

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Plastics in Automotive Engineering 2016

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 4343 2016

Results in this title

T. Hilgers Thermally conductive plastics: a mineral solution – Thermal management in thermoplastics and thermosets S. 193-204

„… well known for use in heat dissipation. Aluminum heat sinks and metal housings are in common use in …” „… new ones. In particular the use of electrical components with a high energy density (processors …” „… , light-emitting diodes, electric motors, and so on) depends on an efficient dissipation of the heat produced …”

H. Schmidhuber Perspectives in automotive polymer glazing – Polycarbonate makes use in side and rear windows possible S. 67-82

„… Perspectives in automotive polymer glazing Polycarbonate makes use in side and rear windows …” „… decade. Materials and processes are now ready for a significant expansion of the use of polycarbonate …” „… simple operations. Just three years later, he designed a so-called 'automobile fresh air heater' for …”

L. Gervat, M. Lacuve, J.M. Fiard, G. Gauge, F. Bekaert Determination of thermal damages undergone by plastic parts in stochastic environments: application to air ducts S. 105-118

„… heat: engineers must learn how to use them efficiently in these new challenging environments. Heat …” „… allows a secure use of polyamide in a turbo outlet duct. Plastics: a chance and a challenge The …” „… temperature up to which it is supposedly safe to use the product. For automotive engineers, the continuous …”

J. J. Laux, H. Moore, J. Ingram, J. Kowalski Class A Compression-Molded Carbon-Fiber Hood – Development and production of the Cadillac ATS-V and CTS-V Hood S. 59-66

„… with the selective and precise use of carbon fiber. A lighter hood is a major contributor to the …” „… excellent surface quality, lightweight and high dimensional stability. This is reflected in the use of …” „… product, while meeting all quality, performance and safety targets. The use of innovative technologies …”

J. J. Laux, L. Vanin, S. Grgac, G. Schalte Injection-Molded Carbon-Fiber Grille Opening Reinforcement – Development and production of the 2016 Ford Mustang Shelby GT350 GOR S. 93-104

„… requirements Minimize tooling investment. This is reflected in the use of clearly defined materials and …” „… quality, performance and safety targets. The use of innovative technologies and lightweight materials had …” „… Welding is a welding process that makes use of placing a consumable wire mesh material between two …”

E. Meurer, M. Hanigk Thermoplastic crash-absorbing elements made from PC/PBT (Makroblend®) as part of the sideprotection concept of the BMW i3 S. 225-238

„… space despite the compact design, optimized for city use with the goal of meeting high safety …” „… fiber (CFK) (see Figure 1). Fig. 1: Modular concept of the Life-Drive split The use of the Life …” „… high ductility but also excellent heat resistance up to 100 °C (see Figure 5) with nearly constant …”

R. Krischke, R. Poltrock, S. Stein Development of a lightweight instrument-panel support structure Material and production concept of the instrument-panel support tube made of long-glass-fiberreinforced partly aromatic polyamide for th... S. 259-278

„… series. The use of a long-glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic material meant that a weight saving of …” „… pioneering technologies specifically for use on the race track. At the same time it remains unrestrictedly …” „… for a particular race track or for normal use on the roads. Exclusive carbon components guarantee …”

O. Täger, F. Häusler, J. Lohmann, N. Modler, T. Weber New manufacturing technology for material-hybrid lightweight solutions: an FRP-metal hybrid floor structure S. 247-258

„… use of thermoplastic matrix systems in combination with production processes with large-scale …” „… also the use of rib structures in the most varied forms. The constructive design here includes …” „… continuous-fiber material in the tool cavity. The use of GMT with a PA6 matrix offers the advantages of precise …”

J. Soares, A. Misala First plastic oil-pan module in the 911 Carrera: lightweight design and system integration S. 165-180

„… integration is made possible by the following features of the oil pan module: The use of a single …” „… material. The use of manufacturing processes with a greater degree of freedom in shaping (hot-gas …” „… left-hand and 170 right-hand heat shields, this results in a weight increase of about 0.65 kg in order to …”

U. A. Karsch Plastic fuel tank systems, energy carriers for future vehicle concepts S. 297-314

„… manufacturing by the blow-molding process, the use of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and the demands of OEMs …” „… together. On the other hand, the OEM can now continue to use plastic construction for complex tank shapes …” „… in-tank components. The design should therefore take this into account and heat the system so that even …”

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OPE Journal

Browse Volumes: OPE Journal

OPE Volume 13 (2023) Issue 42 ISSN Online: 2366-8040

Results in this title

The advantages and functioning of PTC heaters S. 20

„… in your dining room… a lot of objects can create a more satisfying experience when generating heat at …” „… once. PTC heaters make all these applications, and many more, pos-sible today.Electrical resistance …” „… heatersPositive Temperature Coefficient heaters or PTC heaters are electrical resistance heaters whose resistance …”

Driving sustainability beneath the surface S. 8-10

„… focussing on the technology of printed electronics. In this context, we like to use the term “business …” „… that our company provides.If you are looking for one specific application, I would like to use the …” „… use less material, while generating more conductivity at the same time. In conclusion, we take a …”

Martin Hirschmann Dear Readers, S. 3

„… abused) in the recent past, so we must be careful when we use it, and how we use it. The temptations of …” „… Sustainabilityintheelectronicsindustry –smartlivingandmobilityGenesInk (Rousset, France) [Member of OE-A]20 The advantages and functioning of PTC heatersQuad Industries …”

Biaxially curved smart surfaces enabled by flexible electronics S. 12-13

„… potential to trans-form our daily lives (whether we use it for work, entertainment or well-being). AR and VR …” „… afterwards using heat and pressure – the substrate would need to be heated to such high temperatures that it …” „… active materials in the stack. TAC is also an ideal substrate to use in these flexible LC cell …”

Gamechanger in the additive electronics toolkit S. 22-23

„… NOVA platform and offers some fascinating use casesOPE journal: Mr Pickard, what was your motivation to …” „… manufacturing processes and materials used for PCBs. This etching process uses hazardous chemicals and is …” „… micro-dispensing. To address this, we developed a closed-loop pressure sensing system and integrated a heater into …”

Printed electronics for greater safety and sustainability in traffic S. 28

„… research & development at Pirelli’s Cyber Unit. The Italian manufacturer wants to use tyres as a data …” „… processesElectronics installed in vehicles must work reli-ably – also when subject to heavy mechanical stress, heat …” „… , wire strands, wires, or heat conductors on carrier materials. This sewing and embroidery technology …”

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International Conference on Gears 2017

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2294 2017

Results in this title

A. Miltenović, M. Banić, Ž. Mišković, R. Mitrović, V. Miltenović Prediction of heat generation in transmission bearings by application of FEM S. 1199-1208

„… bearing in operation is used a software package ANSYS. Heat generated due to friction in the ANSYS …” „… . The determined value of the contact heat flux can be averaged and can be used as a boundary condition …” „… mathematically determined the contact heat flux and then used calculated flux in thermal simulations, for the …”

B. Bauer, R. Hambrecht, A. Kube Thermal analysis and optimization of gearboxes by simulation S. 917-926

„… solution. For this solution an optimal design is investigated. Due to the complexity of a gearbox’s heat …” „… energy balance, which is influenced by factors illustrated in Fig. 1. Inside the gearbox the heat is …” „… , the major part of the heat gets dissipated by convection and radiation. The transmittable power of a …”

G. Hlebanja, S. Kulovec, D. Zorko, J. Hlebanja, J. Duhovnik Influence of the tooth flank shape on thermal load of the gear S. 1583-1592

„… plastic gears due to their thermal sensitivity. Heat is generated by friction at the contacting surfaces …” „… a contact, whereas thermal power additionally depends on the sliding speed. The generated heat is …” „… treated as energy loss, where surface heating is unfavourable and the temperature rise depends on heat …”

H. Yakaria Gear Data Exchange (GDE) – goLive S. 1235-1246

„… common manufacturing chain of gears which consists the soft machining, heat treatment, tool dressing …” „… represents the basis for a consistent use of available digital data in the gear technology. The format …” „… analogue to the GDE structure. It is also not reasonable to use GDE records as the company-specific data …”

E. Maier, A. Ziegltrum, T. Lohner, K. Stahl Characterization of TEHL contacts of thermoplastic gears S. 1483-1496

„… injection molding. This qualifies thermoplastics for the use in lightweight gear design and more generally …” „… detrimental accumulation of contact heat limit its applications to lowly loaded machine elements. Lubrication …” „… steel TEHL contacts, the focus is on friction, film thickness and heat management. Results show that …”

B. Leupold, V. Janzen, G. Kotthoff, D. Eichholz Validation approach of PM gears for eDrive applications S. 119-130

„… use of sintered gears in highly loaded applications like automotive transmissions, advanced net shape …” „… dictated by the product application, heat-treatment of the surface densified gears may be required after …” „… gear grinding or gear honing may be necessary after heat treatment. The forged powder metal (FPM …”

C. Gorla, E. Conrado, F. Rosa, F. Concli Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) for gears: manufacturing, performances and tests S. 977-988

„… geometries of the casing. A heat treatment as well as a finishing step, used to compensate the induced …” „… satisfied, by means of ADI, without an additional finishing step after the heat treatment. In this case …” „… bending and contact fatigue, taking into account the specific manufacturing and heat treatment processes …”

S. Grützner Holistic simulation of gearboxes – system simulation S. 51-60

„… type A variants use a 4x-symmetry of the sun gear, whereas the type B variants use a 2x2-symmetry …” „… to represent the heat transfer from the gear pair meshings to the cooling oil. For these kinds of …” „… detailed sub-models of gear oil exchange and heat transfer from teeth to oil in SimulationX …”

M. Schwenk, J. Hoffmeister, J. Hermes Prediction of local load carrying capacity for gears – a materials science approach S. 989-1002

„… the loading aspect. Heat treatment tools such as HT-Tools, CarbTool© or SimCarb mainly focus on the …” „… thermodynamically-based diffusion and phase transformation models allow heat specific chemical compositions to be …” „… capability and reliability of gears. Along the process line, heat treatment and in particular case hardening …”

J. Lohmiller, J. Hoffmeister, J. Hermes, M. Ansorg, H. Dhonau Development and investigation of austempered ductile iron (ADI) for thick-walled gear components S. 963-976

„… correlating fatigue properties to microstructural parameters using samples prepared from cast and heat …” „… shafts. ADI is an alloyed nodular graphite iron, which undergoes an isothermal heat treatment process …” „… the largest carrier. The challenge is to develop a material, which is cast and heat-treated with …”

B. Kianian, C. Andersson Sustainability-conscious Powder Metallurgy gear manufacturing – An analysis of current manufacturing challenges S. 1251-1264

„… example is in PM heat treatment. The equipment used for conventional heat treatment can also be used for …” „… a wrought part to final shape and quality, including a heat treatment step for enhancement of …” „… e.g. heat treatment distortions and what finishing method to choose when leveraging between cost and …”

M. Oehler, B. Magyar, B. Sauer A new standardizable calculation method to predict the efficiency of worm gear drives S. 363-372

„… different gear sizes and ratios. An extensive parameter study with the use of this simulation program was …” „… of industry to expand the field of use of the calculation method in a broad range of sizes and gear …” „… boundary lubrication can be calculated for each rotating pair of rollers. The heat conditions in the …”

M. McCormick, J. Michaud Isotropic superfinishing of high hardness steels – How using a custom REM ISF® process as a quality control, defect remediation, and isotropic superfinishing procedure can increase the performance of... S. 163-172

„… more challenging environments or under more extreme conditions—high heat, wet-corrosive environments …” „… , among other things, the make-up of the alloy coupled with the designed heat treatment parameters. Thus …” „… increases. Additionally, the impressive properties of these materials often require more complex heat …”

Foreword S. 1-4

„… using modern gearing technologies that allow combining individual materials, heat treatment and …” „… increase, not only because of the protransmissions are a promising approach. Besides, the use of plastics …”

M. Takahashi, T. Itagaki, N. Maeda, H. Takahashi Evaluation of developed micro-gear endurance test system and basic study on load-carrying characteristics of micro-spur-gears S. 243-252

„… and planned for use in future experiments. The notation for the dimensions of the test gear is written …” „… phosphor bronze (C5191-H [4]), and gears made from heat-treated alloy tool steel (SKS3 [5]). 2.2 …” „… in the tooth surface. The material of test gear was heat-treated alloy tool steel. The applied torque …”

R. Meissner, M. Liewald, T. Benkert, M. Hiller, W. Volk Multi-component gearwheels and their manufacturing processes S. 1299-1306

„… ) design (figure 1) allows to reduce the gearwheel’s weight while enhancing material use. A gear ring made …” „… corresponding to DIN 5480 WA 30 x 1 x 28 x h6 x 9e. Stapled sheet metal wheel bodies use gear rings with …” „… gear ring are joined directly after the heat treatment of VDI-Berichte Nr. 2294, 20171300 the gear …”

M. Kalin, A. Kupec Wear and Fatigue Behaviour of Polymer Gears under Controlled Temperature Conditions S. 1637-1648

„… tribological performance of polymer gears, which are seeing ever-increasing use by the industry, still lack …” „… greatly improved. 1. Introduction The use of plastic gears in tribological applications has …” „… selected because of its common use and the specifications of the gears are collected in Table 1. Despite …”

K. Matsuo, Y. Suzuki, K. Fujiki Accuracy analysis of workpiece and tool in the hobbing process using Taguchi Method S. 1331-1342

„… manufactured in a series of processes consisting of “hobbing -> heat treatment -> honing”. It is essential to …” „… manufacture low-noise gears at low cost for use in automotive transmissions. In order to meet this …” „… requirement, at JATCO we adopted a gear honing process as the finishing method following heat treatment in …”

D. Strasser, S. Troll, R. Sperlich, J. Münch Reliability safeguarding for an 8 MW wind energy gearbox in serial production – Prototype and process development ensuring stable quality at the highest level S. 1085-1100

„… handling and heat treatment processes. The Differential Gearbox Concept provides possibilities for a 50 …” „… purpose. Also the heat treatment process for the present gears, comprising a module of 29.5 mm, was …” „… investigated safely. Destructive component tests supported by heat treatment simulations were conducted. The …”

J. Cathelin, R. Janssen Material data for advanced plastic gear simulation S. 1553-1564

„… gears are locked under load. Tests are performed at different temperatures, covering practical use …” „… and friction results. The reason is the way the heat buildup and the worn particles are evacuated …” „… heat in the contact area than a pin on disc rig for the same applied PV. This results in a higher …”

E. Tanaka, H.-C. Lin Gear diagnostic system using zonal laser beam for practical use S. 845-856

„… Gear Diagnostic System Using Zonal Laser Beam for Practical Use Prof. Eiichiro Tanaka …” „… , Han-Ching Lin, Waseda University, Japan Abstract We developed a new method for that practical use of …” „… the previously measured same material, heat treatment, roughness data. In this method, it can be …”

R. Saito, Y. Suzuki, K. Matsuo The effect on tooth root breakage strength of tooth root shapes resulting from differing hobbing conditions S. 733-740

„… examples where tooth root grinding is performed after heat treatment for the purpose of improving the …” „… conditions are necessary for obtaining a gear tooth root radius close to the design value. One is to use a …” „… slow feedrate and the other is to use a hob with one start or with a number of starts that is not a …”

M. Kanters, B. van Wissen, R. Nickel Relevant tribological testing method for high performance plastic gears S. 1507-1518

„… different failure mechanisms associated with the use of plastic materials in gear applications …” „… conventional methods, such as a thrust-washer setup, since the influence of the frictional heat generated will …” „… using an infrared sensor and controlled using electrical heater elements surrounding the discs (see …”

R. Weidig Adoption of polymer gears – Challenges and solutions S. 1565-1574

„… drives is an NVH issue. The most common solution approach is to use a split (scissor) gear assembly …” „… and accessory drives became an eminent NVH issue. The most common approach is to use highprecision …” „… requirements in the application: Mechanical strength and stiffness in high-heat environment (operating …”

K. Tsujii, R. Ishikura, K. Inoue, Y. Tanaka, T. Morita Effect of alloying elements on edge part over-carburizing in vacuum carburizing S. 1415-1426

„… of DEG+DASP Fig.11: Pitting life in rollerpitting test of DEG fusing material technology, heat …” „… treated, a combination of the use of DEG steel and vacuum carburizing would be quite appropriate. As …” „… , 39 (2002), p.29. [5] K.D. Jones and G. Krauss: Heat Treatment, 39 (1980), p.188. [6] T. Morita …”

M. F. Stangl, U. Kissling, A. Pogacnik A procedure to find best fitting dresser with grinding worm for a new design S. 1307-1318

„… allows to get closer to the requested modification or even to get a 100% fit. Another option is to use …” „… the gear wheel being produced, which means they are flexible for their use for different gearwheels …” „… by wear during its use, especially in a large-scale production. To ensure a good quality of the …”

A. Kubo Change of gear steel quality as function of globalization – Back ground of the development for high speed automatic hardness tester S. 41-50

„… , voids etc. in the central part of the bloom. The steel bar that we usually use for gear production is …” „… HARDNESS It is well known that the hardness of steel has good correlation with strength. We usually use …” „… hardness measurement to evaluate heat treatment to find whether the process is carried out properly or not …”

K. Mao, V. Goodship, N. Madhav, R. Ramakrishnan, P. Langlois Experimental Investigations of Polymer Composite Gear Performance S. 1625-1636

„… ]. As a result the use of polymer composite gears in power transmission is limited due to the lack of …” „… heat transfer from the tooth. However this is not the case with gears continuously lubricated with oil …” „… the main heat source. Many experimental studies have meshed polymer gears with steel pinions [9-11 …”

A. Şorea, F. Buus Bendixen Reluctance magnetic gear – Magnetic gears, no longer toothless S. 615-622

„… definitions of gears mention the use of teeth to transfer rotation and torque from one drive to the other …” „… eventually leads to fatigue stresses. The other problem with this construction is that heat generated in the …” „… determine the number of flux carriers and the rotation direction the following equation (Equation 3) is used …”

M. Baar, P. Oster, T. Tobie, K. Stahl Theoretical investigations of the load distribution of small sized crown gear sets different material pairings S. 1593-1610

„… tooth rack varies profile angel along the tooth width or use modified equations for bevel gears. For …” „… lubricationda2 mn material heat treatment material heat treatment mm mm 75 1 16MnCrS5 case hardened POM no …” „… lubrication conditions of the standardly used grease. Due to the emergency running characteristics of plastic …”

N. Sagraloff, M. Hein, T. Tobie, K. Stahl Practical use of micropitting test results according to FVA 54/7 for calculation of micropitting load capacity acc. to ISO/TR 15144-1 S. 143-152

„… Practical use of micropitting test results according to FVA 54/7 for calculation of micropitting …” „… , modifications), material specifications (heat treatment, residual stresses, residual austenite), surface …” „… pressure angle of 20°. The centre distance is 91.5mm for use at the standard FZG back-to-back test rig as …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXVII

„… Properties N. Sagraloff, Practical use of micropitting test results according to 143 M. Hein, FVA 54/7 for …” „… Diagnostic E. Tanaka, Gear diagnostic system using zonal laser beam for 845 H.-C. Lin practical use T …” „… for 1191 N. Fujinaga transmission development A. Miltenović, Prediction of heat generation in …”

S. Vonderschmidt, A. Vonderschmidt, R. Vonderschmidt A novel magnetic angular transmission S. 591-602

„… the use of metal plates for eddy current suppression, the magnetic gearbox becomes very hot at the …” „… heat the housing. Fig. 7.4: Field lines which are not closed by the modulator escape through the …” „… conventional counterpart, usually will have a low number of magnetic poles. From the perspective of a user, a …”

D. Krüger, E. Leidich, I. Römhild, R. Heß, H. Linke Geometry, pitting and tooth root capacity of asymmetric gears S. 751-768

„… 751 The use of asymmetric gear teeth can have disadvantages when compared to the standard teeth …” „… capacity of an asymmetric gear being able to use a calculation by hand. This factor, correction factor for …” „… . Hence the heat treatment process may have to be adjusted. In comparison with gear teeth according ISO …”

A. Pogacnik, S. Beermann Measuring permissible root/flank stress of plastic gears according to the VDI 2736-4 S. 1541-1552

„… 1541 1. Introduction Due to the well-known advantages of plastic gears, their use is increasing every …” „… , x1/x2 0.259/-0.259 Process Injection molding Nevertheless, it is not always possible to use the …” „… parameters at gear testing. Root failure Flank failure Wear factor Heat transfer coefficients Torque …”

M. W. Seidel, A. Zösch, K. Härtel Grinding burn inspection – tools for supervising and objectifying of the testing process S. 1003-1014

„… in a change of near-surface areas. The term grinding burn is used, when the heat impact during …” „… by multiple use. Fig. 7: Round Robin Test of STE method: LASER generated defects on a case …” „… applied to detect grinding burn. Surface temper etching (STE) is the most common method. Further used are …”

B. Schlecht, F. Rudolph, S. Schumann Experimental studies and simulation of hypoid gear lapping S. 1403-1414

„… linear interpolation [9]. Kahraman and Park use a higher geometric resolution of 25 x 40 points for …” „… experience shows it to be beneficial for the acoustic behaviour of heat treated gear sets, the resulting …” „… , based on a widely used wear approach and a fast and accurate tooth contact simulation. High-resolution …”

C. Weber, T. Tobie, K. Stahl Investigation on the flank surface durability of gears with increased pressure angle S. 173-184

„… of alternative involute gears was investigated. To find qualified variations for use in gear drives …” „… material 18CrNiMo7-6 and were case-hardened and conventionally ground (only flank area) after heat …” „… . Introduction and objective Mechanical engineering uses almost exclusively symmetric involute gears with …”

M. Nakagawa, D. Nishida, D. Sah, T. Hirogaki Development of novel test stand for three-axis driving planetary gear train control and analysis of novel PGT for noise reduction S. 331-340

„… S45C Heat treatment None Fig. 4: The number of teeth and the reduction in the planet speed …” „… . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2294, 2017338 The solution for these problems is to use a bevel gear boxed carrier PGT as …” „… used in various kinds of machines all over the world. A PGT has several advantages but is subject to …”

B. Černe, D. Zorko, J. Duhovnik Semi-analytical method for the prediction of the flank temperatures of polymer gears during running S. 1611-1624

„… the heat release time ts. A factor of η=0,16 was used in this case. The latter might also account for …” „… Increased temperatures due to frictional heat generation play a major role in the behaviour and life …” „… frictional losses dissipate as heat at the contact interface [3]. Also, the total contact temperature rise …”

C. Güntner, T. Tobie, K. Stahl “Alternative” microstructures and their influence on mechanical properties of case-hardened gears S. 399-410

„… common heat treatment processes for highly loaded shafts and gears. Due to numerous investigations, a …” „… ] and AGMA 2101 [1]. In the past, the research work concerning heat treatment was focused on the …” „… optimization of the heat treatment process of carburizing to achieve a fine martensitic microstructure with …”

C. Brecher, C. Löpenhaus, F. Goergen, D. Mevissen Crack propagation analysis of pitting damages of high-strength material systems in gear applications S. 281-292

„… , there is great potential in new materials and specifically optimized heat treatments. In this paper …” „… , contact fatigue strength of three test variants of different material or heat treatment is investigated …” „… . Independent on the material and heat treatment process, the pitting damage can be seperated into a fatigue …”

P. Kauffmann, P. Schäflein, V. Heuer PM technology for the future powertrain S. 1289-1298

„… : wrought steel forging, soft machining, gear hobbing, shaving, heat treatment Powder metallurgy gears …” „… : PM net shaping process, sintering, selective densification, heat treatment VDI-Berichte Nr. 2294 …” „… direction can be achieved. After surface densification the gears are usually heat treated by case hardening …”

B. Zhmud, J. Blomkvist, M. Fallström An advanced thermal processing & coating process for enhancing gear tribology S. 1451-1462

„… presented. 1. Introduction Nitriding is a heat treating process that diffuses nitrogen into the surface …” „… terms of hardness, wear resistance and fatigue strength. Quenching oil and heat treatment fluids are …” „… layer is created during the heat treatment stage and its characteristics are largely controlled by …”

J. J. Liou, S. Rakuff The development of worm drives S. 503-516

„… : Heat-resistant temperature as a function of relative price to the price of POM per kg for plastics used for worm …” „… . They are available in both cast and wrought forms and can be heat treated to attain higher mechanical …” „… require a number of finishing operations, including heat treatment and final dimensional and surface …”

X. Gou, L. Zhu, C. Qi Modelling of a gear-rotor system considered tooth contact temperature and its dynamic characteristics S. 1177-1184

„… heat partition between gear teeth and a numerical approximation was adopted using finite different …” „… flash temperature is due to the heat of conversing with the energy which consumed by the friction …” „… , respectively (kg/m3). ( 1,2)ic i is the specific heat capacity of two teeth, respectively. B is half width …”

T. Saito, K. Miyamoto Traction drive analysis identified with rheological friction property of traction fluid S. 1185-1190

„… the vibration, displacement, and traction surface heat generation resulting from dynamic contact, FEM …” „… spinning behavior and resulting heat generation on the traction surface. 1. Introduction As the focus …” „… dynamic solver was used. This method made it possible to precisely quantify the torque capacity and power …”

K. Togai, N. Fujinaga A reduced order internal combustion engine model for transmission development S. 1191-1198

„… (1) Where, Efuel: energy in a combustion chamber in a cycle [J], Mfuel: fuel mass [kg], Qfuel: heat …” „… chamber [J/s], eatai: conversion efficiency, mfuel: fuel mass flow[kg/s], Qfuel: heat released from the …” „… models have been used for vehicle development. Such models are not suitable for iterative calculation …”

M. Ophey, F. Klocke, C. Löpenhaus Approach for modeling grinding worm wear S. 1365-1378

„… gears after heat treatment [1]. One possibility for hard-finishing is continuous generating gear …” „… the pitch circle diameter of the trial gear is mapped. Material and heat treatment are the same for …” „… grinding. Due to the high productivity, generating gear grinding is used mostly in serial production [2 …”

R. Nemoto, E. Tamura, N. Seyama, E. Tanaka Friction loss and surface durability of WN gears – A Comparison with involute gears S. 1133-1138

„… Material S45C(JIS) Heat treatment tempered 3. Experimental Results Figures 2, 3, and 4 show the …” „… tooth profile were used in this issue. One is a nearly standard gear with involute tooth profile, the …” „… other is a Wildhaber-Novikov or circular-arc profile. WN gears are used to be transmitted motion and …”

A. K. Shojaei, P. Volgers, M. Cassata Advanced modeling and experimental techniques for fatigue life prediction of plastic gears S. 1575-1582

„… ), coefficient of thermal conductivity is in the range of 0.3 to 0.37 (W/m oC), and its specific heat is assumed …” „… simultaneously. Figure 1(c) shows the 2D FEA model that is used for validation purposes. Figure 2 summarizes the …” „… simultaneously. The reaction force history, shown in Fig. 3(a), can be used to investigate the performance of …”

V. Angelopoulos, M. Hirsch PM gear rolling simulations using advanced plasticity material model and improved initial conditions S. 1277-1288

„… occurred during compaction. The final process is the sintering process, the components undergo a heat …” „… , 20171278 To improve the process and reduce the overall development time, simulations can be used as a tool …” „… described in previous work [10] . The base powder that used for producing all the PM parts in this work is …”

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Entwicklung des energiesparenden Bauens.

Hans Erhorn (ed.)

2022

Results in this title

Karin Buvik, Anne Grete Hestnes, Kari Thunshelle Energy Efficiency Measures in a Retrofitted Norwegian School Building – From school building to community centre S. 105-112

„… activities as a result of use by new tenants from the neighbourhood. The building now contains a secondary …” „… community and meet the need for a more efficient use of resources, a joint location and coordinated use of …” „… building envelope designs would influence the indoor climate and energy use for heating, cooling …”

Ove Morck, Kirsten Engelund Thomsen, Kim B. Wittchen Cost-efficient Buildings: Optimization of Energy Efficiency Measures for Renovation and New Build S. 147-156

„… cost efficient low energy buildings with the use of advanced calculation tools to verify the energy …” „… extensive efforts including literature research, the use of data available at the CoNZEBs housing …” „… : Italy: Bioclimatic planning and integrated design process Denmark: Use of standard solutions and …”

Marco Citterio, Michele Zinzi Energy Renovation of Educational Buildings in Practice – Nearly 20 years of common experience S. 99-104

„… overheating. Two reversible heat pumps fed into the heating/cooling floor, while a hybrid natural/mechanical …” „… and the thermal energy use was in both cases below 40 kWh/m²yr, while electricity accounted for …” „… ; mechanical ventilation systems with heat recovery in all classrooms; PV system on the roof, able to produce …”

Timo Kauppinen, Jorma Pietiläinen Energy Efficiency in Educational Buildings – Experiences from International R&D Projects S. 91-98

„… use of some spaces. Moisture-related problems have been in the focus during the last years, and these …” „… EPBD came into force. The biggest change was to take energy efficiency regulations into use. However …” „… in connection with other repairs and renovations due to change of use, structural damages and indoor …”

Roger Hitchin CEN Standards and the Implementation of the EPBD – Interactions between CEN, Member States and the European Commission S. 207-214

„… detail, ease of use and management of data uncertainties are not addressed. In principle this seems …” „… asked MS to what extent they were using – or were expected to use – the standards in their EPBD …” „… implementations. In most cases, MS used those parts of those standards that they felt were useful but did not …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… eventually became head of the newly established Department of Heat Technology at the distinguished …” „… conquering the market. Buildings will no longer simply use energy, but in the future, they will generate it …” „… Energy Efficiency and Indoor Climate (formerly known as the Department of Heat Technology). In the …”

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PIAE EUROPE

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

2020

Results in this title

M. Walcher New solutions for e-mobility: thermally conductive thermoset plastics S. 133-140

„… heat dissipation. The use of thermally conductive molding compounds therefore makes it possible to …” „… often used to coat particularly pressure-sensitive components, since the use of extremely easy-flowing …” „… are used predominantly here. Another possibility is to heat the heat-generating components directly …”

A. Tiwari, D. Brands, D. Pelletier, C. Pereira Thermoplastics in electric-vehicle battery applications – A lightweight and efficient EV battery concept S. 349-364

„… management of the heat generated by charging and discharging during vehicle operation. Finally, the material …” „… specific mechanical performance, good heat conduction and good electromagnetic shielding performance …” „… battery applications could benefit from the use of thermoplastic materials. First of all, the current EV …”

G. Greene, B. Kilian, R. Reithmeier Increasing the safety of battery modules in electric vehicles with polyurethane pultrusion S. 105-114

„… typically use the entire area beneath the passengers for the battery. This results in a simple rectangular …” „… creates a short circuit and high heat is generated. This high heat can create a fire. The heat from one …” „… cell can heat neighboring cells and create a runaway situation. Electric vehicle battery fires can be …”

S. Schmitz, D. Fischer Radiation cross-linking of plastics as a finishing process in series production S. 197-206

„… improved properties with regard to heat resistance, stability, creep behavior and abrasion resistance …” „… , radiation cross-linking improves aging behavior. Even thermoplastic elastomers, whose use is often limited …” „… high-volume production. Radiation cross-linked components, which are stronger and have a higher heat …”

W. Franz Effizienz- und Qualitätsverbesserung bei der Farbabstimmung im PKW Innenraum durch Digitales Color Matching S. 371-X

„… additives at limited loading were also tested in combination with graphite as the main additive. The use …” „… applications of graphite-modified composites: 1 (left): LED heat sink; 2 (center): automotive lead heat sink …” „… ; 3 (right): electronic circuit heat sink Fig. 3: Typical evolution of TC in-plane and through-plane …”

A. Schmitz The all-new MAN high-roof cab: epoxy-sandwich RTM – simulated using FEM and crashed under real conditions S. 61-76

„… sector. In the meantime, the demands for more storage space and reduced heat input into the cab have …” „… the temperature changes and the tool life also speak in favor of this process. The good heat transfer …” „… between simulation and the real crash to a quality level in which we are able to use the simulation for …”

325 Group Renault Plastic Material Vision for New Mobility Trends S. 311-332

„… market. How will we use the polymer chains in order to obtain; autonomy to create sensors to replace …” „… guide parts recently by obtaining 20%-30% reduction in mass. The aim is to use this technology for the …” „… motor protections for many years. However, 2 important criterias had to be exceeded in order to use …”

M. Kardos, O. Täger, E. Körner New class-A sheet molding compounds for automotive exterior components using a single-step surface hybridization S. 249-264

„… during the heat cycling of hybrid exterior panels. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2369, 2020 259 Fig. 7 …” „… reinforcing fibers (usually glass or carbon), and additives. They are widely used in many segments of …” „… and charge heights. They used a conventional Class-A compound with 30 wt% glass fiber and 40 wt% CaCO …”

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41. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 22.-24. April 2020

Bernhard Geringer (ed.), Hans-Peter Lenz (ed.)

Series: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik

Volume 813 2020

Results in this title

Z. J. Sroka, Z. Sadlak Einhaltung der CO2-Emissionsnormen als Herausforderung für eine thermische Aktivierung der Verbrennungskammern in Verbrennungsmotoren /CO2 Emission Standards as a Challenge for the Thermal Activation ... S. II-512-II-543

„… reduction by more effective than in current state of the art use of heat obtained from fuel in the …” „… the excess heat stored in it for later use in the next phase of the engine's work cycle does not …” „… piston for use by the value of 50 J, which means that after taking into account the heat losses …”

E. Jean, E. Barrieu, M. Capirchia, C. Herbers Elektrisch heizbarer Katalysator: technische Anforderungen und Haupteinflussfaktoren /Electrically Heated Catalyst: Requirements, Controls and Key Parameters S. I-311-I-327

„… power requirements for the heater. These simulations have been confirmed by real testing. They are in …” „… heater and identify the key characteristics of the SW and HW controls. Kurzfassung Durch die immer …” „… efficient in standard conditions of use, including the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) conditions. However …”

K. Hwang, C. Yu, B. Min, Y. Kim, D. Lee, K. Ha, D. Chae, J. Yi Der neue Smartstream 1.0L DI-Turbo Ottomotor von Hyundai-Kia/The New Hyundai-Kia's Smartstream 1.0L Turbo GDi Engine S. I-121-I-150

„… such as knocking by dilution, and to reduce the heat loss by reducing the combustion temperature …” „… vehicle which can use auxiliary power sources, electric motor, for solving two major problems. The …” „… knock-free low load condition, even with improved combustion, combustion stability is not enough to use …”

S. Kweon, J. J. Park, S. H. Kim Der wasserstoffbetriebene Bus und LKW von Hyundai Motor Company/The Hydrogen-Powered Bus and Truck from Hyundai Motor Company S. II-233-II-245

„… declared to use FC bus as its official bus in Seoul from 2019. Figure 5. Schematic of FC bus: major …” „… power, water and heat as shown in Figure 10. Thermal management system (TMS) controls the coolant …” „… temperature of the fuel cell stack from produced heat during the reaction. APS has to manage the humidity of …”

R. Golisano, V. Rampino, A. Vassallo, N. P. Sacco, L. Magro, G. D'Aurizio, S. Trimboli, A. G. Marino, V. Biasin, I. Zallio, R. Vernassa, J. Wartha, D. Kaminski Der neue General Motors 1.5 Liter Diesel 3-Zylinder-Motor/The New General Motors 1.5 Liter Diesel 3-Cylinder Engine S. II-149-II-185

„… found to be beneficial for both power achievement (high peak of heat release) and part load atomization …” „… significant employment of late heat release which increases exhaust enthalpy and temperature (up to 200°C in …” „… material, while all the others use a standard bi-metal composition. A polymeric coating has been also …”

R. Schlögl Kohlenstoff als zukünftiger Energieträger/Carbon as a Future Energy Carrier S. II-90-II-113

„… even replace the domestic use of fossil energy. Thus, the present level of energy import designates …” „… consumed. Regulatory measures should abstain from subsiding mobility as well as from limiting its use. 41 …” „… in use. This requires a long transition period if a novel technology is chosen as standard. The …”

M. Alt, F. Gouzonnat, P. Ramminger, R. Matthe, L. K. Cloos Die Multi-Energy Platform des Opel Corsa: rein elektrisch, Benzinoder Dieselantrieb /The Multi Energy Platform of the Opel Corsa: Pure Electric, Gasoline or Diesel Propulsion S. I-203-I-224

„… position to provide accessible and easy to use electro mobility in form of affordable fully electric and …” „… Control System. In addition, the Battery heater is included in the battery housing. With every module …” „… . Module dimensions are approximately 390 mm by 150 mm by 110 mm. The use of this standard module in …”

M. Bell, S. Kollamthodi, N. Hill, A. Greaney Die „Net-Zero-Herausforderung“ - Auswirkungen der Lebenszyklusanalyse auf Antriebssystemtechnologien, Lieferketten und die regulatorische Landschaft /The Net Zero Challenge - Life Cycle Impacts on Pro... S. I-171-I-190

„… , component manufacture, logistics, vehicle assembly and painting Use/Operation • Environmental impact of …” „… from road transport, not just the “in use” emissions. The implementation of a broader, and more …” „… potential burden shifting. Traditionally, the use phase has accounted for the most significant proportion …”

H. Sandquist, P. Frejinger, S. Klacar, I. Scholten, S. Li System Engineering Methodik angewandt für Hybrid-Antriebssystementwicklung /Systems Engineering Methodology Applied for Hybrid Propulsion System Development S. II-16-II-33

„… technical implementation and content. In some projects there will be attributes and unique use-cases that …” „… - Provide user comfort - Provide fun during transportation - Provide safety in use - Be affordable - Be …” „… of the function), definition (what it does), generic requirements, and use-cases (Table 1). With …”

D. Song, W. Happenhofer, Z. Yuan, Y. Cui, Z. Zhang, D. Wang 1,5 T - Modulare Motorplattform mit hoher Effizienz/1.5T High Thermal Efficiency Modular Engine Platform S. II-186-II-201

„… and so on, and it also optimized the heat dissipation of the water jacket in the cylinder head …” „… is to obtain a larger stroke (increase 2.3mm), which can not only reduce the heat transfer loss of …” „… to the rapid warm-up by reducing the exhaust heat loss. This technology is adopted in EB series …”

O. Bitsche Porsche Taycan, 800V Technologie fur hochperformantes Laden und Fahren /Porsche Taycan, 800V Technology Enabling High Performance Charging and Driving S. I-28-I-38

„… ratio is 8,05. A passive cooling system uses the electric motor as heat sink. Figure 4: Front …” „… between cable crosssection, heat-loss and weight of the high voltage system, it was also necessary to …” „… example the DC/AC converter for the electrical drive motors and the electronics of the H2O heater. The …”

N. Andrisani, F. Contarin, A. Lorenzon, M. Nencioni, M. Scassa, F. Mallamo, T. Korfer, H. Busch Innovative Ventiltriebe als Beitrag zur Erfullung zukunftiger Emissionsanforderungen im Stadtbetrieb /Novel Valvetrain Design as Enabler for Compliance with Upcoming Stringent Emission Demands in Urba... S. I-285-I-310

„… approach according to Balazs [5] has been introduced, which determines the heat rejection on the energy …” „… engine start, when a non-torque building post injection can’t be released for EATS heat-up due to …” „… lead to a reduced heat losses, which helps to improve efficiency and increase exhaust gas temperature …”

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International Conference on Gears 2023

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2422 2023

Results in this title

T. Schmid-Schirling, N. Saum, C. Eberz de Oliveira Löhrer Marker-Free, Single Item Traceability in Gear Wheel Production Based on Inherent Surface Patterns S. 1877-XXIX

„… use-case 1 the identification was successful demonstrated for 20 automotive gear wheels also over a …” „… hardening process, which changed the surface slightly. In use-case 2 almost 100 VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422, 2023 …” „… surfaces. We present results from two use-cases: First, the machined, flat front faces of a typical …”

W. Smet Gear geometry, size and material influences not captured in ISO 6336 S. 1267-1272

„… information on commonly used gear materials, methods of heat treatment and the influence of gear quality on …” „… Ausfallrisiken auftreten. Abstract The ISO 6336 rating assessment approach has been in use for many years and …” „… in alignment with ISO 6336 requirements concerning material quality, allowable stress numbers, heat …”

R. Beilicke, D. Bartel, L. Bobach Simulation-based optimization of gearing efficiency using thin coatings S. 975-984

„… suitable measure. However, the use of low-viscosity lubricants and the increase in the power density of …” „… increasing wear, the use of friction- and wear-reducing thin coatings (DLC coatings) can be a possible …” „… tooth flank wear, the use of friction- and wear-reducing DLC coatings on the tooth flanks is a possible …”

K. Moser, S. Körber Advanced biopolymer compounds for technical applications S. 1297-1300

„… Advanced biopolymer compounds for technical applicationsStereocomplex PLA with enhanced heat …” „… low heat deflection temperature. This can be achieved by stereocomplex (sc) crystallisation of the two …” „… °C) and hot (up to 160 °C) mould cavity. Measurements The Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) values …”

C. M. C. G. Fernandes, J. M. A. Pinto, D. E. P. Gonçalves, A. R. Silva Reduction of root and flank temperature using a hybrid polymer-metal rack S. 1547-1562

„… gear concept [5]–[8]. The hybrid polymer gear concept consists of improving heat conduction by using …” „… and a preliminary experiment was performed to assess the potential use of a metallic insert to …” „… general description of the developed test rig will be now exposed (Figure 3). A load/heat application tool …”

W. Ramdane, C. Changenet, S. S. Ouali, C. Chevrel-Fraux, P. Casanova Thermal model of a planetary gear set using an isothermal approach S. 451-466

„… is used to solve the problem: power losses and heat flow are calculated versus time. Which leads to …” „… mechanical power losses, and heat flow are valid, campain test can be used to evaluate the numerical model …” „… of centrifugal effects over gravity forces. The aim of the present paper is to use Boni’s approach on …”

T. Tra My Truong, S. Schumann, B. Schlecht On the Testing of Flank Fracture Calculations Based on 3D-Gears S. 243-256

„… hardening is one of the most common heat treatments to make gears more durable. It causes the surface to be …” „… or with complex heat treatment simulations. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422, 2023 247Fig. 6 shows different …” „… choice, the heat treatment simulation results shall be seen as the supposed truth regarding the residual …”

D. Zorko, N. Vukašinović, B. Černe The effect of gear manufacturing quality on the mechanical and thermal state of a plastic gear S. 1319-1332

„… heat generation and the resulting operational temperature. 1. Introduction Transition to a more …” „… supply of plastic materials and their ever-improving mechanical properties, the use of plastic gears is …” „… set-up for plastic gear testing 2.2.2. Determining the effect of geometrical deviations on the heat …”

T. Jagiella, S. Haller, J. Lechner, T. Rung, M. Wöppermann, B. Zeeb Building a software toolchain for automated mass-customization of specific end-use gear unit parts using AM-driven design guidelines S. 1607-1616

„… Building a software toolchain for automated mass-customization of specific end-use gear unit parts …” „… ) technologies experience a strong increase in popularity and use. While AM offers a high level of design freedom …” „… , industrial adoption for the production of end-use parts is still lacking behind its potential. Inhibiting …”

C. Braykoff, J. Thomas The Magic Cutter – An economical solution for bevel and hypoid gear production based on the modular principle S. 1859-1862

„… to use the same cutter heat for the same ratio but for different gear sizes. (Fig. 2). The Magic …” „… in bevel gear manufacturing. It is state of the art to use an identical cutter head for multiple …” „… much as possible. State of the art In the gear industry the idea to use the same hobbing tool for …”

S. Moschkau, S. Held Optimization of product quality and manufacturing processes in real-time with vibration analysis S. 1821-1828

„… Use of a software tool in gear manufacturing S. Moschkau, S. Held, Schaeffler Digital Solutions GmbH …” „… , e.g. during heat treatment due to hardening distortions [1]. Microwave ripples are made visible on the …” „… , to be precise. Why should a workpiece from heat treatment with hardening distortion go through a fine …”

L. Klee, T. Bergs, M. Solf, J. Brimmers Binder Jetting in Gears – Process Design and Tooth Bending Strength for Gears made of 17-4PH S. 1665-1680

„… . The achievable geometric complexity in the design offers new possibilities for use and optimization …” „… heat treatment processes. During the sintering process, the powder particles form a diffusion bond [3 …” „… (buildbox) and bonding both the powder particles and the existing layers together. Since no additional heat …”

J. Lövenich, M. Zalfen, D. Mevissen, J. Brimmers, C. Brecher Crack growth based tooth root life prediction model – an influence quantity analysis S. 109-124

„… its current form, the NASGRO equation can only be used for homogeneous materials. Thus, a use for …” „… macro-geometry and geometry of the tooth root fillet, material selection, material cleanliness, heat treatment …” „… pulsator and varied the heat treatment, module size and peening condition [21]. Regardless of the heat …”

F. Concli, M. N. Mastrone Latest advancements in the lubrication simulations of geared systems: a technology ready for industrial applications S. 499-518

„… heat dissipation under atmospheric conditions. In this case, the center distance was augmented in order …” „… 3 (b)) and simplify the meshing procedure (use of non-conformal grids). Exploiting the GRAMC …” „… ,” in Volume 5B: Heat Transfer, Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea, and Air, 2017. [38] C. Bianchini, R. Da …”

J. Zhang, B. Shaw, A. Hammer, I. Sewell Effects of Surface Engineering on the Efficiency of Involute Helical Gears – An Experimental Investigation S. 995-1016

„… with a 75-Litre oil tank, each equipped with an electric heater and a water-cooled heat exchanger …” „… Linear 15 Symmetric & parabolic Gear material and heat treatment Test gears were made of representative …” „… low carbon gear case carburising steels, heat treated to a surface hardness of 650-750Hv. The strength …”

M. Rothemund, M. Otto, K. Stahl Applicability of classic analytical calculation approaches for the design of plastic gears S. 1483-1498

„… their low cost, low noise excitation, and the possibility of lubrication-free use. In addition, plastic …” „… ] in Germany are exceptions in this regard. Due to the increasing trend in industry and economy to use …” „… . mm . /W Heat transfer coefficient of the plastic gear mn mm Normal module u - Gear ratio vt m/s …”

S. Sklenak, D. Mevissen, J. Brimmers, C. Brecher, B. Lenz, A. Mehner Analysis of Load Cycles and Local Wear of Dry and Solid-Lubricated Gears S. 727-740

„… Schichtdicken im unteren Teil der Zahnflanke begünstigt wird. Abstract The use of liquid lubricants in gear …” „… lubricant, such as oil or grease. However, the use of liquid lubricants in gear boxes is limited due to the …” „… in the food and pharmaceutical industries, can also limit the use of liquid lubricants [2]. The use …”

S. Hendricks, M. Solf, J. Brimmers, T. Bergs Investigation of the machinability of different quenched and tempered steels for the alternative process chain of planetary pinions in wind turbine gearboxes S. 1713-1730

„… environmentally damaging process and is also becoming increasingly unattractive due to rising gas prices. The use …” „… database for tool condition monitoring for subsequent industrial use. The results show a basic …” „… applications VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422, 2023 1713inevitably leads to the use of high-strength materials, which in …”

A. Carvalho, R. Rego, N. Fukumasu, D. Tamayo, F. Nascimento, I. Machado PVD Deposition of Nb-MoS2 Coatings on Gear Carburized Steel S. 1071-1082

„… mechanical properties and adhesion to steel substrates, preventing regular use on demanding applications. The …” „… characterization of SAE 8620 samples. Due to its lower thermal conductivity, SiC wheel absorbs less heat from the …” „… ] Rakhit, A. K. Heat Treatment of Gears: A Practical Guide for Engineers. Materials Park: ASM International …”

J. Woelling, F. Manis Recycling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics – State of the Art and Challenges S. 1287-1296

„… in favor of composites; so the use-phase, as mentioned with aerospace before, needs to compensate …” „… on the design and use phase of the various parts made from CFRP, but if we only consider actual waste …” „… present in the heat chamber, the chemical bondings that are present in the fibre material will not find a …”

M. Yilmaz, M. Ayar, F. Zerulli, K. Humm, J. König, B. Schwarz Gearbox efficiency of eDrives: correlation between measurement and calculation of load-dependent torque losses S. 985-994

„… conditions. Within this study the aim is to use these approaches for the efficiency calculation of eDrives …” „… - Zahnreibung, Verlustleistung und Erwärmung [Spur gears – gear friction, power losses and heat], Vieweg Verlag …” „… , these approaches are also used for the calculation of the load-dependent torque losses of eDrives …”

S. Sartori, L. Alari, N. Motta, D. Podda Helicopter Drive System Safety Dissertation S. 633-644

„… tank/reservoir, characterized by different levels of independency and redundancy respect to the normal-use …” „… distribution at meshing point generating a quick and premature failure. The use of spherical bearings (single …” „… of heat, that in same case could degenerate in lubrication issues, micropitting wear, poor no oil …”

A. F. İnceel, B. Özkan, B. Karba, M. Vardar A study on the efficiency prediction of a gear bearing drive by means of mathematical modelling S. 1135-1146

„… . However, Romax have adapted the method for use with internal gears by a suitable adaptation of the …” „… analytical heat balance model to provide a means of calculating the thermal transmittable power of a single …” „… team they provide Romax to use in the comparison modelling. Further studies - GBD power modelling will …”

E. Grabovic, A. Artoni, M. Gabiccini, E. Ciulli Exploration of trade-offs between NVH and efficiency in bevel gear design S. 853-880

„… the heat transfer during meshing of worm gears in order to accurately investigate their overall …” „… contact point In order to use the formulas presented in the previous subsection, it is necessary to …” „… direct use in gradient-based optimizers. To overcome both limitations at once, the (direct search …”

I. Criscuolo, F. Carneiro, G. Guimarães, R. Rego, J. Mascheroni Indirect Selective Laser Sintering: Modeling and analysis of surface densification by shot peening S. 1681-1698

„… diameter of approximately 0.08 mm. The process temperature was controlled at 70ºC with infrared heaters …” „… : Infrared heaters, 7: Inert gas outlet, c) Sample fabrication, d) Samples of plots built in the vertical and …” „… pointed out by the present work, three can be highlighted: There is a limit on the use of shot peening …”

T. Kleiber, B. Neubauer Advancing to The Next Level – Cost Efficient Roll-Inspection: Back from End-of-Line NVH to Skiving Process S. 1591-1606

„… Eccentricities are to be found in order 1, normal heat distortion in order 2, pre-machining often in order 3 …” „… noisiness. Limitations of the use of the correlation matrix is described in many literature sources; however …” „… ’’. All modern 2FI machines additionally provide order analysis and raw data exports, which can be used …”

B. van Wissen, L. Pastukhov, F. Mitsuzuka, K. Iwanaga, A. Hasanovic NVH performance of thermoplastic gears: modelling and measuring S. 1389-1402

„… very suitable polymer to use in high performance gear applications. A deep understanding of the …” „… service, by new bearing with an improved heat-resistance. This decreased the system noise (without running …” „… 0 and 50% short glass fibers was used in all tests. All tests are performed with samples that were …”

S. Ebrahimi, U. Kissling, C. S. Matkovič Evaluation of the NVH Characteristics of Gear Drives with Plastic Gears by the Forced Response Analysis S. 1403-1418

„… frictional heat and constraining the motion amplitudes can be modeled. The accuracy of the natural …” „… ), oil squeeze damping, and surrounding element contribution [1]. In many applications, a user-defined …” „… , for steel gears, it is not crucial as plastic gears to use damping, since the results are not much …”

P. Romio Spur Gear Teeth Reconstruction via Direct Laser Deposition S. 1641-1664

„… small parts that could be affected by the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) [6]. The DLD process proved to be …” „… tip relief and root relief, no longitudinal crowning Material 16 MnCr 5 according to DIN 17210 Heat …” „… made in this first study, where Inconel 625 was exposed; VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422, 20231660 Use other …”

K. Lübke, K. Stein Quality inspection of special geometries measured with computed tomography – Evaluation of involute cylindrical gears according to ISO 1328-1 S. 1787-1802

„… improve sliding, wear, and heat stability [10]. 2. Introduction to quality inspection of plastic gears …” „… standardized definitions. In addition to that, it is recommended to use validated gear algorithms [11]. These …” „… of the tactile measurements on the cmm are used as reference for this comparizon because they are …”

U. Cihak-Bayr, T. Wopelka, C. Wintersteiger Effect of LOL conditions under high velocity and high injection temperatures S. 763-778

„… allows the lubricant to heat up due to friction below the evaporation point of 185 °C. The temperature of …” „… make full use of test capabilities with a more scuffing resistance lubricant, focusing on the …” „… Mini-Traction-Machine [1,2], are used for baseline investigations on scuffing initiation upon load [3] increase or start …”

C. Kunik, J. Kunert Wetting and oil flow analysis of planetary gearboxes using oil flow simulations S. 467-484

„… about the wetting of components, the power losses [2 - 4] and the heat dissipation of gear units, it is …” „… contrary to the Finite Volume Method, the “Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics” method (SPH) do not use any …” „… called SPH (“Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics”), which is used by SEW-EURODRIVE GmbH & Co KG (short: SEW …”

J. Vorgerd, P. Tenberge, M. Steinrötter Scuffing load carrying capacity of high-speed gears with an isotropic superfinished surface S. 227-242

„… by friction in the local slide-roll contacts due to gear damage and thermal heat emission. The local …” „… depends on the dissipated heat , the contact width the velocity and the thermal properties of the …” „… is covered empirically depending on the heat treatment. The safety factor 𝑆 represents the …”

G. Guimarães, L. Robatto, R. Rego, A. Faria, A. Borille, J. Mascheroni Surface integrity of 20MnCr5 pinion gears manufactured through laser powder bed fusion S. 1845-1858

„… laser source continuously scans a bed of powder. The heat from the laser source melts the metal powder …” „… , creating a melt pool that solidifies into the desired part upon cooling [3]. The concentrated heat, along …” „… with the rapid cooling and heterogeneous heat transfer along the print bed, creates complex thermal …”

A. Miltenovic, M. Banic Influence of misalignment of large cylindrical gears on contact pattern in operation S. 1257-1266

„… reason for the increased temperature in the middle of the tooth. The second reason is that heat is more …” „… the mill and 28.1°C in the direction of the motor. The heat dissipation towards the mill has resulted …” „… conditions for heat dissipation towards the mill, indicates poor positioning of the driving gear on the “gear …”

N. Fujimura Application-oriented research on internal generating polishing S. 1863-1876

„… finishing after heat treatment. But for internal ring gears, hard finishing using grinding, honing or …” „… special internal cooling system minimizes spindle heat distortion and allows the process to meet the high …” „… correction of pitch line runout Fr and cumulative pitch error Fp, removing the distortions from the heat …”

B. Černe, N. Vukašinović, D. Zorko In-situ experimental methods for measuring tooth meshing displacements and wear during polymer gear tests using a high-speed camera with microscopy optics S. 1563-1580

„… ) Ef [MPa] 2600 (at 2 mm/min) / Poisson's ratio [/] 0.35 0.3 Specific heat cp [J/(kgK)] 1400 ~470 …” „… temperature sensor placed perpendicular to the polymer gear's axis, a heat generation system employing an …” „… infrared (IR) heating lamp, and a heat dissipation system employing a turbine for cool air inflow. Together …”

J. Lohmiller, F. Dobler, M. Wöppermann Investigating different nodular graphite irons for the application of gears – a step towards standardization by using reasonable quality criteria S. 1731-1748

„… heat-treated under real industrial conditions. In doing so, the tension-compression fatigue strength Sf,tc was …” „… prepared from planetary carriers, which were cast and heat-treated under real industrial conditions similar …” „… , casting technique, and heat treatment parameters) and from differently sized cast components (different …”

A. Kubo, M. Nagae Estimation of brittleness of CCH-steel via measurement of micro-VH and simultaneous FWHM distribution S. 1699-1712

„… because normal size of crystal of prior-austenite is to m in case of good steel with good heat …” „… the tooth ank damage of pinion from the material and heat treatment side and from the induced …” „… at is mm. The gears were used for propulsion of big ship for sev-eral years. The failure of tooth …”

G. Devaraj Vibration reduction of planetary gear drive using mesh phasing: modelling and experimental validation S. 157-174

„… gears Material : SAE8620 Heat treatment : Case carburized Quality Class : A6 (according to …” „… AGMA2015) Gear finishing : Grinding with Zero Bias Internal gears Material : AISI4140 Heat …” „… are conducted on the system to validate the computational predictions. The developed model is used to …”

M. Reichl, P. Lenz, A. Oliva Challenges and possibilities of virtual development of e-axle transmissions S. 485-498

„… speeds of 20,000 rpm and more at the input shaft lead to high losses and heat generation in the bearings …” „… methods can hardly be used. With SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) it is possible to simulate complex …” „… FZG gearbox f.l.t.r. cf. Liu [3] 2. SPH Method The SPH method used in this paper was originally …”

K. Suzuki, K. Sakai, K. Sakai, T. Hara Considerations on Lubrication of High-Speed Rotating Gear (First Report) S. 741-752

„… optimizationQuietness Low gear vibrationforce Tooth Profile OptimizationHeat treatment …” „… ) and finite volume method (FVM) of thermal fluid analysis were used to verify.4. Test method4.1. Test …” „… other than injection Development of a new lubrication method that actively uses airflowWe would like …”

J. Hongu, S. Hattori, J. Kato, T. Koide Gear friction coefficient estimation using directional parameter under ATF lubricated condition S. 753-762

„… Module 4.34 mm Pressure angle 20 deg Tooth width 10 mm 12 mm Profile shift coefficient 0.1 0.1 Heat …” „… utilization of electric power in the low-high speed range. Further, gearboxes are primarily used as speed …” „… , Xu, Michaelis, and Matsumoto equations have been used to estimate gear friction, including roughness …”

F. Mieth, D. Tazir Local load capacity analysis for the design of a balanced flank modification for cylindrical gears according to bevel gear procedures S. 927-944

„… is calculated from the allowable stress H lim depending on the material, the heat treatment, and the …” „… 10300 [2] for bevel gears, are widely used and established in the design and evaluation of gears. In …” „… contact ratio factor Zε, and the helix angle is used for the helix angle factor Z . 𝜎 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙𝐹𝑑 ∙∙1(0-1 …”

N. Blech, C. Paschold, T. Lohner, T. Tobie, K. Stahl, L. Amar Review of different calculation approaches for the mean coefficient of friction in ISO 6336 S. 191-210

„… – Determination of density [18] Paschold, C., Sedlmair, M., Lohner, T. u. Stahl, K.: Efficiency and heat balance …” „… friction are used in the respective parts. These are each based on experimental investigations that were …” „… nominal transverse load in plane of action Fbt is used. Additionally, the load factors K are not …”

L. Bonaiti, M. Monti, C. Gorla, M. Geitner, T. Tobie, K. Stahl The consequences of different methodologies for the elaboration of pulsator test results with respect to the load spectrum assessment of gears S. 33-52

„… – Comprehensive statistical data analysis to evaluate the influence of material and heat treatment properties on …” „… are the most adopted since this method is cost-effective and uses representative specimens (i.e. spur …” „… used because it is capable of handling, within the same estimation framework and with the proper …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024225

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SIMVEC – Simulation und Erprobung in der Fahrzeugentwicklung

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2333 2018

Results in this title

J. Wimmer, P. Stopp Einbindung eines pradiktiven Elektro-Chemischen Batteriemodells in ein virtuelles E-Fahrzeug S. 399-414

„… predict aging mechanisms within the battery. In addition, the use of predictive battery models that …” „… use of physics-based battery models allows the simulation of the cell to be done well beyond the …” „… electrochemical properties of Lithium-ion battery materials are heavily dependent on temperature, heat …”

S. Luthardt, L. Fredriksson, V. Leconte, Patrick Lombard, A. Dyer E-Motor Design using Multi-Physics Optimization S. 359-380

„… DOE based optimization is clearly the ability to use the data to answer a large number of different …” „… possible to use single or multi objective optimization and response constraints can be turned on and off …” „… the E-motor design process. In addition to phase 1, heat transfer, structural strength and …”

D. Dorribo Development of mechanism-based models for resistance spot weld failure simulation of multi-material advanced high strength steel sheets S. 585-606

„… mechanical properties of the raw material are used, the heat affected zone and the fusion zone. These areas …” „… bearing capacity of crash relevant structural components due to the use of AHSS, the sheet metal joining …” „… energetic fracture criterion based on the use of elastic-plastic fracturemechanics well suited for the …”

S. B. Istoc, H. Winner Simulationskonzept zur Vorhersage der Hitzerissbildung bei Lkw-Bremsscheiben auf dem Schwungmassenprufstand S. 571-584

„… with a heat transfer model and a stress and crack model, which uses XFEM. The heat transfer model uses …” „… Heat cracks are a frequent problem during the development process of new brake systems and especially …” „… brake discs. Complex, not yet quantified causal chains have inhibited the forecast of heat cracks by …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023334

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