VDI Verlag eLibrary

Drivetrain Solutions for Commercial Vehicles

VDI Wissensform GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2421 2023

Results in this title

M. Trahand Drivetrain architectures and vehicle integration: The evolution and advantages of in-wheel propulsion for heavy-duty commercial vehicles S. 123-134

„… lost to all the components of the drivetrain engaged along the way to the wheels, from the drive shaft …” „… , air-pressure hoses, brakes, wheel hubs, wheels and tires. Another consideration as drivetrains get more …” „… efficiency, reducing emissions, and energizing fleets. ConMet is a leading global supplier of wheel hubs …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024218

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Land.Technik AgEng 2017

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2300 2017

Results in this title

D. Engelmann, M. R. Unger, M. Geimer Testing and Benchmarking a Powertrain with Independent Wheel Control for Heavy Machinery S. 303-314

„… the other ones. One possible way is to design vehicles with hydraulic or electric wheel hub drives …” „… . In this case, each wheel has his own motor to drive it. However, also such kind of driveline needs …” „… mechanically locked driveline with the same characteristics as those of wheel hub VDI-Berichte Nr. 2300 …”

R. Bumberger, W. Klinger, D. Botev Electric traction drive on a plough – More power for the driveline S. 23-30

„… drive an additional (fifth) wheel on the plough to help with traction, offers new possibilities …” „… developed an electrical single-wheel drive named GPE50. A two stage planetary gear box ensures a high power …” „… density to fulfill the traction requirements. The 400Vrms induction motor is integrated in the wheel hub …”

F. Haussmann, R. Obermeier- The CLAAS AXION 900 TERRA TRAC Product Range – Benefits of the CLAAS Axion 900 halftrack tractor concept Hartmann equipped with CLAAS Big Driver Terra Trac S. 127-134

„… , separated from one another, and assembled onto the wheel hub as show in Figure 6. This design allows for …” „… concept equipped with CLAAS Big Driver Terra Trac M.-Eng. François Haussmann, CLAAS Tractor …” „… similar to the one of a wheel tractor. It also shows that thanks to an optimized version of the Terra …”

R. Himmelsbach, B. Volpert, K. Grad Electrified Front-Wheel Drive Concepts for Tractors Designed for Improved Traction Functions S. 31-38

„… driveline. With improved front-wheel drive concepts and the good controllability provided by electric drives …” „… .; Müller, W.; Geimer, M.: Project “Line Traction 3” - Mechanical driveline with active wheel hubs, 4th …” „… Electrified Front-Wheel Drive Concepts for Tractors Designed for Improved Traction Functions …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XVII

„… . Botev R. Himmelsbach, Electrified Front-Wheel Drive Concepts for Tractors 31 B. Volpert, Designed for …” „… R. Bumberger, Electric traction drive on a plough – More power for the 23 W. Klinger, driveline D …” „… Success Story Electric Drives W. Breu, Electrified Utility Tractor 9 B. Pichlmaier J. Engström, Battery …”

W. Stark, C. Pieke Efficiency Optimization by Using “Vehicle in the Loop” Test Methodology S. 399-406

„… vehicle is set on stationary stands with wheel hub dynamometers. The vehicle dynamic characteristics are …” „… of development time and cost because it is now possible to evaluate drive strategies and vehicle …” „… selected road topology and a well-defined sequence of maneuver steps for the driver. Fig. 2: Test …”

A. Bürger, S. Böttinger Driving comfort analysis of an agricultural tractor with the Hohenheim Tyre Model on complex tracks S. 263-272

„… Mz, the tyre model is provided with the input quantities longitudinal and lateral wheel hub …” „… velocities vx and vy, distance between wheel hub and road surface hHub, camber angle β and the angular …” „… installed at the two rear wheels and the right front wheel to measure the wheel hub forces Fx, Fy and Fz …”

C. Körtgen, G. Morandi, G. Jacobs, A. Kramer Efficient development by automatic calibration of tractor transmission control units S. 291-296

„… engine. Two electric dynamometers with an additional gearbox are connected to the wheel hub of the …” „… substitutes the subjective rating of a test driver and the multi-criterial optimization algorithm which …” „… significant change of the drive train (e.g. introduction of a new engine generation). New engines are being …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023006

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Drivetrain for Vehicles 2016

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2276 2016

Results in this title

D. Engelmann, W. Müller, M. Geimer Project “Line Traction 3” – Mechanical driveline with activewheel hubs S. 731-742

„… vehicle passes a curve, the wheels take on different speeds. When the wheels are driven, the drivetrain …” „… this concept all wheels are driven mechanically without differential. This improves traction. In order …” „… to prevent tensions in the powertrain when the vehicle is driving through curves, every driven wheel …”

H.-W. Raedt, F. Wilke, C.-S. Ernst Lightweight Design in transmission by forging technology in passenger cars and light commercial vehicles S. 485-502

„… . Downstream Powertrain From the output of the transmission to the input into the driven wheel hub there are …” „… -speed transmission and rear wheel drive, thus representing the most widely sold configuration …” „… the bolts for fastening the wheels onto the braking disc and wheel hub. Here, the total number of …”

J. Winchester, A. Favale, S. A. Martin Lightweight, Highly Efficient Drive System S. 667-680

„… Oerlikon Fairfield has been making planetary gear drives under the Torque Hub® name since the product line …” „… presented by Ashwoods Electric Motors & Oerlikon Fairfield will use a planetary drive (Torque Hub®) with an …” „… Lightweight, Highly Efficient Drive System James Winchester, Ashwoods Electric Motors, Exeter …”

A. Kooy, D. Eireiner, T. Krause, C. Herbers, B. Vögtle Torsional Damping Systems for all relevant Powertrains – Extending current Damping Technologies S. 257-270

„… front wheel drive applications and engines building up their full torque at 1200 1/min. The 3-cylinder …” „… Antriebsstränge angepasst werden. Abstract Effective damper systems are needed in order to drive at high …” „… on standard architectures and can be adopted to investigate actual drive trains and engines for …”

M. Kraft, W. Pflieger, S. Henzler, C. Nizzola, S. Rinderknecht Simulation-based study of drivetrain electrification to improve driving dynamics S. 177-192

„… parallel hybrid architectures are analyzed by Jobst [9] and Rüger [10]. In their work a rear-wheel-drive …” „… dynamics [4]. Influences result from vehicle integration of electric drive (e-drive) components and due to …” „… additional e-drive functionalities. Vehicle integration of e-drive components modifies vehicle mass, axle …”

S. A. Pahlovy, S. Faria Mahmud, M. Kubota, M. Ogawa, N. Takakura Improvement of transmission efficiency by reducing the drag torque in disengaged wet clutch – Development of a model for calculating drag torque or spin loss of disengaged wet clutch of transmission S. 879-896

„… energy is lost due to inefficiency of drive train, transmission and it’s components. There are several …” „… to the wheels of the car, which, when applied to road, moves the car. Simply put, a powertrain is …” „… drive cycle, only about 14%–30% of the energy from the fuel is used to move it down the road and the …”

J. Utz, V. Lichtenwald, G. Hirt Short Synchro (STSS) – reduced shift travel for MT’s and DCT’s – Development of a synchronizer system for future demands in transmissions S. 231-242

„… drive train and the large number of gears. A sporty gearshift feel with short shifting travel and …” „… a reduction in CO2 emissions. 1. Introduction There has been big changes in the drive train …” „… . VDI-Berichte 2276, 2016232 Fig. 1: Requirements for synchronization The high complexity of drive systems …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181022764

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DRITEV – Drivetrain for Vehicles 2021

VDI-Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2381 2021

Results in this title

A. Bagh, D. Magnor, J. Kneiber, F. Löhe eTransport – Application of axle-integrated e-drive in urban LCV and MD trucks S. 637-652

„… both the concepts "wheel hub motor" and "conventional powertrain". Since the ratio of installation …” „… space between the wheels and drive performance requirements is moderate for light commercial vehicles …” „… high friction losses. In addition VDI-Berichte Nr. 2381, 2021640 to this the single wheel drive …”

D. Lechleitner, M. Hofstetter, M. Hirz, C. Gsenger, K. Huber Parking Lock Integration for Electric Axle Drives by Multi-Objective Design Optimization S. 303-318

„… driven axles (as common in EVs), the latter for vehicles with permanent all-wheel drives in conventional …” „… the drivetrain. This function is typically achieved by mounting a parking lock wheel to a shaft inside …” „… connected to this gear wheel by ? and ? . The elasticity and damping of the remaining drivetrain …”

P. Barve Gear Design Challenges of 2-speed-AMT High Torque E-Drives S. 499-516

„… layshaft, differential housing and the final drive wheel are the main contributors of the gear mesh …” „… Wheel Fig. 14: Design modifications to the Final Drive Wheel 3. Gear macrogeometry design Once …” „… EV Hub Drive Using a Full Test and Simulation Methodology. Gear Technology, May 2016, 44 – 53 …”

R. Resch, C. Danzer, A. Poppitz, T. Pirkl Alternative drivetrains for sustainable commercial vehicles S. 669-684

„… powertrains, starting with wheel individual electric motors or axle drives where the E-transmission is …” „… connected to the drive unit and the wheels via universal joints. The required maximum axle torque is …” „… considered critical for the u-joints. A possible solution could be an additional planetary hub in the wheel …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XVI

„… Holistic Design of All-Wheel Drive Electric Powertrains Using a Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm …” „… Drivetrain Engineering GmbH, Ludwigsburg f Electric Drive BorgWarner P2 Modules – from HV to 48V …” „… service lives of drive-train units by model-based development with the measured operational conditions …”

G. Gao, D. Schöneberger, S. Rinderknecht Development of an innovative and modular test bench to analyse gear shifts in electrified powertrains S. 415-436

„… to the shift components via either a gear wheel or belt. All drive units in itself contain a gear …” „… third versions rely on a parallel drive shaft with a gear stage. Version 2 relies on a gear wheel …” „… a complete gear stage, the clutch bodies on the two gears and the shift hub are driven individually …”

H. Wittig, J. Engasser, A. Glavinic AEROFLEX – Distributed Hybrid Drivetrain for Long Haul Freight Vehicles S. 593-608

„… electronic control unit. Each wheel of the axle is driven by a liquid cooled asynchronous motor that is …” „… , torque requests to the driven axle are distributed equally between the left and right wheel whereby a …” „… improved by adding additional drive axles, which e.g. improve gradeability. This concept might allow …”

M. Häßler, O. Werner The Pendulum Rocker Damper – Providing flexible damper characteristics for hybrid powertrains S. 329-346

„… misfiring or wheel excitation (e.g. uneven road in conjunction with ABS braking). If hybrid drivetrains do …” „… driven to the coast side during the starting process. This means that, for the purpose of isolation, a …” „… damper can be operated with the lowest possible friction on the drive side (Fig. 4a), while the coast …”

D. Morgenweck, M. Großmann, W. Fakler, M. Lamke, F. Bitzer ZF E-Mobility Software Functions for Commercial Vehicles S. 703-718

„… complete drivetrain is integrated into the wheel hubs. It consists of two 125 kW induction motors with two …” „… impacts. These heavy torque impacts occur abruptly when the driven wheels are spinning and then return to …” „… Semi-Trailer 40t Type BEV Central drive BEV Central drive BEV Axle drive e-Trailer Hybrid / Range …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023815

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LAND.TECHNIK AgEng 2019

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2361 2019

Results in this title

J. Philipp Behra Development of increased tire diameters and the effects on axles and drive trains of a combine harvester S. 553-560

„… drivetrain of 4WD steering axles. The offset between the wheel hub and the centre part of the axle is …” „… development process, there was a special focus on costs as well. The new position of the wheel hub is 125mm …” „… : Front axle design Due to the higher diameter, the wheel hub was not only designed for the higher load …”

D. Engelmann, S. Becker, R. Stirnimann Transferring agricultural machines from field to the laboratory for emission check S. 479-488

„… , is then measured. For this procedure, the driver must disengage the drive motor from drivetrain …” „… use of the dynamometer. This paper tries to show a possible way to perform realistic test-drives on …” „… frequently chosen mode of operation on the dynamometer is road simulation. When a vehicle drives on the road …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XIV

„… www.dnb.de. f Analysis of Drive Trains Model-Based Chiptuning Detection of Diesel Engines …” „… Innovation Engineering, Modena, Italy; P. Mancinelli, K. Štefek, C. Di Dio, Trelleborg Wheel Systems, Tivoli …” „… , Kaiserslautern f Drives Electric mechanic power split PTO for implements …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023617

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Dritev – Drivetrain for Vehicles 2020

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2373 2020

Results in this title

A. Manelli, F. Filippo Irato, C. Cavallino, R. Gay e-FDU: Concept, develop & industrialization of a novel P4 powertrain – From concept to industrialization of a novel P4 powertrain in 24 month S. I-45-I-78

„… Wheels Drive; Torque Vectoring; High Speed Revolution; HV E-Motors; HEV; BEV. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2373 …” „… During vehicle definition, by the customer, has been evaluated to not require all wheel drive on all the …” „… engagement with reduced impulsive torque at the wheel NVH effects for the driver. The design of the dog …”

K. Kim New high efficiency CVT for middle class FWD vehicle S. I-271-I-284

„… smaller. The newly Continuous Variable Transmission(CF28) for the front-wheel-drive vehicle which was …” „… Figure 1 below shows that the CVT for front-wheel (CF18), which is currently in production, has one …” „… this changes, there are also changes in power flow. The hub of the brake was changed to integrate with …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023730

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Nutzfahrzeuge 2017 – Commercial Vehicles 2017

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2298 2017

Results in this title

J. Witzig, A. Grossl, M. Wenger E-Mobility for City Bus and Coach Applications – An integrated System Approach from ZF S. 5-12

„… AVE130 as a series product. By integrating the complete drivetrain into the two wheel hubs, this axle …” „… vehicle architecture of low floor buses, because the complete drivetrain is integrated into the wheel …” „… hubs of the driving axle. Furthermore, due to this, the overall weight of the drivetrain is …”

M. Eckert, M. Thiem, C. Beidl Development of an Electric Powertrain System for Truck Trailers S. 155-166

„… shows the demanded curves for one of two driven wheels regarding a rolling circumference of 3.09 meters …” „… concerning to the electric machines. However, the wheel hub gear with a ratio of i=8 is a much more special …” „… drive-system a rather high shaft torque is needed to cover an effective recuperation and driving performance …”

G. Chen, C. Keller-Ebert, Z. Liu Requirements of Chinese domestic market for introduction of disc brakes for medium and heavy tractor truck axles – Sino German collaboration to enhance the product introduction process into Chinese ... S. 179-196

„… testing to fulfill also future market demands when high powered tractor trucks will drive with increased …” „… components has to be taken into account. The YIHE disc can soon be introduced and a new YIHE hub unit for …” „… , Light truck rear axle, tractor axle (front axle, front drive steering axle), harvesting machinery …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181022986

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Systematic Derivation of Objective Requirements on Vehicle Steering System

Martin Ralf Münster

Series: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik

Volume 819 2023

Results in this title

Subsystem Analysis of the Front Axle S. 93-122

„… velocity owing tovertical motion of the wheel hub combined with the instantaneous center of rotation …” „… RodWheel HubTension StrutEngine MountInput Shaft to upper Steering Column(a) CAD model of the front axle …” „… virtual actuators which can apply arbitraryexcitation forces to hubs or wheels. Virtual sensors measure …”

Requirement-Based Module Design Using Solution Spaces S. 153-188

„… FunctionInput Shaft St. Wheel…Stiffness Servo DriveFrictionInertia Steering Wheel…Stiffness BearingInstall …” „… . ToleranceTransfer Function Hub RackTransfer FunctionWheel Steering WheelFigure 7.5: Hierarchical structure of …” „… the subsystemfrequency response from steering rack to steering wheel depends on basic design …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186819123

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SIMVEC Simulation und Erprobung in der Fahrzeugentwicklung 2016

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2279 2016

Results in this title

K. Pfeiffer, R. Merl NVH Kalibration auf einem Powertrain-In-The-Loop Prüfstand S. 833-848

„… flexible testing of driveline components as well as the complete driveline (front-, rear-, all-wheel drive …” „… powertrain in the vehicle on the road: The entire powertrain up to the wheel hub is built up at the test …” „… the steering wheel or the seat and can also be measured at different points in the driveline. The …”

A. Höfer, G. Kopp, H. E. Friedrich Efficient, Computer-aided Design of Vehicle and Suspension Concepts by means of the DRIVE!-Toolkit S. 161-176

„… shall be a: ‐ 4-wheel driven full vehicle ‐ with hub-motors ‐ directly driven (without transmission …” „… axle, rear axle, all-wheel drive), the form of the drive motor (ASM, PSM, etc.), the drive layout …” „… (central drive, hubmotor, close to the wheel drive) and the form of transmission (direct drive, with …”

R. Müller, T. Oeser, C. Gnandt Elektrifizierter PRIMOVE Stadtbus: Funktionale Absicherung mit Fahrversuch und Simulation S. 405-416

„… RearLeftElecMotor InputFromCTRL Electric Drivetrain Control Unit E‐Bus Wheel Hub Motors Bild 4: Verwendetes …” „… Fahrsimulatoraufbauten (Driver-In-The-Loop) erweitern. Auch ein geeignet abgestimmtes virtuelles Fahrermodell kann …” „… consist almost exclusively of vehicles with combustion engines. Implementing alternative drive systems for …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181022795

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Dritev 2024

VDI Wissensforum GmbH

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2433 2024

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T. Peichl, S. Rinderknecht Parameter Study on the Influence of Driving Cycle and Powertrain Parameterization on Fuel Consumption of wheel-hub driven Vehicles S. 141-158

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024331

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Commercial Vehicles 2023

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2417 2023

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XII

„… intermodal Hub – Starting the automatization of logistic hubs 13A. Jacquemart-Purson, A. J. Sprung, T. Ille …” „… , Helmond, The NetherlandsFuel cell electric drive concept for heavy-duty commercial vehicles 123F …” „… . Flämig, Institute for Transport Planning and Logistics, Hamburg University of TechnologyDriver …”

P. Akerman, A. Rupprecht Dynamic charging for trucks S. 35-46

„… hub-to-hub highway shuttle operations, the mandated driver rest times are likely to lose their relevance …” „… charging corridors, it will be economical for freight operators to switch to electric zero-emission drive …” „… and are highly attractive to potential users, operators and governments, so as to drive market uptake …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024171

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Fahrerassistenzsysteme und automatisiertes Fahren 2018

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2335 2018

Results in this title

D. Schneider, B. Schick, B. Huber, H. Lategahn Measuring method of function and quality of automated lateral control based on high-precision digital ”Ground Truth” maps S. 3-16

„… that the vehicle behavior and customer experience such as tracking performance, driver-vehicle …” „… built to objectify the driver-vehicle interaction, in particular the steering torque curve and the …” „… assessed in terms of its tracking performance, driver-vehicle interaction, availability, degree of …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023358

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Dritev – Drivetrain For Vehicles 2019

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2354 2019

Results in this title

P. Fietkau, N. Lamparsky, M. Felbermaier, A. Fröhlcke, T. Conze Holistic design approach for electric drives S. I-163-I-178

„… the original geometry of a final drive gear wheel is shown. The calculated flank line error shows …” „… was recorded in experiments by welding the finished gear wheel body to the hub and measuring the …” „… Holistic Design Approach for Electric Drives Dr.-Ing. Peter Fietkau, Dipl.-Ing. Niklas Lamparsky …”

U. Stockinger, H. Pflaum, K. Stahl Single vs. multi-cone synchronizers with carbon friction lining – A comparison of load limits and deterioration behavior S. I-455-I-470

„… rotational speed of the output shaft and the gear wheel to be engaged to ensure smooth gear changing. For the …” „… input shaft and gear wheel, which have different rotational speeds. After synchronization, torque is …” „… the intermediate ring is coupled with the gear wheel by lugs and the corresponding pockets on the …”

R. Dold New powertrain concepts for heavy duty commercial vehicles S. III-9-III-18

„… electrically powered rear axle with electric motors close to the wheel hubs. The powerful lithium-ion …” „… : The forecast on future annual driven mileage from Prognos for EU28 market results in an increase of …” „… electric drivetrain concept, the following characteristics should be fulfilled: clean, silent, highly …”

B. Müller, C. Angrick, M. Fritz New concepts for electrical drive trains for high power density S. II-55-II-66

„… purely electric vehicles Wheel-hub drives for new mobility concepts Fig. 1: Powertrain concepts …” „… hybrid modules, electric axles, or wheel-hub drives, it is difficult to identify the electric motor as …” „… hybrid modules as well as in wheel-hub motors. Moreover, the speed is directly coupled to the powertrain …”

C. Leonhardt, M. Otto, K. Stahl Potential of lightweight construction and component properties of joined spur gears S. I-179-I-196

„… vehicle is located in the drive train. Rotating parts not only influence the mass of the drive train, but …” „… showed that shaft-hub connections with polygon profile can reach high torque transmitting capabilities …” „… clearance in the whole system including shaft-hub connections and the tooth contact. The second phase is …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023549

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ELIV 2019

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2357 2019

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A. Magnuson Going from an Electronic Unit Centric Development to Application Software Centric Requires a Different Architecture Mindset in Automotive S. 239-254

„… Chassis Structure Pneumatic Structure Rear Axle Installation Wheel, Brake & HubPowertrain Inst. Front Axle Inst …” „… . Engine Transmission Chassis Equipment Wheel, Brake & Hub Fig. 1: Main perspective and mindset is …” „… Situation Observation «FA» Traffic Sitution (Driver) Coaching «FA» DriverSituation Observation Fig. 11: In …”

T. Zipper, R. Gee Vehicular RF Architectures – Managing integration of next generation automotive wireless systems S. 227-238

„… can be triggered by crash detection and airbag deployment, despite the driver being unable to act …” „… information and entertainment hub as vehicle occupants will eventually not need to be concerned with …” „… capabilities of the access wireless system to communicate with the wheel units. For these functions …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023570

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Powertrain Systems in Mobile Machines 2022

VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2402 2022

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L. Serrao Driving the electric transformation – The evolution of off-highway powertrain S. 135-150

„… drives, with one motor at each wheel. The KPIs selected and their evaluation are specific for the target …” „… ) eAxle (1-spd) eHub (1-spd) Vehicle packaging 10% 1 3 3 Drive Efficiency 10% 2 2 2 Motor sizing, cost 30 …” „… wheel drives are common for those machines. 3. System configuration As mentioned in the previous …”

S. Rinderknecht, S. Foulard, R. Fietzek Resource-efficient dimensioning, usage and maintenance of machine components through AI-based virtual sensors S. 241-XII

„… driveREAL algorithm and other methods are hosted in an algo-rithm hub, the so-called AI CORE. The AI CORE is …” „… driveREAL-algorithm , it is possible to generate realistic driving cycles (i.e. timeseries), which for instance …” „… represent a particular usage or a region. The foundation for driveREAL consists in all usage profiles, which …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024027

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