Zusammenfassung
Foreword
Gears bear great responsibility in present times, where the conditions for mechanical engineering and especially for drive technology are changing faster than ever. Megatrends, such as circular economy, decarbonization, green pressure, digitalization, zero waste and several more represent global challenges - but at the same time they are unforeseen opportunities for drives in industry, energy generation and mobility. Gear engineers must find answers to these research questions and provide solutions.
Topics like gear efficiency improvements, performance enhancement of plastic gears, new measurement methods and additive manufacturing are in the focus of the VDI International Conference on Gears 2022 in Garching / Munich. One interesting question is, if we can anticipate break-through innovations to address the challenges above. The opening session of the conference addresses this very question: “What will be the next game-changing innovations and technologies in gear design and production?”.
In the main part of the conference within 40 specialized sessions the latest developments and research results in powertrain industry and academic research are presented and discu...
Schlagworte
Roller pairing gear root bending gear test gear mesh excitation grinding zone angular speed helical gears smart gear system downsizing automotive tranmission thread linking bevel and hypoid waer gear geometry optimization FEM analysis- Kapitel Ausklappen | EinklappenSeiten
- 1–2 Foreword 1–2
- 3–14 Keynotes 3–14
- 75–118 NVH 75–118
- 119–156 EHL contact 119–156
- 265–304 Gear strength 265–304
- 305–342 Wear 305–342
- 343–388 Bevel and hypoid gears 343–388
- 389–432 Planetary gears 389–432
- 469–510 Enhanced testing methods 469–510
- 511–532 Gear dynamics 511–532
- 573–608 FEM analysis 573–608
- 715–762 Friction 715–762
- 903–926 High speed gears 903–926
- 927–1018 Poster Exhibition 927–1018
- 1019–1060 Applications 1019–1060
- 1061–1098 Material properties 1061–1098
- 1099–1148 Gear strength testing 1099–1148
- 1181–1208 Geometry effects 1181–1208
- 1249–1268 Lubrication 1249–1268
- 1269–1304 Tribological investigation 1269–1304
- 1383–1410 Gear soft machining 1383–1410
- 1447–1488 Advances in special gearings 1447–1488
- 1489–1528 Modeling in gear production 1489–1528
- 1529–1568 Measurement technology 1529–1568
- 1569–1582 Gear hard machining 1569–1582
73 Treffer gefunden
- „... higher Pair. 1 modeling approach As shown in Fig. 1, the physical model of EHL point contact consists of ...” „... temperature in the EHL point contact when the reference temperature is small. And the deviation decreases ...” „... gradually with the increasing of the reference temperature. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022 119List of Symbolsb ...”
- „... , workpiece material properties deteriorate. To prevent the material deterioration, several models for ...” „... thermomechanical analysis of grinding processes have been developed. In these models, the source of heat flux has ...” „... an important influence on the process thermal analysis. In the most modern of these models, the ...”
- „... the tool and workpiece can occur during the process. Models exist to check for collisions of the tool ...” „... shank or collisions in the tool run-out. While these models are sufficient for the process design of ...” „... consuming CAD-simulation. In contrast, this paper presents an automated geometrical model for the analysis ...”
- „... polymer material (POM) in contact with steel through model tribological experiments with a variation of ...” „... using model pin-on-disc tests; however, the contacts are not entirely the same as in gears. For example ...” „... in dry polymer-steel contact performed on the model tribometer [8]. Furthermore, results were ...”
- „... helicopter was taken into account as a reference model. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of the original drive ...” „... reference. The project VARI-SPEED showed the feasibility of a rotor system with variable speed. In the ...” „... build up a model of the complete dynamic system from engine to rotor of a helicopter with a variable ...”
- „... ) are used to simulate the vibrational behaviour of integral systems. To model a flexible hypoid gear ...” „... stage, methods like the modal reduction of FEM-models [1] were already introduced. However, the ...” „... condition. They must be determined iteratively for each meshing position. The employed model assumes that ...”
- „... reference value at the force application point. The linear deformation components due to bending, shear and ...” „... geometry to an elastic half-space. In reference [2] this simplification is questioned. The authors show ...” „... method, the contact simulation is a higher class simulation model that includes the moving contact line ...”
- „... gearset misalignment, a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model is set up for an existing application of the ...” „... base design variant gearset. To depict all possible interactions, the FEA model consists of the ...” „... based on a d-optimal design, allowing for a free polynomial order of the model with good depiction of ...”
- „... turbo gearbox applications. The lack of testing concepts and models for Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF ...” „... VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022 485model and noise emissions can be reduced by 75 % due to the larger, slower fan ...” „... lack of testing concepts and models for very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) gear applications leads to ...”
- „... from the master nodes to the reference nodes, which is another step in model reduction. A distributing ...” „... substructure models considering both accuracy and calculation efficiency for the overall system modeling of the ...” „... ) developing a modeling method of irregular components, and determining the quantitative model accuracy ...”
- „... Cylinder-on-ring model wear tests as an input data source for the simulation of friction and wear ...” „... making multiple line scans that feature unworn reference sections and worn sections. In the case of rings ...” „... vertical distance between the unworn reference areas at the beginning and the end of the scan and the wear ...”
- „... msModelReference Parameter: vc = 200 m/min; bcu = 0.02 mm; hcu = 0.1 mm; α = 10˚; γ = 0˚; = 5 mshcu = 0.01 mmhcu ...” „... / mmModel Modelvc = 50 m/minvc = 250 m/minvc = 400 m/minvc = 150 m/min= 1 ms= 4 ms= 2 ms= 8 ...” „... multiscale model, which allows an efficient determination of the thermomechanical load in gear hobbing. FEA ...”
- „... friction approach according to [24]. 3.2 Solution of the model The numerical model then considers following ...” „... boundary conditions are discretized by a finite difference scheme. This model is then solved for the ...” „... mean Hertzian contact stress is about ? 520 ?/?? and the sliding velocity at the reference diameter is ...”
- „... Nr. 2389, 2022 143 8. References [1] Tallian, T. E., Chiu, Y. P., McCool, J. I.: An engineering model ...” „... fatigue, there have been many attempts to develop physically based models to predict pitting failure in ...” „... model for gear pitting and micropitting prediction, greatly increasing the level of detail on the stress ...”
- „... a model that provides accurate torque-to-failure and life-time predictions. This can significantly ...” „... into account. In those cases an isotropic elasto-plastic material model is often used. In order to do ...” „... into an elastic-plastic material model. However, in these injection molded bars the fibers are highly ...”
- „... behavior of contact teeth, a coupled thermo-elastic 3D finite element model has been applied. The heat flux ...” „... parameters. Stahl [4] presented the new model for determination pitting load resistance that is taking into ...” „... , 2022804 Fig. 2: CAD model of worm gear pair Table 1: Tooth geometry and material data of used worm gear ...”
- „... reproduced in the simulations by including a surface tension model.The IN case is visually investigated in ...” „... experiment when surface tension models are included. To reproduce the qualitative trends of the experiments ...” „... simulation model, the churning losses of the experiment are correctly reproduced. A post-processing algorithm ...”
- „... . For the experimental investigations, there are three unground reference variants with different ...” „... reference variants are examined regarding their tooth root bending strength. For the other test gear ...” „... bending strength and are subsequently compared to the reference variants. The results of the experimental ...”
- „... model with the example included in VDI 2736, only the gears are modelled with a central bore and support ...” „... modelled, because in a more realistic model, the deformation of the shaft affects the results and should be ...” „... pitch errors are introduced to the model. The cor-responding FE mesh is generated in acceptable time ...”
- „... the rounding circle with radius f also represents the reference contour for a modified tip corner ...” „... distance a2 to the point MKE and the angle of the line MKE-P2 to the reference line have a decisive ...” „... border. As shown in Fig. 6, the reference grid can be adapted in this way to gears within very small and ...”
- „... excitations, this model may be also applicable. Reference [1] Krezer T J. Tooth Contact Analysis of Spiral ...” „... gears. Motivated by this problem, we proposed a FE-model to predicate this phenomenon. Nonlinear effect ...” „... of multi-parameters in gear drive system are coupled in this model. Predictions of constraint contact ...”
- „... resulted. After the main cut several trim FNFRn1n23D ModelCross SectionDecrease ofTurning SpeedTesting ...” „... surfaces with different manufacturing parameters in comparison to a ground reference. A similar ...” „... reference variant with similar roughness is also tested. In the third step, the changes of surface roughness ...”
- „... been raised on how to describe a holistic model that fulfills the needs of mechanical, electrical and ...” „... automation tasks were introduced: Three-dimensional CAD model, two-dimensional CAD drawing and CAD assembly ...” „... reference system for each instance. Third, the automated assembly task generates instances of servo ...”
- „... reference results will be calculated by agreed and independent reference algorithms developed by the PTB ...” „... compared to the reference results. The test data and test results should be exchanged via a specified XML ...” „... data sets, a data generator will be developed based on a 3D gear model [10,15]. The data generator can ...”
- „... fracture, a parameter variation was performed using the simulation model presented in [1]. In a first step ...” „... quantify the influences. Simulation model for the interior fatigue fracture risk The presented model is ...” „... based on the flank fracture assessment concept presented in [1] and is comparable to the model of ...”
- „... performance of our smart gear system in a practical gear health monitoring system. 2. Model and methodology ...” „... 2.1. Model The configuration of the developing smart gear system for its practical operation is shown ...” „... . The model for this parameter identification process is based on two spiral antennas in which one ...”
- „... the wheel gear flanks is almost entirely sliding [8]. A simplified model (Fig. 2) can be used for ...” „... : Simplified model of tooth meshing [9] For reduction of sliding friction the worm gear set is lubricated and ...” „... %) Standard-reference gear set, PG1 N1=150 min-1, T2=860 Nm VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 20221472Additionally, the worm wheel ...”
- „... of freedom enabling the model to perform deformations that are more complex. Fig. 4: Exact NURBS ...” „... the tooth root stresses. As a reference quality feature, the static stress value σF0,ISO according to ...” „... , a torsional vibration model of the sample spur gear (data in Table 1) is established with two ...”
- „... reference circle. Boehme [3] shows that the condition according to [1] is not necessary and represents a ...” „... these parameters, the remaining parameters can be calculated. The reference profile is selected ...” „... the following parameter, the reference diameter of the worm dm1 needs to be selected. With the ...”
- „... heatdissipationNext time step?Buildingthermal network modelCalculation of torques and speeds (lossless)Calculation of ...” „... Features. Case of Δz = 1, Δz = 2, and Δz = 7. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022972 References [1] P. L. Garcìa ...” „... models are available for the partial power losses in literature, e.g. Schlenk [16], Mauz [11], SKF [17 ...”
- „... without axis offset [3]. The model approximates the face gear as curved toothed racks and is used for the ...” „... substitute model consisting of an involute gear meshing with disk-like involute gears under different centre ...” „... method to derive the face gear geometry [19]. 3. Mathematical model for the direct face gear generation ...”
- „... distribution model developed by the authors for external [10] and internal [11] gear pairs will be used. The ...” „... presented. 2. Models for load distribution and friction power losses The fraction of the load transmitted ...” „... 0 is the contact point parameter of the reference transverse section and the integral is extended to ...”
- „... 0.095 0.2755 -0.2755 Reference profile factors ℎ∗ 1 1 0.95 1.05 ℎ∗ 1.25 1.25 1.19 1.10 ?∗ 0.2 0.2 ...” „... ? °C 50 60 Materials The simulation is carried out with an elasto-plastic material model, taking ...” „... plastic material model component, flow curves are specified as a function of temperature. In the case of ...”
- „... the relevant parameters reference is made to VDI 2736 [11]. ? ß ? P ∙ µ ∙ ? ∙? , ß? ...” „... are represented by the model of a fixed cantilever beam. The area of maximum bending stress appears in ...” „... Reference diameter ?? - Relative tooth-engagement time ? N Tangential force ? - Tooth loss factor ...”
- „... assessment by developing new damage models. The technology focuses on the monitoring of wear particles ...” „... near future. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022 997References [1] EASA Certifiation Specification CS-27 ...”
- „... tolerances seen in industry today, are absolutely necessary for reference standards. It is for this reason ...” „... model equation so that the measurement uncertainty is calculated for each measurand on a task-specific ...” „... basis. Using the measurement variable of profile slope deviation as an example, the model equation is ...”
- „... learning model stable convergence of network weights and biases. In this work, the AAMA was normalized to ...” „... composed with labels. A piece-wise model is employed to label data, which equal 0 during healthy situation ...” „... as simple processors. A popular ANN model consists of at least three layers of neurons including an ...”
- „... done using a thermal elasto-hydrodynamic model [4]. Fig. 3: TCG finished gears exhibit lower ...” „... : TCG finished parts demonstrate reduced micropitting propensity [4] References: (1) Introduction to ...”
- „... model is established, including the energy platform composed of generator and battery, the power ...” „... dynamics model. A multi-objective optimization model including several structural parameters is established ...” „... , maxBV and the maximum volume of the battery. 3. Establishment of optimization model 3.1 Optimization ...”
- „... models with different degrees of freedom form the more simplified simulation models [4, 9, 14, 17, 20, 24 ...” „... ], whereas more complex hybrid models combine analytical approaches for describing the tooth contact and ...” „... . Through more complex models with full finite element calculations, Kahraman and Vijayakar [19] (spur ...”
- „... errors. 6. References [1] Özgüven, H. N. Houser, D.R., “Mathematical models used in gear dynamics – a ...” „... Element models, strain energies and quasi-static transmission errors. It is shown that, whenever solid ...” „... gears are considered, the dynamic factor derived from the complete FE model results agrees well with ...”
- „... specific machine elements are embedded in a systematic sequence. As a result, the model is capable to work ...” „... vibration, etc.) can be transferred into a precise geometry model by standardizing the constructive ...” „... model and graph-based design languages to generate consistent, domain specific models for different ...”
- „... runout of modeled gears 6.3 FE-Modeling Fig. 9: The CAD model (left) and FEM model (right), generated by ...” „... as simulation input. An overview of the simulation method, the test rig, the FE-model and the ...” „... so-called One-Model-Approach which considers all relevant elastic and contact phenomena coupled in a single ...”
- „... casting process. The model was built according to given operating conditions. The stress analysis was ...” „... temperature nor the fluids were taken into account. The FEM model was made with the casting die as the ...” „... on the cast surface were specified as the load in the FEM model. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022 1435 ...”
- „... teeth in cold roll-forming of gear with few teeth. An analysis model of indexing error considering the ...” „... validity of the analysis model. The influence of workpiece diameter and phase deviation of rolling tools on ...” „... model of gear with few teeth, and the relationship between the sliding rate and the coefficient of tooth ...”
- „... X-ray diffraction full width at half maximum FWHM. Reference is made to the BN-effective residual stress ...” „... model was applied and the residuals were normally distributed. The regression model is evaluated on the ...” „... coefficient of determination indicates the accuracy of the regression model and is rated as high with a value ...”
- „... model contains the multi-mesh gears where a rigid shaft and flexible bearings are modeled. Fig. 2 ...” „... . StartAnalyze power flow of a gear train modelRun macrogeometry module• Gear geometry creation• Kinematic ...” „... contact model (collaborated with Catholic University Leuven and not yet commercialized) has been employed ...”
- „... this paper, an improved temperature calculation model is proposed for a more ac-curate calculation of ...” „... static operation (z54/z54) 2.3 FEM analysis 2.3.1 Dynamic operation The mesh model of the gear pair ...” „... (ADVENTURECluster 2020, Allied Engineering Corpo-ration, Japan). The mesh model for the dynamic operation is shown ...”
- „... equivalently simplified into three subsystem models—the gear system dynamic model, the finite element model of ...” „... drive system. This study establishes a mechanical–electrical coupling model of wind turbine, which ...” „... includes a translational–torsional dynamic model of a gear transmission system that can be used for ...”
- „... forged version of VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022158the Figure 1a. gear. Looking to this simplified model, it ...” „... geometry is transferred to BECAL either via STEP models or via a specified point cloud generated by HyGEARS ...” „... from the gear models shown in Figure 1b. In addition, parametrizable variants of wheel bodies were ...”
- „... (2)2.3 Establishment of threaded wheel flank modelFig. 3 shows the spatial meshing coordinate system of ...” „... inverse kinematic model[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2020, 169: 105319. VDI-Berichte ...” „... proposed in this paper. Firstly, the equations of gear flank and threaded wheel flank and the twist model ...”
- „... of fiber orientation on the root stress should be evaluated, temperature calculation model could be ...” „... model is required. The existing model would have to be improved and generalized (if possible). There are ...” „... standards. For crossed helical gears, wear is often a problem. A wear calculation model acc. to Pech exists ...”
- „... . These experimental results were interpolated by means of the modified El-Haddad [12] model ...” „... reference profile [-] 1.25/0.38/1.0 ISO 53:1998 Profil A All the components have been assessed to ensure ...” „... the modified reference rating life for universally loaded bearings. Standard. Geneva, CH ...”
- „... surfaces. This approach is used in most calculation models facing scuffing of cylindrical gears. Regarding ...” „... increases and prevents solid contacts. Experiments in [5, 10, 11] show that suitable calculation models have ...” „... models of frictional energy and derives a calculation model that is explicitly valid for high speed gears ...”
- „... contact analysis (LTCA) modelLTCA model for solving contact characteristics of multiple pairs in the study ...” „... )Convergence approach for analysis modelThe four unknown displacements are solved iteratively. Those loads PCD ...” „... pairs in the “Cyclo-type” gear reducer considering the effects on bearing clearance. A new LTCA model ...”
- „... the results from all previously known model-tests. Already within the test rig the disc-shaped ...” „... rig during this development. References [1] Deutsches Patent, DE 10 2016 015 529, Modellprüfstand ...” „... and tedious. For other tribological systems there are many model test rigs known with simple test ...”
- „... and external excitations. A three-dimensional dynamic planetary load distribution model that ...” „... distribution are explored. Discussed results not only illustrate the potential of the dynamic model but also ...” „... reinforce the need for such computationally efficient models for design and analysis purposes. 1 ...”
- „... flow of sequential changes of tooth contact stress and wearFig. 3 Wear propagation modelContact stress ...” „... schematic wear propagation model in Figure 3. The model represents the cross section of the contact line on ...” „... propagation calculation model was proposed, divide tooth surface section into cells and the cells to be ...”
- „... be offered as VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022 253a service. Pay-per-Use business models are now appearing ...” „... , such as gears, rolling bearings or ball screws. A classical model to support condition monitoring of ...” „... enhance the damage detection possibilities. References [1] Kirchner, E.: Werkzeuge und Methoden der ...”
- „... lubricated spur gear stage with a guide plate. Grid-based CFD models with different simulation setups were ...” „... the following, the object of investigation is detailed and the developed CFD models are presented ...” „... with guide plate a) and CAD model of the guide plate b) The considered gears are standard FZG test ...”
- „... the foot shown in Fig. 5 is better modeled. 6. References in this document [1] Eigner, F.; Berger, M ...” „... deviations that can be integrated into a model. Subsequent tooth flanks would not come into contact evenly ...”
- „... optimizer is used.VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022234Figure 8 shows an example of the model accuracies over the ...” „... 8: Model accuracy over trained epochs for one training run for a) real data set and b) combined real ...” „... components. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022 235References [1] Schaeffler Technologies: Condition Monitoring ...”
- „... element-based numerical model following previous work by Černe et al. [16,17]. As described in [17], for gear ...” „... derived implicitly from the model by correlating the experimental temperature measurements with the ...” „... in Science and Technology). 6. References [1] S.S. Kim, H.N. Yu, D.G. Lee, H. Murayama, K. Kageyama ...”
- „... cross-section [5]2.1 Stress modelThis chapter details the rationalization of the DV criterion when predicting ...” „... areduction of the uniaxial fatigue strength f−1.2.2 Strength modelThe hardness measurements conducted in the ...” „... used to further detail thedifferences between the WI-BO’s and DV’s stress and material models.Gear ...”
- „... separate micro-geometry definitions to each tooth in the simulation model. Whilst this is a closer ...” „... integrated workflows, rapid data exchange and common reference data from which engineers across the ...”
- „... . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 20221170References [1] B.-R. Höhn, K. Stahl, J. Schudy, T. Tobie and B. Zornek, FZG ...” „... Sharing in Planetary Transmissions: Model and Experiments, ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, Volume 130 ...”
- „... failure models or extensive experimental data, else revert to overly large factors of safety producing ...” „... heavy and costly designs that may underperform. The current state of available predictive models for ...” „... models employ a form of multiaxial fatigue criteria of which there are many with no consensus on their ...”
- „... numerical data processing (refer to DRA). DRA is the improved model of residual stress measurer to evaluate ...” „... . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 20221566References [1] A.Kubo, T.Sasaki, “Fast and versatile measurement of residual ...”
- „... preprocessing and tessellation of the CAD model. Additionally, pores and cracks on the surface and within the ...” „... simulations and model assumptions. A test environment allowing the operation of polymer gears while ...” „... . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 20221058References [1] M. Mileti, P. Strobl, H. Pflaum und C. Stahl, Hg., Design of a ...”
- „... with regard to the coefficient of friction behavior and noise emissions in transmissions. References ...” „... , A.: A Transient Mixed Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Model for Spur Gear Pairs. In: Journal of ...” „... : Journal of Sound and Vibration 341 (2015), pp. 195–205. [21] Wu, S.; Cheng, H. S.: A Friction Model of ...”
- „... complex structures based on three-dimensional models. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is one of the most ...” „... scuffing. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022 1361References: 1. Kamps T (2018) Leichtbau von Stirnzahnrädern aus ...” „... Konstruktionsregeln für die additiven Fertigungsverfahren Lasersintern, Laserschmelzen und Fused Deposition Modeling ...”
- „... obser-vation has to be investigated and studied in further investigations, in particular with reference to the ...” „... . References [1] Stadtfeld, H. J.: Introduction to electric vehicle transmissions. Gear Technology, Vol. 37 ...” „... , No. 7, p. 42-50, 2020. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 20221342[2] Bauer, R.: Modellbasierte Auslegung von ...”
- „... . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022182References [1] Schaefer, S.; Hutschenreiter, B.; Schlecht, B.: FVA 223 X BECAL ...” „... representation, VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022 177NURBS surfaces have a much larger degree of freedom for modeling ...”