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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (Hrsg.)

ELIV 2019

Reihe: VDI-Berichte

Band 2357 2019

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J. Tung AI and the Evolution of Model-Based Design S. 347-352

„… AI and the Evolution of Model-Based Design Jim Tung, MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA …” „… . To help in that transition, the widely used Model-Based Design approach is evolving in ways that …” „… organizations have. The Value of Model-Based Design in Automotive Electrification Over the last two decades …”

D. Robinson How to Improve Automotive Testing in an Agile Development Process – A Review of Popular Testing Methods and Overview of Advanced Automated User Interface Testing S. 519-528

„… reference frames from the designer’s intent development model. Embedded code for the production-intent GUI …” „… Automated Test begins identifying and extracting reference frames from a designer’s intent model. In …” „… method provides a pixel-by-pixel comparison of the model in a fraction of the time of other test methods …”

Y. Chazal, A. M. Hein, S. Boutin System of systems structured data for mobility services S. 293-306

„… Reference for Fig. 6: Ride hailing data model Cooperative and Intelligent Transportation). This …” „… knowledge-centric and model-driven methodology and tool able to analyse these transformations and to develop …” „… pitfalls related to the state of the art of mobility service development and investigated a model-driven …”

A. Magnuson Going from an Electronic Unit Centric Development to Application Software Centric Requires a Different Architecture Mindset in Automotive S. 239-254

„… . 2357, 2019 251 References [1] P B Kruchten. The 4+1 View Model of Architecture. IEEE Software November …” „… , Information and Software Technology, Vol 73. May, 2016 p136-p150 [16] 4D/RCS: A Reference Model Architecture …” „… Interface “layer“ - think Model-View-Controller: Although automation is a hot topic for commercial vehicles …”

P. Engel, A. Geraldy, J. Wolter Using Cloud-Based Electronic Horizons to Enable Distributed Driving Functions S. 255-268

„… landmarks (e.g., road markings, and objects) to be used as position references in the vehicle …” „… horizon representing the road network (so-called Reference- Profiles) with the direction profiles based on …” „… road segments (links) from the server-based map matching (cf. section 3.1) to learn a prediction model …”

S. Poledna driving platforms – Tailoring fail-operational systems based on production experience in the aerospace industry for the automotive use cases S. 537-550

„… highly automated driving use cases and enables software function re-use across different car models …” „… variants, spanning from basic models to luxury cars, potentially requiring them to ‘re-invent the wheel …” „… . The illustration below depicts the reference automated driving system architecture with the high …”

R. Roppel, M. Görber Function- and Service-Orientation – a Game Changer for the E/E-Architecture of Tomorrow S. 213-226

„… tools landscape for an end-to-end, model-based architecture and function development approach • Clear …” „… data definition as a consequence of the model-based architecture emergence process • Extensive …” „… increasingly diverse. Firstly, it has to model the current and future customer requirements of a vehicle and …”

J.-K. Landgraf, A. Fabri Functions on demand – Enabler for digital business with car functions – Challenges of implementation of a high complex security mechanism S. 283-292

„… . Software as a Service is defined as a reference model, which offers a standard software solution as a …” „… an impact on, different scopes were selected: starting with the business model and customer journey …” „… shall look like. Moreover, the impacts on the financial models are displayed. The chapters ‘Technology …”

M. Minzlaff, Marko Wolf Are you Security Compliant? – Current Automotive Security Legislations, Potential Impacts to Automotive OEMs & Suppliers, and First Action Proposals S. 419-422

„… vulnerabilities might not only affect proper vehicle operation and vehicular business models, but particularly …” „… relevant to automotive security. Organization Formal Reference Common Title Type Regional Scope Status …”

A. Weichslgartner Embedded Intrusion Detection based on AI – A Data-Driven Approach S. 469-478

„… , most of the work suffer from the unavailability of good network data as training model. The KDDCup …” „… (the good case). During run time, feature vectors which adhere to this learned model are classified as …” „… the feature vector from each message on the bus and infer it with its learned model. The features can …”

P. Gesner, F. Kirschbaum, F. Landenberger, J. Scheiffele, L. Morawietz, B. Bäker Modeling and identification of electrochemical energy storage for drive train development – Review and evaluation S. 101-114

„… batteries are model-based software functions. They are mainly used to determine the current state of charge …” „… battery management system (BMS). 3. Requirements on battery models For an efficient modeling of the …” „… automotive context, the impedance is mainly modeled using electrical equivalent circuit models (ECM). Their …”

J. Heinrich, A. Braasch, F. Plinke Ensuring the reliability, availability and safety of fully automated and autonomous transport systems through modern system architectures S. 11-20

„… – can be performed using multi-stage simulation models, which are also presented in this paper. The …” „… reliability models are described and afterwards a state-based simulation model for the safety and reliability …” „… hand a state-based simulation model to calculate different KPI’s such as safety, availability and …”

S. Wagner, F. Wüst, S. Trampert, F. Sehr, A. Middendorf, O. Wittler, M. Schneider-Ramelow Condition monitoring for failure monitoring of power electronic assemblies S. 115-126

„… underlying life-time model [24]. Fig. 33: Concepts of condition monitoring: a) parameter monitoring b …” „… / external load System Parametershift Failure Sensor System Model Condition Evaluation a) environmental impact …” „… Canary Device b) environmental impact / external load System Parametershift Failure Sensor Failure Model …”

R. Pfeffer, N. Ahn Potential of Training Neural Networks Using Virtual Environments S. 365-374

„… complements the simulation with CarMaker by the possibility of using existing ROS models and libraries, for …” „… system that models biological brain and its neurons. Deep learning refers to a neural network consisting …” „… . The so-called Big Data Challenge summarizes the requirements for data in the 5V Model [1]: “5V …”

L. Schindele, D. Schütz, F. Heber, P. Sailer, G. Le Hen, N. Müller Future e-mobility and the change in system requirements – The interplay between battery and thermal management for different mobility concepts S. 87-100

„… level, a 0/1D simulation model of an electric vehicle has been developed using the CAE system …” „… " and "w/-BatPreCond", with reference to the lower temperature limits (BMS) for battery charging …” „… account for better comparability. The WLTP energy consumption is set as a reference. In the WLTP energy …”

K. L. Barbehön, O. Müller, D. Knobloch The Future of Digital Car Access – Service Potentials and Ecosystem Challenges S. 359-364

„… limit speed or power with the assignment of a key opens up a variety of completely new business models …” „… . References [1] ISO/IEC 15408-3 Information technology Security techniques — Evaluation criteria for IT …”

G. Reichart, M. Niklas AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform – A standardized SW platform for intelligent vehicles with functional safety and data integrity S. 493-502

„… collaboration models. To support dynamic deployment of customer applications, to support dependable …” „… formal or semi-formal textual formats (e.g. ARXML, UML models, XML Schema) The AUTOSAR Classic Platform …” „… Project Leader Team. 9. REFERENCES [1] http://www.autosar.org [2] IEEE1003.13; IEEE Standard for …”

A. Hahn Enhancing In-Vehicle Communication by Authentication and Security – An incremental approach with an example for CAN message authentication S. 443-454

„… Fig. 1: Network architecture with multiple bus protocols Today’s automotive security model faces …” „… microcontroller – which then can be used to replicate remote attacks on many cars of the same model all over the …” „… car model series. Secure boot and secure firmware update: To ensure that an ECU is not tampered …”

O. Ur-Rehman, G. Wallraf, B. Holderbaum, M. Jentges Impact of Cybersecurity and Safety Standards on ADAS Software Development Practices S. 407-418

„… HEAVENS project (see D2 – Security models [9]), referenced in SAE J3061. The TARA results obtained after …” „… threats and assets. In the TARA analysis based on the HEAVENS security model, shown in Table 1, threat …” „… development paths as much as possible. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2357, 2019 417 References [1] Annual Accidents …”

F. Graf, S. Baensch, T. Knorr, D. Ellmer, C. Marechal 48 Volt High Power: Electric Drive for Excellent CO2 Emissions & Electric Driving Features S. 153-168

„… is executed by the engine control unit. It is implemented in a model-based manner and controls the …” „… : System evaluation vehicle at Conti Tech Show 2019 Vehicle Simulation Suite is based on a model in the …” „… loop approach with a physical plant model and control functions working in co-simulation. This …”

M. Oertel, J. Wolf Safety for Automated Driving with High Performance ECUs S. 395-406

„… mathematical models for this probability. With these methods it is possible to evaluate and argue why a system …” „… can be assumed to be safe. The crucial point here is that there are mathematical models. In …” „… contrast, faults in software are systematic faults. Attempts to create a generally accepted model for …”

M. Brunner, H. Adlkofer Hardware matters: how one chip can impact the security of a connected vehicle S. 455-468

„… traditional business model is upon radical change: (i) CO2-neutral mobility requires alternate drive systems …” „… enabling new use cases to the driver and also opening up new business models. (iii) New mobility concepts …” „… the air updates helping to reduce costly recalls. It also allows to create new business models like …”

L. Gauer, I. Totzke User-centred development of a display concept for fully automated driving – A methodical approach S. 45-56

„… adequate mental model towards automated driving [15]. This feedback should be provided in a simple and …” „… they need adequate knowledge about the system to create a mental model and gain trust in the automated …” „… features and information content the user really needs to know. References [1] Bengler, K.: Driver and …”

M. Traub, H.-U. Michel Future electric/electronic architecture – Sustainable design of a digital in-vehicle backend infrastructure S. 201-212

„… cooperation and business models. Another feature of the MCP is its update and upgrade capability, to bring …” „… architecture is necessary to meet the requirements of a future proofed design. References [1] “Building …” „… including a description of the service interfaces is described on this level. The modeling and …”

A. Shomer The transition to HPC-based vehicle architectures – Cyber Security Implications S. 431-442

„… the previous section, regarding several HPC architecture models, the separation of functionalities is …” „… incorporation of Ethernet networks. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2357, 2019 441 References [1 …”

A. Schleicher Service-Oriented HPC Communication Standard for Vehicle Lifecycle Management S. 503-518

„… : (a) a new vehicle model introduced in the market that shall be closely monitored to identify and …” „… receives wide support within the industry. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2357, 2019 517 8 References [1] ISO …” „… model specification [5] Zimmermann, W.; Schmidgall; R: Bussysteme in der Fahrzeugtechnik Protokolle …”

M. Giertzsch Data Structures and Interfaces for High-resolution Maps in Rapid Prototyping Applications of Highly Automated Driving S. 319-332

„… pointing left. The origin of the inertial system is given by the geo reference. Note, that the inertial …” „… pointing towards the road reference line (in the case of highways this is the leftmost lane marking) at …” „… co-ordinate system , , , with pointing along the reference line and pointing to the left. All three …”

S. Greiner, H. Löhr, P. Duplys Continuous Security Testing for the Automotive Domain S. 479-492

„… / VDI-Berichte Nr. 2357, 2019490 References [1] Greiner, S., Löhr, H., Duplys, P.: Scalable Security Analysis …” „… ., Golde, N., Arp, D., Rieck, K.: Modeling and Discovering Vulnerabilities with Code Property Graphs. IEEE …”

M. Kleinkes, W. Pohlmann, C. Wilks Boost Safety & Styling for vehicle lighting – Individualization and new Functionalities S. 551-566

„… develop successful future products. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2357, 2019564 References [1] S …” „… large-size to micro-LEDs: scaling trends revealed by modeling, Phys. Status Solidi A (2017), DOI: 10.1002 …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023570

Holger Meuel - Analysis of Affine Motion Compensated Prediction and its Application in Aerial Video Coding

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Holger Meuel

Analysis of Affine Motion Compensated Prediction and its Application in Aerial Video Coding

Reihe: Informatik/ Kommunikation

Band 865 2019

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Experiments S. 87-116

„… without any modi cations, the HEVC reference encoder HEVC Test 100 5 Experiments Model (HM) 16.2 [73] was …” „… rate model is validated. Operational rate-distortion diagrams for common video test sequences …” „… in Section 4.1.3 are presented. 5.1 A neMotion Compensation in Video Coding In this section the model …”

Introduction S. 1-10

„… Hartley and Zissermann [42]) into their (former) reference so ware Joint Exploration Model (JEM) [55 …” „… part (called block), only a reference to a similar image block is stored (motion vector, MV). For the …” „… referring to a temporally pre- or succeeding (reference) frame and the remaining error a er prediction …”

Basics S. 11-36

„… camera model (Section 2.1 and 2.2, respectively) as used here are described. ¿e latter comprises …” „… perspective projection (Section 2.2.1), a lens model including radial distortion (Section 2.2.2), the …” „… SceneModel ¿e landscape model used in this work assumes the surface of the earth to be planar. ¿is holds true …”

Bibliography S. 133-152

„… ] T. Aach, A. Kaup, and R. Mester. Statistical Model-Based Change Detection in Moving Video. Signal …” „… Collaboration for Model-based Imaging, Rendering, Image Analysis and Graphical Special E ects), INRIA …” „… of the BD-PSNR model. In ITU-T SG 16/Q6. 35th Meeting, Berlin, Germany, 2008. [13] F. Bossen. L1100 …”

Summary and Conclusions S. 117-132

„… translational motion model is su cient to describe most of the motion contained in the videos, in aerial …” „… motion types can be described by an a ne motion model. ¿us, as a rst contribution of this work, a ne …” „… error was derived for a fully a ne motion model with six degrees of freedom as well as for a simpli ed a …”

ROI-based System for Low Bit Rate Coding of Aerial Videos S. 65-86

„… but can also conceal (limited) model violations. 74 4 ROI-based System for Low Bit Rate Coding of …” „… model” in Fig. 4.5), ROI-NA detection (lower green block in Fig. 4.5), and the video encoding itself …” „… ROI-based System for Low Bit Rate Coding of Aerial Videos RANSAC planar landscape model ROI-MO detection …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186865106

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - 16. Internationale VDI-Tagung Reifen-Fahrwerk-Fahrbahn 2017

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (Hrsg.)

16. Internationale VDI-Tagung Reifen-Fahrwerk-Fahrbahn 2017

Reihe: VDI-Berichte

Band 2296 2017

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F. Calabrese, C. Ludwig, M. Bäcker, A. Gallrein Parameter-Identifikation eines thermomechanischen Reifenmodells basierend auf Flachbahn-Messungen S. 57-76

„… 60°C (blue) reference temperature 7. Validation of structural tire model coupled with thermal …” „… local heat sources in the thermal model. The friction is modeled temperature dependent (surface …” „… Flachbahn-Messungen A Study of Parameter Identification for a Thermal- Mechanical Tire Model based on Flat Track …”

M. Selig, M. Meyer, F. Petry, S. Westermann Reifensimulationsmodelle der Zukunft S. 33-46

„… Leuven. The model consists of three different complexity levels. Modell 20 includes a rigid belt. The two …” „… ingredients of the full vehicle modelling. To generate accurate simulation results, it is required to model …” „… Reifensimulationsmodelle der Zukunft Tire Simulation Models of the Future Dr. Michael Selig …”

J. Pinay, F. Gauterin, H.-J. Unrau Experimental Study of the Tire Cavity Noise and its Correlation with the Exterior Tire-Road Noise Emission S. 199-214

„… parameters on the tire cavity noise was analyzed with a first statistical model. We then made several …” „… Pressure Level (SPL) in the tire cavity can be higher than 150 dB with reference value 20 µPa [17 …” „… on the inner drum facility The components of the measurement system, their manufacturer and model …”

T. Raste, B. Hartmann, M. Kretschmann Assistance System for Aquaplaning Situations S. 1-20

„… (14) Reference signal w is the desired yaw rate derived from a stationary vehicle model with steer …” „… assistance is introduced. A simplified, empirically adapted tire model is applied to study the principle …” „… situation. 2 Aquaplaning warning by usage of surrounding sensors 2.1 Aquaplaning zone model An …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181022962

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (Hrsg.)

Autoreg 2019

Reihe: VDI-Berichte

Band 2349 2019

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F. Pfitz, M. Braun, C. Ebenbauer Relaxed Barrier MPC for Reference Tracking: Theoretical and experimental studies S. 97-110

„… path (27) follows a dynamical vehicle model, see e.g. [11]. Notice that the reference state ξref(θk …” „… set-free reference tracking with model predictive control. Automatica, 46:1469 1476, 2010. [14] T. Schanz …” „… tracking problems. MPC is a model-based control method in which a suitable control input, at each sampling …”

J. Ultsch, J. Brembeck, R. de Castro Learning-Based Path Following Control for an Over-Actuated Robotic Vehicle S. 25-46

„… . By incorporating one FMU for the vehicle model and one FMU for calculating the reference point on …” „… controllers are able to outperform a model based reference controller on the path used for training. Both …” „… the design of traditional model-based PFC approaches a sufficiently accurate synthesis model of the …”

G. Nareyko, T. Koch, A. Trächtler Model Predictive Control of an Active Roll Stabilization System S. 245-256

„… structure which is shown in fig. 5 Fig. 5: MPC disturbance compensation with reference model …” „… VDI-Berichte Nr. 2349, 2019250 Though a reference model could be used (e.g. a desired vehicle model with a …” „… dynamics is adapted towards the reference model depending on the weighting in the objective function. As …”

N. Althar Udupa, E. Schulz, M. Schultalbers Polytopic LPV Controller Design to Control the Boost Manifold Pressure in an Internal Combustion Engine S. 377-388

„… control the boost manifold pressure using the LPV framework is proposed. A discrete-time LPV model of …” „… engine test bench is borrowed in this research. It is transformed into a polytopic state-space [8] model …” „… , where the model’s system and input matrices have a functional dependency on the three affine scheduling …”

D. Augustin, M. Hofmann, U. Konigorski Prediction of Highway Lane Changes Based on Prototype Trajectories S. 111-128

„… Wollherr. A combined model-and learning-based framework for interaction-aware maneuver prediction. IEEE …” „… trajectory is predicted combining typical lane change realizations in a mixture model. B-splines based …” „… maneuver and trajectory prediction compared to a previously implemented reference approach. Keywords …”

F. Hundertmark, M. Grotjahn Automated design of structured gain-scheduling oil pressure controllers by modern synthesis methods S. 403-416

„… require a complex model, while the last method uses Linear Time-Invariant models (LTI) for different …” „… order of the synthesized controller has the same order as the generalized plant model. This often leads …” „… controlled variable is the oil pressure measured in the main oil gallery. Local time-discrete models …”

K. Figel, F. Svaricek, M. Schultalbers Review and experimental evaluation of models for drivability simulation with focus on tire modeling Short Version S. 293-312

„… comparison to a linear model. However, it is not taking the absolute reference value into account. Therefore …” „… sufficiently. There are numerous studies on the model-based design of these so-called drivability controllers …” „… = mg sin(α), (2) Fair = cdAair ρair 2 v2. (3) 1All models have been implemented by physical modeling …”

A. Prinz, L. Brabetz, M. Ayeb Generic Sensor Modelling – A Virtual Integration Approach for the Test of ADAS S. 21-22

„… . Abstract This new developed modelling technique is based on idealistic sensor models adapted with …” „… model approach on a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) test stand proves the modelling technique for functional …” „… paper however gives an overview of the process for generic and adaptive modelling by reference to an …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… evaluation of models for drivability simulation with focus on tire modeling Short Version …” „… Barrier MPC for Reference Tracking: Theoretical and experimental studies . . . . . . . .97 F …” „… Energy-Optimal Adaptive Cruise Control based on Model Predictive Control in the Real Driving Emissions Test …”

J. Schucker, T. Kohlmann, U. Konigorski A Complete Concept for Combined Longitudinal and Lateral Trajectory Planning for Automated Driving on Highways S. 259-270

„… planner point mass model for lateral deviation from the lane center point mass model for the vehicle …” „… certain order. The trajectory planner itself can be considered as a model predictive control loop. It …” „… consists of the basic/standstill planner as model predictive controller (MPC) whose control signals are …”

Y. Jia, U. Schwarz, D. Görges Energy-Optimal Adaptive Cruise Control based on Model Predictive Control in the Real Driving Emissions Test Cycle S. 145-158

„… model-predictive cruise controller for electric vehicles and energy efficient driving,” in IEEE International …” „… Energy-Optimal Adaptive Cruise Control based on Model Predictive Control in the Real Driving …” „… Kaiserslautern Abstract This paper presents energy-optimal adaptive cruise control (EACC) based on model …”

D. Augustin, J. Schucker, J. Tschirner, M. Hofmann, U. Konigorski A Simulation-Based Reinforcement Learning Approach for Long-Term Maneuver Planning in Highway Traffic Scenarios S. 47-60

„… decisions for automated vehicles in highway scenarios by combining model-based and model-free methods of …” „… proposed approach combines model-based planning and model-free Q-learning to derive tactical maneuver …” „… for each vehicle in the scene. The details of model-based and model-free behavior generation are …”

F. Nolteernsting, R. Röthig, T. Oehlschlägel, M. Schultalbers, U. Becker Gain-Scheduling-Regelung des Ladedrucks eines Ottomotors auf Basis lokal linearer strukturierter H∞-optimaler Regler – Systematische robuste Bedatung einer konventionellen Reglerstruktur S. 389-402

„… . Eriksson, O. Leufven, and P. Andersson. Wastegate actuator modeling and model-based boost pressure control …” „… Sidorow. Model-based Fault Diagnosis of the Air and Turbocharger System of Diesel Engines. VDI- Verlag …” „… aktuellen Veröffentlichungen kommen verschiedenste Regelungsverfahren wie z.B. Internal Model Control ([1, 4 …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023495

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - 28. Deutscher Flammentag

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (Hrsg.)

28. Deutscher Flammentag

Reihe: VDI-Berichte

Band 2302 2017

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C. Yu, U. Maas Numerical Study of turbulent reacting flows with local extinction and re-ignition effects based on a statistical method and REDIM reduced reaction kinetics S. 521-534

„… mapping conditioning mixing model with a mixture fraction like reference variable. Part 2: RANS …” „… on the accurate modelling of chemical reactions and on the mixing model. In this work, the PDF model …” „… (PDF) model has been widely used to study turbulent reacting flows since the chemical source term is …”

C.-P. Ding, A. Renaud, R. Honza, A. Dreizler, B. Böhm Characterization of near-wall flows in a SI engine using high-speed PIV and high-resolution PI S. 345-356

„… for model comparisons and development. 1. Introduction To reduce pollutant emissions and increase …” „… ]. The first efforts focused on using theoretical or empirical models to provide spatially-averaged …” „… boundary layer is well described. In numerical simulations, both for LES and RANS, wall models are …”

S. J. Baik, B. Rogg Full PDF-Modelling and Parallel Simulation of Liquid- Fuelled Turbulent Spray Flames S. 469-478

„… models. Representatives of the latter category of acceptable chemistry models are, e.g., both flamelet …” „… models [1, 2] and models based on conditional moment closure [3, 4]. Stochastic methods, so-called …” „… PDF-methods, have mainly been used to model chemistry by Monte-Carlo methods resulting in in a so-called …”

H.-P. Vietze Infrared Temperature Measurement of Flames for varying Combustion Conditions S. 421-430

„… mathematical model of the infrared properties of the flame/flue gas, which allows calculating the effective …” „… satisfying results in good accordance with the expectations and with reference measurements done by a …” „… developed model works very well under the following conditions: • completed chemical reaction …”

D. Nikolaenko, C. Spijker, H. Raupenstrauch Modelling the Jet Cooler for Hot-dip Galvanization of Steel Strips S. 741-746

„… approximately 178 million by means of ANSYS ICEM CFD. OpenFOAM is chosen as a CFD simulation tool to model …” „… strip movement. For simulating turbulence in the gas phase, the realizablek-ε model is used, and the …” „… . CFD Model OpenFOAM 2.4.0 [1] was chosen as a simulation tool because of its flexibility allowing to …”

H. Mätzing, H.-J. Gehrmann, H. Seifert, D. Stapf, R. Keune Modelling Biomass and Solid Recovered Fuel Combustion on Reciprocating Grates with CFD-application S. 143-150

„… composition at the batch reactor KLEAA at ITC (~ 5 kg fuel). Moreover, a numerical model was developed which …” „… relevant fuel properties can be improved. The CFD extension of the model permits to simulate the …” „… . The model has been validated by comparison with batch, fixed bed reactor experiments and with results …”

B. Peters, M. Mohseni Modeling the combustion of pellet with Extended Discrete Element Method S. 121-130

„… . Concerning the processes which take place sequentially, drying is modeled using heat-sink model so that …” „… : Main steps of conversion process VDI-Berichte Nr. 2302, 2017122 2. Model In this work, a …” „… three-dimensional DEM-CFD coupling approach is employed to model the physical and chemical phenomena taking place …”

D. Holtz, J. Nocke, E. Hassel CFD-DEM Simulationen für Biomassefeuerungen S. 131-142

„… particles and walls are modelled by a linear spring-dashpot model and are introduced to the equation of …” „… three major steps: drying, pyrolysis and char burnout. Sub models describing each are part of the …” „… discrete particle model and can be calculated based on both, thermally thin and thermally thick biomass …”

M. Vascellari, C. Hasse, S. Halama, M. Steibel, H. Spliethoff Detailed CFD simulations of a 5-MW industrial-scale entrained-flow gasifier using intrinsic char conversion kinetics S. 199-212

„… conversion models, which are then coupled to the CFD code. This comprehensive modelling framework is …” „… from the equilibrium conditions. Radiation was modelled with the P-1 model [23]. The radiating …” „… properties of the gas were modelled assuming a grey-band model, based on the Weighted Sum of Grey Gases …”

T. Methling, M. Braun-Unkhoff, U. Riedel Chemisch-kinetische Modelloptimierung für die Verbrennung biogener Gase durch die Anwendung des linearen Transformationsmodells S. 637-648

„… . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2302, 2017 637 Thereby, the numerical predictions by the reduced model—consisting of 20 …” „… for combustion modeling: Supplement II,“ Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 34(3), pp …” „… linearen Transformationsmodells Chemical-kinetic Model Optimisation for the Combustion of Biogenic …”

M. Zhao, S. A. Kaiser Bildgebende Erfassung von Diesel-Klopfen durch Hochgeschwindigkeitskamera und „Optical Flow“ S. 369-382

„… according to the thermodynamic model of Lapuerta et al. [18]. Consequently, the range of c was estimated as …” „… flow field before knock onset are shown for reference. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2302, 2017 377 At each of the …” „… in learning how to operate this new facility. 6. References [1] X. Zhen, Y. Wang, S. Xu, Y. Zhu …”

C. Chi, G. Janiga, K. Zähringer, D. Thévenin Indirekte Messung der Wärmefreisetzung in Wasserstoffflammen mittels Spezieskorrelationen S. 625-636

„… . As a consequence, it is valid in a very general sense. References [1] W. Hubschmid, R …” „… unsteady flame structures of an oscillating swirl flame in a gas turbine model combustor, Proc. Combust …” „… . Inst. 32 (2009) S. 2925– 2932. [5] C. Hirsch, J. Wäsle, A. Winkler, T. Sattelmayer, A spectral model …”

S. Eckart, S. Voss, H. Krause Charakterisierung von Verlöschungsgrenzen an nicht vorgemischten Gegenstromflammen mit Hilfe der Streckungsratenanalyse S. 649-660

„… influence of the oxygen mass ratio in the oxidizer stream is shown, therefore the given legend references …” „… . References [1] Kidder, C. 2010. IDA_Fact_Sheet_1. LPG_DME_Blends. International DME Association. [2] Kaiser …” „… . 2000. Experimental and Modeling Study of Premixed Atmospheric- Pressure Dimethyl Ether−Air Flames. J …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023020

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