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VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Fahrerassistenzsysteme und automatisiertes Fahren

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (Hrsg.)

Fahrerassistenzsysteme und automatisiertes Fahren

Reihe: VDI-Berichte

Band 2394 2022

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

T. Moers, C. Klas, A. Zlocki, L. Vater Real World Scenarios for the Safety Validation and Development of Highly Automated Driving Functions S. 121-130

„… : Applications of trajectory and reference data for automated driving, based on the A-model [3]. Such …” „… automated driving. This includes, for example, scenarios measured in real traffic or reference measurements …” „… therefore scenarios from real traffic and produce vehicle-inde-pendent reference data for environmental …”

L. Witt, D. Münning, H. Oschlies, S. Schmidt Realisierung einer querführenden Fahrerassistenzfunktion mithilfe von adaptiver Regelung und neuronalen Netzen S. 27-40

„… sind vor allem modellbasierte Verfahren, wie beispielsweise Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC …” „… prinzipielle Aufbau hierzu ist in Bild 1 zu sehen. Bild 1: Model Reference Adaptive Control angelehnt an …” „… Parallelmodells adaptiert. Model Reference Adaptive Control wurde in den vergangenen Jahren beispielsweise in …”

T. F. Horeis, F. Plinke, T. Kain, H. Tompits, R. C. Rinaldo, J. Heinrich Ein industrieübergreifender Überblick von fehlertoleranten Ansätzen in autonomen Systemen S. 89-108

„… focus on satellites here), two main strategies for model-based FDIR methods are applied according to …” „… . Trends in the Application of Model-based Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Technical Processes. Control …” „… fault-tolerant concepts from the individual industries is subject to future work. References [1] J. Athavale, A …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023945

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Dritev – Drivetrain for Vehicles 2020

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (Hrsg.)

Dritev – Drivetrain for Vehicles 2020

Reihe: VDI-Berichte

Band 2373 2020

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

D. Schöneberger, S. Rinderknecht, D. Reitmeier, A. Mertens Development of a transmission control for an innovative high-speed powertrain using motor-related control – Simulative approach to develop an angular position controlled engagement of dog clutches in ...

„… “Driveshaft” is the link between the “Powertrain” model and the “Vehicle” and is modelled as a torsional …” „… using suitable simulation models and the corresponding controllers are designed in the simulation. A …” „… developed and tested in various scenarios. Therefore, a detailed simulation model of the powertrain and a …”

T. Korb, M. Nussbaumer, S. Rinderknecht Generic optimization environment and knowledge-based guided evolutionary algorithms for automated transmission calibration – Method to generate a knowledge base through impact analysis of parameters a...

„… hardware-in-the-loop test benches. Starting from this point of configuration the so-called model-based calibration is …” „… feasible. More recent approaches are based on software-in-the-loop (SiL) [15] or model-in-theloop …” „… , mostly resulting in a total vehicle simulation. Those models, which are later used in model-in-the-loop …”

S. Rothe, B. Schröder, G. Lührs Coupled topology optimization of an electric drive

„… optimization, based on a parametric CAD model, is used VDI-Berichte Nr. 2373, 202076 to determine the cavities …” „… ’ shape. Nonetheless, creating such a model can be a cumbersome as well as time-consuming task and the …” „… optimization result a reference machine is defined. The optimized machine should fulfill the same performance …”

M. Saborío, O. Sarmiento, C. Böhm High efficiency electric transmission oil pump – Transmission hydraulic efficiency improvement through hybridization

„… information was populated into a simulation model, and an optimization algorithm was used to select the best …” „… one is the reference design currently used on the transmission: A Big MOP/ Little EOP combination …” „… , meaning also lower system losses. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Reference design Big …”

A. Esser, T. Eichenlaub, S. Rinderknecht Real-driving-based comparison of the eco-impact of powertrain concepts using a data-driven optimization environment

„… reference year 2030 in Germany. Conventional vehicles, battery electric vehicles, fuel cell electric …” „… ranges of 800 km for the reference year of 2019, [4] finds that fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV …” „… and the derivation of driving cycles applied in this study. Thereafter, the vehicle simulation model …”

D. Evenschor, P. Tenberge, M. Wolkerstorfer Package-optimized configuration of transmission elements for automated design concepts – Design concept generation based on results of transmission synthesis

„… of the bearings depend on their position on the shaft. Hence, in order to obtain two reference …” „… to find a feasible positioning inside the constraint space. An exhaustive search of a reference …” „… of the reference position (taking the constraint space/obstacles into account). Under the scheme in …”

B. Pohle, M. Clauß, J. R. Schwarz, E. Schwiederik, D. Lasuen Design optimization of battery systems by multiphysics simulation

„… part of the simulation model.The simulation of Figure 3 shows a comparison with two commercial tools …” „… model with RC- components to simulate the cell. The disadvantage of the RC models is the missing …” „… separator [5]. [2.1] [2.2] The electrochemical model (ECM) exists in different complexities. The …”

D. Kieninger, J. Hemsen, G. Witham The highly integrated ModulED drive module – Holistic concept design

„… models and fast analytical calculations. Promising rough design variants are selected for further …” „… passenger car of the Csegment. The reference vehicle is a Volvo C30 electric. The designed drive concepts …” „… had to fulfill the specifications of the reference vehicle, such as driving performance like …”

A. Manelli, F. Filippo Irato, C. Cavallino, R. Gay e-FDU: Concept, develop & industrialization of a novel P4 powertrain – From concept to industrialization of a novel P4 powertrain in 24 month

„… , integration reliability. EMA patent utility model deposit has been released on 28.11.2017 (Reference number …” „… 10 References VDI-Berichte Nr. 2373, 2020 47 3 Introduction Electrification is a fundamental …” „… + Transmission + Disconnect). 10 References [1]. Furlich J., Blough J., and Robinette D.: Torsional …”

V. Null A new generation of thermal fluid technology for high performance charging of electric vehicles – How new thermal fluids can enhance battery performance in EVs

„… . The heat generated by the cells was calculated with an electrochemical model at 2C charging rate. The …” „… E5 TM obtained by computed charging rates and coupled with a CFD model. The results for bottom …” „… Centre Bangalore computes with a single particle model the voltage and current profiles and models the …”

K. Sakai, T. Kishimoto, T. Kobayashi, T. Maekawa, T. Shinohara, M. Ogawa Development of the new chain CVT for middle capacity

„… previous model. Thus, optimum secondary pressure was realized in the area where pressure was previously …” „… all over the world. Reference [1] Shunsuke, Kijima. et al. Development of Lineartronic for New …”

K. Kim New high efficiency CVT for middle class FWD vehicle

„… > CF18 (Existing Model) CF28 (New Model) Torque Capacity [kgf.m] 18.3 28 Overall Length [mm] 351 …” „… the world's best mid-sized CVT in every aspect. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2373, 2020 283 REFERENCE [1 …”

F. Brezger, A. Moser Investigation and potential analysis of shiftable form-locked one-way clutches for hybrid and electric vehicles

„… test bench setup for overrun mode observations The simulation model was validated by varying test …” „… bearing. Fig. 13: Scheme of a conventional powertrain model for evaluating efficiency, exchanging …” „… drag torque. This value has been calculated by simulating an 1D powertrain model in WLTP. A schematic …”

P. Ramminger, R. Jäger Evolution of the drivetrain and high voltage system in the new Corsa-e

„… with the “Corsa” sister model as well as manufacturing insourcing within the corporation were employed …” „… Powertrain components are compared to the Ampera-e as reference. Key functions related to electrical driving …” „… it affordable for a wide customer base. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2373, 2020 193 15 References [1 …”

H. Gürbüz, S. Ott, A. Sutschet, J. Kern Highly efficient clutch system for multispeed BEV

„… . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2373, 2020120 1. Introduction BEVS such as Tesla models or newly introduced Mercedes-Benz EQC …” „… well as driving and shifting strategies. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2373, 2020130 7. References [1 …”

P. Tenberge, A. Alnahlaui E-drive and hybrid-drive with 2 high-speed E-motors and a 2-speed gearbox

„… EVs and HEVs can be designed based on these concepts. References [1] T. Yaegashi: Toyota …” „… Hybrid System THS, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1997 [2] Dong, P.: Modelling and Simulation for Optimized …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023730

Sascha Steyer - Grid-Based Object Tracking

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Sascha Steyer

Grid-Based Object Tracking

Reihe: Mess-, Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik

Band 1272 2021

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Object State Estimation S. 101-126

„… inverse sensor model of the length is modeled as a piecewise function p(lτ | zgτ,t) ∝ exp ( −(lτ − zlτ,t …” „… occupied grid cells are abstracted to a bounding box model, but also the freespace evidence as well as …” „… object pose is robustly updated by selecting the most visible reference point in terms of the surrounding …”

Measurement Grid Representation and Fusion S. 13-38

„… in the subsequent chapters. 2.1 Introduction The concept of occupancy grids is a popular way to model …” „… a graphics processing unit (GPU), as presented in [50, 147]. Thereby the authors model range-based …” „… a more generic model of uncertainties and conflicts by separate evidence masses of occupancy …”

Conclusion S. 165-168

„… environment model is required that properly represents moving objects, static obstacles, and passable …” „… approaches that model only the static environment and try to filter out moving parts. To handle asynchronous …” „… of each object track are abstracted to a popular oriented bounding box model of the measurement …”

Introduction S. 1-12

„… with a motion model, which is then partly corrected by the actual measurement. Most commonly, different …” „… process models as well as an applicable filtering tradeoff between increasing the robustness against noise …” „… requires several approximations for real-time applications and also appropriate models for the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… accumulate measurement data by a dynamic occupancy grid model, whereas moving objects are extracted …” „… Associated Cells to the Box Representation . . . 108 5.3.3 Position Measurements with Reference Point …” „… Width of Box Model . . . . . . 123 5.6 Results and Summary …”

Bibliography S. 170-186

„… . https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usawalmart-robots/wal-marts-new-robots-scan-shelves-to-restock-itemsfaster-idUSKBN1CV1N4. [20] M. Bouzouraa and U. Hofmann. Fusion of Occupancy Grid Mapping and Model Based Object …” „… , and H. Wechsler. Micro-doppler effect in radar: Phenomenon, model, and simulation study. IEEE Trans …” „… , 1980. [42] GNU. GNU Scientific Library – Reference Manual: Weighted Samples. https …”

Evaluation S. 127-164

„… (3.38) is used without modifications. For the parameter γD that models the uncertainty of the implicit …” „… equipped sensors and the respective measurement models, overall resulting in a robust behavior in various …” „… model. Extraction of Far-Distant Moving Objects Another challenging scenario of the moving object …”

Dynamic Grid Mapping and Particle Tracking S. 39-78

„… thus be modeled by {F,D}. Overall, the superset {S,D} primarily models measured occupancy at a single …” „… by an adapted evidential filtering, which is also used to implicitly model the temporal transitions …” „… [51] using an adapted transferable belief model. A distance-based kernel function additionally weights …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186272089

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Reifen – Fahrwerk – Fahrbahn

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (Hrsg.)

Reifen – Fahrwerk – Fahrbahn

Reihe: VDI-Berichte

Band 2356 2019

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

S. Keidler, J. Haselberger, K. Mayannavar, B. Schick, D. Schneider Development of lane-precise “Ground Truth” maps for the objective Quality Assessment of automated driving functions S. 15-34

„… from the exact street reference at the Kempten University of Applied Sciences (UAS Kempten) in the …” „… response of the vehicle [3]. In order to analyze this chain, a significantly more accurate reference …” „… amount of data to only that which essential is necessary. The HD Lane Model by HERE Global B.V. [12] and …”

R. Uil, F. Petry, M. Bäcker, A. Gallrein, F. Calabrese Virtual tire pre-development using the CDTire model suite – A feasibility study using the CDTire model suite paving the road towards virtual tire development S. 217-240

„… geometrical resolution. In this project, a reference model is validated using measurements from a single …” „… to utilize big data and machine learning models to ‘measure’ the gap between historical (reference …” „… advanced modeling techniques to derive virtual models (e.g. CDTire model). Finally, the design space can …”

K. Singh, F. Petry, P. Alipour, D. Khadraoui Application of Machine Learning & Deep Learning Techniques in the Context of Use Cases Relevant for the Tire Industry S. 241-268

„… improvement over classical state estimation techniques using model-based and/or kinematic-based observers [21 …” „… model-based and kinematics-based estimation techniques. The following are shortcomings of these estimation …” „… artificial intelligence (AI) based learning models. State-of-the-art machine learning (ML) and deep learning …”

C. Carrillo Vasquez Investigation of the Effects of Road Texture on Friction Behavior for Passenger Car Tyre Rubber Compounds to Enhance Friction Characteristics on Tyre Model Simulations S. 151-168

„… Compounds to Enhance Friction Characteristics on Tyre Model Simulations Untersuchung der Auswirkungen …” „… . Computer-aided engineering (CAE) methods allow engineers to create, develop and test virtual models of vehicle …” „… . Furthermore, precise knowledge of tyre properties is fundamental to parameterise tyre simulation models (e.g …”

K. Thaler, P. E. Pfeffer Development of a multiaxial elastomer bushing test bench with Hardware in the Loop (HiL) capability – Quasi-static and dynamic measurements to analyze multiaxial loading effects S. 269-280

„… characteristics of the chassis, simulation models are used to conduct vehicle dynamic simulations in the …” „… developing process. The required bushing characteristics for these models are sensitive when it comes to …” „… simulation environment, used model for simulation and typical environmental inputs are explained …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023563

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Dritev – Drivetrain For Vehicles 2018

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (Hrsg.)

Dritev – Drivetrain For Vehicles 2018

Reihe: VDI-Berichte

Band 2328 2018

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

T. Gemassmer Approaches to increase efficiency and dynamics of ipmsm traction drives by optimization of control strategies

„… behavior, which has to be considered both in the current control and for the current reference values in …” „… control strategy. Starting with the general model of PMSM, the impact of saturation on the current …” „… reference values for a desired torque is analyzed. A structure is introduced, that assures stable operation …”

N. Dudin, S. Ott, A. Albers, R. Misch, T. Rochlitzer Virtualizing validation processes of electrified powertrain generations

„… simplified OS are defined and simulated along with the corresponding topologies using a virtual model-base …” „… quantification of VE accuracy. Fig. 4: Validation environments and their corresponding model-bases, which …” „… shows the main characteristics of the VE and their corresponding MB. The powertrain model-base (PT-MB …”

M. Mileti, H. Pflaum, K. Stahl TorqueLINE cone clutch: Thermo-mechanical stability of cone clutches for ATs

„… paper. To prove the model’s validity, temperature measurements on the prototypes have been performed …” „… delivered by the thermo-mechanical FE model that was set up. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2328, 2018 357 Introduction …” „… ]. Fig. 1: Drag torque (left) and drag power (right) versus differential speed of the reference …”

U. Reichert, F. Busch, S. Ott, K. Bause Potential of lightweight design of a vehicle transmission by usage of high strength steels

„… construction potential, the transmission components of a reference gearbox are measured in a high degree of …” „… detail. These serve as reference values for optimizing the gear unit and are re-dimensioned using …” „… reference gear unit. The lightweight construction potential is illustrated using the example of a dual …”

L. Dedeleit, M. Ayeb, L. Brabetz Short circuit calculation of permanent magnet synchronous machines with comsol multiphysics

„… over three phases" is described. Reference for the calculations is the motor of a current compact …” „… class electric vehicle (EV) and are thus representative for most EV. 2. PMSM Model based on …” „… simulations Established PMSM control schemes rely on the rotating DQ reference frame, where the fundamental …”

T. Grasshoff, P. Beckedahl Power module packaging technologies for silicon and silicon carbide in automotive applications – challenges and solutions

„… , simple lifetime models were published by the manufacturers of power modules. They only contained a …” „… characterizing the temperature swing. In 2008, a new lifetime model was proposed, which includes additional …” „… the chip voltage rating, which is related to the chip thickness [2]. This model, referred to as CIPS …”

M. Bahne, U. Frey, G. Schlager Transmission technology contribution to CO2 roadmap – a benchmark

„… six-speed DCT (see Figure 4, DSG6) models such as the GETRAG 6DCT250 with 95 [gCO2/km], fitted in …” „… using detailed measurements and analysis, which is then fed into a simulation model. This, in turn, is …” „… model was used to vary specific parameters, i.e., to simulate other types of transmissions and engines …”

M. Behzad, V. Saxena, M. Schaefer Thermal-hydrodynamic optimization of grooves in a wet clutch

„… orientations. The model is capable of predicting the two-phase flow and thermal behavior of ATF inside the …” „… grooves under slip condition. The model is validated against a series of experiments, which are performed …” „… characterization of wet clutches (see [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] and references cited therein). In particular, groove …”

M. Hofstetter, D. Lechleitner, M. Hirz, M. Gintzel, A. Schmidhofer Multi-objective gearbox design optimization for xEV-axle drives under consideration of package restrictions

„… . Wellestablished industry standards are applied for detailed component modelling and a generic CAD-model is used …” „… components. Acknowledged reference works such as [2] give detailed design recommendations on how to select …” „… (highlighted in turquoise) b) Generic gearbox model with corresponding desired installation space (left) and …”

J.-M. Veith, B. Krüger, A. Albers, M. Behrendt Torque prediction in vehicle drive trains based on bus signals using artificial neural networks

„… structure of a human’s brain. They model a correlation between input and output signals by optimizing …” „… test set to detect under- or overfitting. An underfitting ANN is not capable to model the complexity …” „… create a clutch-independent model. Afterwards, an iterative approach is developed which stepwise enhances …”

D. Güth, J. Haupt, T. Gassmann Seamless-shift two-speed eAxle with torque vectoring

„… development and evaluation, a simplified simulation model for investigating on the one hand the gear ratio …” „… parameters and on the other hand a suitable gear shift strategy was used. The applied simulation model …” „… to driveline components. As the input of the model, representative driving cycles like NEDC, WLTP or …”

C. Danzer, T. Voigt, T. Günther, R. Tröger From fleet requirements to optimized Dedicated Hybrid Powertrains

„… GT-Power models. These models are calibrated with test bench VDI-Berichte Nr. 2328, 2018 273 measurements …” „… parameters. These models enable a systematical investigation of ICEtechnologies like Cam-Phasing (CP …” „… rising average costs of about 966 € in reference to the baseline. Compared with the baseline this value …”

J.-E. Moseberg, J. Kohlhoff, S. Hekeler Electric all-wheel drive: enhancing vehicle dynamics and driving safety by wheel-individual torque distribution – How to make use of the over-actuation of electrified vehicles

„… . Currently, Schaeffler Engineering is developing and validating a model-based control structure for the …” „… wheel drives. First, a model-based feedforward control was derived, enabling the customization of the …” „… principal idea results from a simple model for the longitudinal, lateral, and yaw dynamics of the vehicle …”

W. van Harselaar, M. Brouwer, T. Hofman A generic transmission model for hybrid electric drives – Integration of the dynamic behavior of all conventional-, electric-, and hybrid-transmission mode types in a single model

„… driving cycle, a transmission model is needed. To avoid the need of modeling every drivetrain concept …” „… A Generic Transmission Model for Hybrid Electric Drives Integration of the dynamic behavior of …” „… all conventional-, electric-, and hybrid-transmission mode types in a single model Wilco van …”

Y. Endo Development of new torque converter lockup control for new generation of infiniti QX50

„… previous model of the Infiniti QX50, a midsize premium SUV, was equipped with a V6 engine and a 7-speed AT …” „… . The powertrain of the new-generation model combines the CVT8 with the VC-Turbo engine, the world’s …” „… , compared with other models in this CVT series, the final gear ratio has been set lower to enhance launch …”

M. Werra, A. Ringleb, C. Sieg, F. Küçükay Thermal behavior of 48 V hybrid systems

„… : Modular simulation model [2] VDI-Berichte Nr. 2328, 2018 531 Thermal modelling of 48 V components The …” „… simulation model based on an optimal CO2 operating strategy in order to compare the potential of various …” „… powertrain topologies. So far, in this simulation model thermal behavior of electric components is not taken …”

S. Rinderknecht, A. Esser, P. Jardin Relevance of multidimensional real-driving optimization for the development of a battery-electric vehicle 5.0

„… energy flow has to be modelled with the help of a simplified model. A simplified model for both an …” „… real-operating representative driving cycles. A basic driving impedance model and a thermodynamic analysis of …” „… model for the vehicle’s energy flow has to be derived. This is accomplished by dividing the energy flow …”

R. Heckmann Fully automated EOL E-drive testing – Automation and modularity for efficient testing solutions

„… measurements and safety checks must be performed. In addition, the extremely high reference torques of up to …” „… test environment. For the unit volumes of 50,000 to 100,000 e-vehicles per model and year that are …”

R. Stehr, A. Götz, M. Ciesek, S. Köpfler, M. Finsterbusch, R. Willeke Future Schaeffler CVT concepts with an innovative actuation system

„… shifting prove to be advantageous. From models based on vehicle measurements of both, chain and pushbelt …” „… Simulation A dynamic multi-body simulation tool was used to create a comprehensive model of the powertrain …” „… surfaces as well. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2328, 2018 63 8 References [1] Kinigadner, A., Lauinger, C …”

M. Hein, T. Tobie, K. Stahl Holistic approach for fatigue life design of vehicle transmissions

„… described. Finally, the shown methods are summarized in a holistic procedure model. 3. Introduction and …” „… calculation model for fatigue life analysis of gears, the basics are introduced shortly in the following. The …” „… different components. With the model shown, profile modifications can be designed and time-scaled tests may …”

F. Leonardi, A. Munoz, L. Guo, F. Liang, M. Degner Electric machine design approaches for electrified powertrains

„… share models and perform cascaded simulations. The simulation environment consists of a computer-aided …” „… of the drive cycle total loss in the machine optimization process was discussed. REFERENCES [1 …”

A. Viehmann, R. König, S. Rinderknecht Investigation of gear shifts in a parallel-series hybrid powertrain with dog clutches in a demonstrator vehicle (two-drive-transmission with range-extender, DE-REX)

„… )) were integrated in the luggage space of the vehicle. The control software is developed model based in …” „… formulation References Sp or tin es s Shift time Objective or perceivable Δ , Δ , ? [12], [13 …” „… . 6. References [1] S. Rinderknecht, R. König, und J.-E. Schleiffer, „Modularity Aspects for Hybrid …”

T. Smejkal, C. Wirth Innovative transmission topologies using the example of a P2-hybridtransmission for front-transverse applications

„… and to find hybridization solutions. It uses an analogy model to replace spur gears as well as …” „… solutions. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2328, 2018 161 References [1] M. Ebenhoch, J. Greiner, L. Gärtner and G …”

D. Evenschor, D, Dennin, P. Tenberge Automated design concept generation of automatic transmissions – Design concept generation based on results of transmission synthesis

„… design generation is not optimizing an existing construction, but to evaluate every possible model for …” „… can be considered. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2328, 2018 195 References [1] G …”

W. Guo, M. Jordan, X. Xu The application of fast and efficient clutch coordination control in a P2 hybrid automatic transmission

„… hybrid mode 4.1 The power flow model of C0 starting ICE and parallel hybrid mode MT 0CT inT 58_8gT …” „… 610_6gT 3_2PGT ET MT ET 0CT inT4CT 610_10gT 610_6gT 610_10gT 58_8gT 3_2PGT Fig.12: Power flow model at …” „… work simultaneously, and a priority control process is designed. 6. Reference [1] G. SHI, P. DONG …”

I. Andrasec, B. Jeitler AVL’s future hybrid X mode – A modular transmission family concept

„… can be achieved with quick changeover times between variants or even by mixed-model assembly if …” „… ]. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2328, 2018 227 7. References [1] Kapus, P.; Brunner, M.: China – Ready: Is the Global …”

C. Schmahl, W. Hildebrandt, D. Reith The impact of efficiency enhanced drivetrain components on the energy consumption of electric and conventional vehicles

„… References [1] Hildebrandt, W.; Schmahl C.; Reith, D.: Gleichlaufgelenke für den modernen Antriebsstrang …” „… Modellierungsmethode, um ein Verständnis über die Einflüsse von Wirkungsgradverbesserungen im Antriebsstrang zu …” „… of the vehicles. This paper gives an introduction to a simplified and transparent method of modelling …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023280

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