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Sebastian Haug - Plant Classification and Position Estimation for Autonomous Field Robots

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Sebastian Haug

Plant Classification and Position Estimation for Autonomous Field Robots

Series: Informatik/ Kommunikation

Volume 870 2020

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Background: Computer Vision andMachine Learning S. 9-23

„… , i.e. ∑ si = 1. 2.2.2 Learning Modes Depending on the availability of labeled data, machine learning …” „… 2 Background: Computer Vision and Machine Learning As stated in the introductory chapter the aim of …” „… allow computers to acquire and process visual information. During the same time, machine learning …”

Bibliography S. 139-154

„… . Breiman. Random forests. Machine Learning, 45(1):5–32, 2001. [107] B. E. Boser, I. M. Guyon, and V. N …” „… , M. Nørremark, I. Lund, E. Nadimi, and R. Jørgensen. Site-specific weed control technologies. Weed …” „… plant classification based on wavelet transforms and support vector machines. volume 5754 of Lecture …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… , ISSN 0178-9627, € 62,00/VDI-Mitgliederpreis € 55,80. Keywords: Computer Vision – Machine Learning …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 Background: Computer Vision and Machine Learning 9 2.1 Computer Vision …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 Machine Learning …”

Plant Classification S. 40-69

„… is significantly larger than the spacing of the grid. For classification, a supervised machine …” „… Classification of Leaves in Images A lot of methods were developed for the classification of leaves with machine …” „… achieves approximately 75 % classification accuracy. Tellaeche et al. developed a cell-based machine vision …”

Multispectral Image Acquisition and Vegetation Segmentation S. 24-39

„… le 3. 1: C o m p ar is o n o fd if fe re n t se tu p s fo r m u lt is p ec tr al im ag e ac q u is it …” „… io n .P o si ti ve (+ ), n eu tr al (0 ) an d n eg at iv e (- ) m ar ks ar e u se d to p er fo rm a …” „… tt in g Im ag e V ie w p o in t - D if fe re n tv ie w p o in ts + O n e vi ew p o in t + O n e vi ew …”

Plant Position Estimation S. 70-95

„… position estimation task, where the stem positions of all plants (i.e. both crop and weed) in the image …” „… different computer vision and machine learning techniques. Figure 5.2 gives a detailed overview of the …” „… creates a ground truth database, which is used to train the machine learning part of the system. Some …”

Conclusion S. 129-138

„… field: It applies machine learning to discriminate crop in challenging plant growing conditions with …” „… output of the vegetation segmentation step is a segmentation mask which covers all background (i.e. non …” „… , it is able to produce plant position estimates for all plants, i.e. crops and weeds. The ability to …”

Experimental Results and Discussion S. 96-128

„… vision [172, 173, 174, 175], machine learning [176] or robotics [177, 178, 179]. Some datasets were …” „… Classification Method 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 False Positive Rate Tr u e Po si ti ve R at e …” „… 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 False Positive Rate Tr u e Po si ti ve R at e Carrot (AUC: 84.3 %) All …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186870100

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wt Werkstattstechnik online

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wt Volume 114 (2024) Issue 03 ISSN Online: 1436-4980

Results in this title

Peter Lange, Philipp Kurrle, Ulrike Pado Prädiktionsgüte der Rückfederung in der Blechbearbeitung/Prediction quality of springback in sheet metal working – A comparative study of machine learning models S. 106-111

„… 106T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 114 (2024) NR. 3Bei …” „… – A comparative study of machine learning modelsABSTRACT The springback parameter is crucial for the …” „… manufacturing accuracy in bending processes. This study examined the suitability of machine learning methods for …”

Marvin Norda, Jens-E. Appell, Carsten Sven Lange, Axel Hahn Methodik zum effizienten Einsatz von Sprachsteuerung/Methodology for the efficient use of voice control S. 66-70

„… 66T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 114 (2024) NR. 3Bei …” „… („reviewed paper“).Industrie 5.0: Sprachsteuerung als nutzerzentriertes Human-Machine-Interface (HMI)Methodik …” „… zum effizienten Einsatz von SprachsteuerungM. Norda, J.-E. Appell, S.C. Lange, A. HahnSinkende …”

Ragnar Lodwig, Fabian Stetter Demand Side Management bis zur Anlage/Demand side management right down to the plant S. 78-81

„… 78T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 114 (2024) NR. 3Bei …” „… brief summary of how machines can be integrated to ensure energy flexibility of companies, that means …” „… erbracht wird. Bevorzugt sollen solche Daten überschrieben werden, die für die HMI (Human-ST I C HWÖRT E …”

Björn Ringel, Annemarie Raber, Mario Luber, Ludwig Trauner, Georg Schlick, Johannes Schilp, Joachim Berlak Vernetzte Produktion im 3D-Druck/Digital production for 3d-printing – Digital traceability of feedstock and process data for powder-based additive manufacturing S. 34-39

„… 34T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 114 (2024) NR. 3Bei …” „… enable bin-specific tracking. In addition, machine status and process monitoring data are to be …” „… , wie ST I C HWÖRT E RAdditive Fertigung, Manufacturing Execution System (MES), Digitalisierungdoi.org …”

Martin Feistle Gefügeeinstellung mittels Schmieden im Mehrfachhub/Microstructure adjustment by forging in multiple strokes - Increasing the degree of freedom during hot forming enables individual component properties S. 100-105

„… 100T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 114 (2024) NR. 3Bei …” „… Servo-Hub-Presse des Typs „SHP400“ umfasst dieser eine kon-ST I C HWÖRT E R Umformtechnik, Schmieden …” „… , Finite-Elemente-Methodedoi.org/10.37544/1436–4980–2024–03–72 T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z101WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK …”

doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2024-03

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - International Conference on Gears 2017

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

International Conference on Gears 2017

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2294 2017

Results in this title

I. Moriwaki, R. Kikuchi, D. Iba, M. Nakamura, M. Nagatsuka Contact pattern control with simple cutter motion in face-milling of zerol bevel gears using 5-axis machine S. 1379-1390

„… modifications to two machine setting parameters; i.e., H and im. The parameter, H, is the cutter initial …” „… -Axis Machine Prof.Dr.Eng. Ichiro Moriwaki, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan; Ryosuke …” „… present paper describes face-milling of Zerol bevel gears with a 5-axis machine. A machine setting are …”

S. Grützner Holistic simulation of gearboxes – system simulation S. 51-60

„… machines or generators (e.g. wind energy plants (WEP)) and therefore its life span. Reference [3 …” „… optimization of teeth numbers Modern powertrains of electric drive cars are driven by small machines with high …” „… speeds (up to more than 10000 rpm). These machines are coupled to planetary gearboxes with high …”

K. Kanto, T. Yamada, S. Komatsu, J. Morishita, I. Yamaji, A. Kubo Non-contact measurement of 3D tooth flank form accuracy of bevel gears on 5-axis machining center S. 1039-1050

„… . Many large-sized bevel gears are today manufactured by 5-axis machining center (5X-machine). This …” „… between 5X-machine and measuring machine. Here comes an idea to install a measuring system on 5X-machine …” „… X-machine. In this report, we introduce on-machine measurement system for 3D form workpiece. 1 …”

E. Böyükbaş, H. J. Stadtfeld Surface structure shift for ground bevel gears S. 1391-1402

„… . Each micro flat is generated in one axis position which the machine holds for e.g. 3 milliseconds. The …” „… short time lapping pinion and gears are mated after they leave the lapping machine. This in turn …” „… . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2294, 20171392 The basic idea of MicroPulse grinding is the use of machine motions of …”

D. Iba, S. Futagawa, T. Kamimoto, M. Nakamura, N. Miura, T. Iizuka, A. Masuda, A. Sone, I. Moriwaki Print of crack detection sensor for spur gears by laser sintering of conductive ink S. 869-880

„… electrical circuits. We have developed a 4-axis laser-printing machine that enables the sprayed conductive …” „… , we have developed a 4-axis laser printing machine and established a manufacturing technology of …” „… steel plate with the laser machine [5]. No work has been published on manufacturing circuits as sensors …”

M. Brumm, H. Müller Cyber physical gear production system – Vision of industry 4.0 gear production S. 1209-1218

„… design (e.g. GearPro Designer). Every machine in the production network is connected to the Gear Engine …” „… these figures several times into machine controls. The main cause is the heterogeneous system …” „… consisting of gear design software, machine operation software and quality inspection systems. There exist …”

C. Gosselin, E. Fritz, L. Seiler CnC manufacturing of circular faced cylindrical gears S. 1343-1352

„… Simulation Softwares Inc., Canada; E. Fritz, Dipl. Ing. L. Seiler, Product Development, ESA Eppinger GmbH …” „… lubrication. An application demonstrates actual Spurved gear sets cut on a CnC machine using standard Face …” „… theoretically be cut on conventional spiral-bevel gear generators and multi-axis CnC machines. Because of their …”

X. Kai, L. Guolong A compensation method of tooth surface error in continuous generating grinding based on the virtual-axis S. 1153-1160

„… for continuous generating grinding machine which requires dressing the wheel for many times. However …” „… solve these problems, a new error compensation method for continuous generating grinding machine based …” „… machine tool errors are divided into generating motion error (motion error of Y-axis, Z-axis, B-axis, and …”

A. Furtmann, G. Poll Electrical stress and parasitic currents in machine elements of drive trains with voltage source inverters S. 109-118

„… Electrical stress and parasitic currents in machine elements of drive trains with voltage source …” „… , Institute of machine design and tribology (IMKT), Hanover 1. Introduction Modern drive trains with …” „… machine elements with a separating lubricant film – for example rolling element bearings, journal …”

M. Daffner, M. Otto, K. Stahl Elastic deformation of a hypoid gearbox – Measurements on a static test rig to validate the calculated elastic deformation behavior S. 683-694

„… measuring machine. The test gearbox is static and consists of a hypoid gearbox for automotive applications …” „… through 5]. Weidner, Jäckle and Lechner [6, 7] use a 3D coordinate measuring machine to measure the …” „… be calculated. There are several computer programs to calculate the relative displacements (e …”

H. Yakaria Gear Data Exchange (GDE) – goLive S. 1235-1246

„… data between transmission manufacturers and their tool, machine and part suppliers. In this paper …” „… tools and machine manufacturers and users. GDE is developed by the VDI / VDE Technical VDI-Berichte Nr …” „… , structured XML format (eXtensible Markup Language), which was developed for web applications and data …”

T. Saito, K. Miyamoto Traction drive analysis identified with rheological friction property of traction fluid S. 1185-1190

„… machine[7] shown in Fig. 3 was used to measure the traction fluid characteristics. The three outer rollers …” „… Fig. 3: Structure and typical measurement results of the four-roller machine In order to treat the …” „… model for the four-roller test machine shown in Fig. 4 was formulated, and the traction characteristics …”

S. Stoyanov, V. Dobrev, A. Dobreva Investigating dynamic behavior of planetary gear trains through the systematic approach S. 197-208

„… for these drive trains are the inaccuracies which appear during the manufacturing of their machine …” „… lead to damages of the machine details and units. Besides, they have negative effects for the staff …” „… reduce of the level of noise and vibrations. Another important machine design objective is the concept …”

J. J. Liou, S. Rakuff The development of worm drives S. 503-516

„… development of plastics for lightly loaded worm drives, e.g. food processing machinery, began in the early 70s …” „… by a thread grinding machine, using a grinding wheel dressed with a double conical form. Worms can …” „… be also milled in a thread miller or similar machine, using a double conical milling cutter having …”

I. Atanasovska, H. Abderazek Comparative analysis of few new procedures for spur gears tooth profile optimization with different methods and aspects S. 1169-1176

„… two tooth pairs in contact) and E (last contact point). 2. Procedure for spur gears dynamics …” „… 11 1 1 b xF x a e and 2 12 1 2 b xF x a e describe how the maximum root stresses depend on …” „… A particular gear pair for large transport machine with predefined value series of three main tooth …”

K. Mao, V. Goodship, N. Madhav, R. Ramakrishnan, P. Langlois Experimental Investigations of Polymer Composite Gear Performance S. 1625-1636

„… authors’ research on machine cut acetal gears [15]. In this method a single test gear pair is used. The …” „… test gears are loaded at a constant load for a short period of time (e.g. 1 hour) after which the load …” „… observed in e.g. [16], namely, that below a critical torque the wear for the gears is very slow and the …”

D. Ghribi, C. Peyrac, M. Octrue Shot peening of gear tooth flanks: Search for an optimal surface topography against the micropitting S. 153-162

„… . E., “Failure atlas for Hertz contact machine elements”. 2nd edition, ASME Press, New York, NY, 1999 …” „… rolling contact fatigue machine (see Figure 1). The specimens were machined with grinding direction …” „… : Specimens surface Treatment (for both discs in contact) BT** BT + SP1** BT + SP2** BT + SP3** In iti al (T im e = 0 s) Ti m e= 1 56 m n …”

F. Yang, W. Bi Efficiency evaluation of multi-speed transmission S. 1101-1108

„… are analyzed as shown in Figure 3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R 90 92 94 96 98 100 Shifts To ta l E ffi ci en …” „… 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 mesh friction coefficient m To ta l e ffi ci en ci es …” „… , 2009. [2] E. L. Esmail. Nomographs for synthesis of epicyclic-type automatic transmissions …”

D. Strasser, S. Troll, R. Sperlich, J. Münch Reliability safeguarding for an 8 MW wind energy gearbox in serial production – Prototype and process development ensuring stable quality at the highest level S. 1085-1100

„… wind, e.g. Dutch Borssele III & IV with 54.5 EUR/MWh. Therefore, offshore has potential of reducing …” „… implementing further alignment functionality like e.g. the double-cardanic sun system. The gear’s aspect ratio …” „… the computing time under control on the other hand. This means e.g. applying small mesh elements only …”

G. Goch, K. Ni, Y. Peng, A. Günther Paradigm change in cylindrical gear metrology using areal measurement and evaluation S. 1025-1038

„… Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) or Gear Measuring Instruments (GMIs) can capture high density point …” „… (e.g. fH , F , Fp) towards areal parameters and their effective determination by two-dimensional …” „… Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) have been dominating over the past decades [1]. Line oriented …”

A. Kubo Change of gear steel quality as function of globalization – Back ground of the development for high speed automatic hardness tester S. 41-50

„… result of the globalization, because purchasing department of machine company looks for the cheapest one …” „… standardized steel name and the paper, i.e. Mill Test Report (Mill Inspection Certificate). In such …” „… ” and this is the universal fact. HIGH STRENGTH GEAR STEEL In text books for machine design, the …”

U. Kissling, M. Stangl The documentation of gearbox reliability – an upcoming demand S. 1051-1062

„… life Normally machines are designed for a certain lifetime, as for example 20’000 hours. So, the …” „… design engineer will lay out all the components of a machine based on such a request. But the methods …” „… application rules – higher than 1. Basically, for all other machine elements as shafts, bolts, housings …”

B. Schlecht, F. Rudolph, S. Schumann Experimental studies and simulation of hypoid gear lapping S. 1403-1414

„… , Dipl.-Ing. Felix Rudolph, Dr.-Ing. Stefan Schumann, Institute of Machine Elements and Machine Design …” „… pattern. The gear lapping process requires machine settings regarding the course of torque, rotational …” „… such as torque and relative displacements are calculated from the machine settings. Among other data …”

W. Wang, L. Han, Q. Yan, C. Xiang, Y. Li Research on the dynamic power split characteristics and the electric power coordinated control for a hybrid transmission system S. 131-142

„… nonlinear characteristics of the power components and transmission machine are introduced into the power …” „… and power couple. The usual gear machine is the fixed-axle gears and the planetary gears. When the …” „… constant. So, the fixed-axle gears are the torque differential machines, and the planetary gears are the …”

B. Schlecht, F. Müller, S. Schumann Simulation and measurement of tooth flank deviations on bevel gears caused by pitting and micro pitting S. 293-304

„… , Institute of Machine Elements and Machine Design (IMM), TU Dresden Abstract Fatigue failures on tooth …” „… capacity regarding different failure modes can be calculated, e.g. micro pitting and pitting [4]. This tool …” „… Antriebstechnik e.V., FVA 223 XII, Sachstandsbericht, Frankfurt, (2015) [6] Schlecht, B.: Maschinenelemente, Band …”

G. Eitzinger Adaptive coatings on gears for NVH improvement S. 1439-1450

„… one third of coating thickness. All the efforts to machine a very precise or mirror honed surface is …” „… target, i.e., "sputter them off". The dislodged atoms are flying to the substrate to be coated. The ions …” „… SUBSTRATE NEGATIVE BIAS CHAMBER WALL (ANODE) DC POWER SUPPLY TARGET (CATHODE) Ar+ e- Ar+ ARGON IONS …”

C. Andersson Grinding or shaving? – Performance based economic decision support in the manufacturing of gears S. 1353-1364

„… analysis are e.g. material cost, employee cost machine cost, outside costs, product development costs and …” „… of frequent use of e.g. Lean principles and Theory of Constraints (TOC) by practitioners in the …” „… , employee cost machine cost, outside costs and other costs. Even if OEE is an important lean measure it is …”

B. Bauer, R. Hambrecht, A. Kube Thermal analysis and optimization of gearboxes by simulation S. 917-926

„… and revolution speed in spur- and bevel-gear units causes energy losses within the moving machine …” „… the machine elements are calculated. Then, the heat outflow is regarded, separated in two steps: Step …” „… temperature. Furthermore, the terms to calculate the losses of the machine elements are only as good as an …”

A. von Freyberg, A. Fischer Automatic geometry segmentation of involute flank regions S. 1015-1024

„… construction data is available, e.g., for reverse engineering, machine tools with ceased support and old-timer …” „… construction data is available, e.g., for reverse engineering, machine tools with ceased support and old-timer …” „… measuring instruments (GMI) or coordinate measuring machines (CMM). Also optical measurement approaches …”

M. Shuai, M. Shuai, J. Guoguang, Z. Yidu, L. Chao, H. Haruo Research on multiple-split load sharing characteristics of 2-stage external meshing star gearing system S. 769-782

„… points is the error; E is manufacturing error, A is installation error, β is manufacturing error …” „… equivalent meshing error departs from the meshing line is defined as positive. o o1 ¦ Â(¦ Ã) E(A) rb x y …” „… ]. Mechanism and Machine Theory，1994，29(8)：1151-1165． [6] Kahraman A. Static load sharing characteristics …”

S. T. Ping, Y. M. Shao, L. M. Wang, H. W. Li, J. Xu, Y. Cheng, J. Liu The influence of mesh misalignment on planetary gear set with time-varying mesh stiffness S. 219-230

„… calculated. 2 2 2 2EF A B A E FB (2.1) 2 2 tanbs bp …” „… αsk the pressure angles of sun–planet without and with parallel misalignment. Secondly, A2E will be …” „… calculated. O1 O2 x y x y Os A1 B1 A2 B2 E F C1C2 D Fig. 2: Underlying mechanism of parallel …”

C. Zhang, H. Liu, C. W. Yao, Y. Li Study of vibration for spur gears of tooth profile modification and experimental validation of modification method S. 527-538

„… safety, the reliability and the work efficiency of the machine can be reduced, and the gear or other …” „… used. They can be expressed as: VDI-Berichte Nr. 2294, 2017530 2 max ( ) ( )b b e b e b s s s sC C a …” „… Parabolic Tooth Profile Modifications[J].Mechanism and Machine Theory. 1994,29,1113-1129. [9] Gang …”

C. Brecher, C. Löpenhaus, R. Greschert Influence of the grinding process on the formation of boundary layers on gears S. 1427-1438

„… economical design of gears. 1. Introduction Gear transmissions are usually run under mixed friction, i.e …” „… the produced gears. All investigations are embedded in the SPP 1551 “Resource Efficient Machine …” „… one stroke. Fig. 1: Test parts und manufacturing machines The process kinematics of profile …”

M. Nakagawa, D. Nishida, D. Sah, T. Hirogaki Development of novel test stand for three-axis driving planetary gear train control and analysis of novel PGT for noise reduction S. 331-340

„… used in various kinds of machines all over the world. A PGT has several advantages but is subject to …” „… planetary gear trains (PGTs) are used in various kinds of machines, their inherent issues relating to noise …” „… ), No. 89-0358B, pp.148-153. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2294, 2017 339 [4] Terada, E., Makino, H., and Imase, K …”

H. Hansson, H. Alm, A. Eng, M. Olsson Beveloid gears in planetary gear trains for increased Grundström, power density and reduced backlash Stensson, S. 579-590

„… very attractive in many applications, e.g. in gear boxes used for robotics. By using preloaded …” „… subjected to alternating bending loads. By using clean steels e.g IQ-steel from Ovako in the sun and planet …” „… members or to introduce flexibility into the system, e.g. by the use of flex-pins or thin walled ring …”

A. Mihailidis, G. Korbetis, N. Drivakos, I. Nerantzis Finite element method based analysis of planetary gear systems considering backlash and manufacturing deviations S. 75-82

„… manufacturing deviations Prof. Dr. Eng. A. Mihailidis, Lab. of Machine Elements and Machine Design …” „… pin position errors. 6. References [1] A. Mihailidis, I. Panagiotidis, E. Bouras, E …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… machine D. Iba, M. Nakamura, M. Nagatsuka E. Böyükbaş, Surface structure shift for ground bevel gears …” „… I- B er ic ht e 22 94 .1VDI-Society for Product and Process Design VDI-Berichte 2294.1 VDI-Society …” „… electric bus C. Ren, X. Yan, L. Lin A. Furtmann, Electrical stress and parasitic currents in machine …”

V. Angelopoulos, M. Hirsch PM gear rolling simulations using advanced plasticity material model and improved initial conditions S. 1277-1288

„… Astaloy® 85Mo (Fe+0.85 Mo)+ 0.3 % C + 0.7 % Lube E. The powder mixed, pressed into cylindrical blanks …” „… placed between the tools on the rolling machine The densified C-PT gear was measured with a CMM …” „… (Coordinate Measurement Machine) to extract the coordinates and the data were used to compare with the …”

C. Hasl, P. Oster, T. Tobie, K. Stahl Bending strength of oil-lubricated cylindrical plastic gears – Modified bending strength calculation based on VDI 2736 S. 1649-1660

„… : Test gear geometries; steel = 16MnCr5e (case hardened and ground) kst-A kst-B kst-C Pinion Gear …” „… deflection-induced load sharing. Mechanism and Machine Theory. Mechanism and Machine Theory, Volume 111, p.152-163 …” „… Strickle, E. Polyamide als Zahnradwerkstoffe. Konstruktion (Sonderdruck). 1966, Vol. 18 / 3 …”

B. Guilbert, P. Cutuli, P. Velex Hybrid dynamic model of hollow thin-rimmed gears S. 623-634

„… revolution, i.e. 68 mesh periods. The low frequency component associated with the passing of the 6 holes in …” „… dynamic behaviour of solid wide-faced spur and helical gears, Mechanism and machine design, 40:173-190 …” „… and machine theory, 41:725-748, 2006, DOI:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2005.09.005. [5] Abousleiman, V …”

M. F. Stangl, U. Kissling, A. Pogacnik A procedure to find best fitting dresser with grinding worm for a new design S. 1307-1318

„… ). Even more, the same effective tip relief for different gear design, i.e. having different profile …” „… gear flank grinding [1] Fig. 2 shows the basic manufacturing principle and machine settings for …” „… . 2: Method and machine settings for generation grinding with a worm [2] VDI-Berichte Nr. 2294, 2017 …”

E. Tamura, R. Nemoto, N. Seyama, E. Tanaka Load carrying capacity of crossed helical gears with high contact ratio S. 1139-1144

„… Load Carrying Capacity of Crossed Helical Gears with High Contact Ratio Prof. E. Tamura, Prof …” „… ; Prof. E. Tanaka, Waseda University, Fukuoka, Japan Abstract Under severe conditions of high …” „… speed and loading, machine elements, namely, gears, traction drives, rolling bearings, wheels, etc. are …”

R. Nemoto, E. Tamura, N. Seyama, E. Tanaka Friction loss and surface durability of WN gears – A Comparison with involute gears S. 1133-1138

„… . Nemoto, Prof. E. Tamura, Ass. Prof. N. Seyama, Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology …” „… , Tokyo, Japan; Prof. E. Tanaka, Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda …” „… circulating type as gear testing machine. In order to measure the friction loss of test gears, two …”

Y. Zhao Curvature interference characteristic of conical surface Enveloping Spiroid S. 835-844

„… drive, as shown in Figure 1, was initially invented by Oliver E. Saari at Illinois Tool Works (ITW) in …” „… helicoid facing to the heel is often alleged the e flank. The value of S can be selected in the light …” „… a d k k . When 2S , the generating conical surface, 2g , is adopted to grind the e …”

J. Thomas, C. Wirth Determination and improvement of bevel gear efficiency by means of loaded TCA S. 707-718

„… the local approach the micro geometry of the gear (based on machine settings) can be optimized …” „… calculation of contact stress and tooth root stress distribution [1]. Using machine settings for any gear set …” „… . 1037. Forschungsvereinigung Antriebstechnik e.V. [3] ISO/TR 13989: Calculation of scuffing load …”

C. Peng, C. Li, B. Chen Development of a test rig for transmission performances of precision planetary reducer S. 1127-1132

„… planetary driver of the loading unit is a RV450E reducer with a output torque of 6000Nm at 5rpm. The worm …” „… interface 4.Test procedure The installation procedure of a testing reducer (RV-110E-111, produced …” „… ). The factory date of RV110E reducer rigidity is shown in Table 1 which comes from product sample …”

M. Oehler, B. Magyar, B. Sauer A new standardizable calculation method to predict the efficiency of worm gear drives S. 363-372

„… parameter field for this study was created with design of experiments (DoE) to take into account a wide …” „… worm gears as part of his dissertation at the Institue of Machine Elements, Gears and Transmissions …” „… asynchronous machines with a maximum power of Pmax = 30 kW. Fig. 2: Sketch of the test rig setup for the …”

E. Maier, A. Ziegltrum, T. Lohner, K. Stahl Characterization of TEHL contacts of thermoplastic gears S. 1483-1496

„… detrimental accumulation of contact heat limit its applications to lowly loaded machine elements. Lubrication …” „… assumption is admissible, as contact heat is generally very low. Lubricants show either Newtonian (e.g. [5 …” „… , 6]) or shear thinning (e.g. [7]) rheology. Typical examples of soft TEHL contacts are lubricated …”

E. Tanaka, H.-C. Lin Gear diagnostic system using zonal laser beam for practical use S. 845-856

„… , there are so many kinds of line up for industrial machines. In the factory, various parts should be …” „… new system in a factory 5. References in this document [1] Tanaka, E., et al.: Development of the …” „… , (2007), pp. 1545-1551. (In Japanese) [2] Tanaka, E., et al.: In Situ Diagnosis of a Gear-Tooth Surface …”

J. Langhart, I. Zotos, G. Franzoso Casing stiffness variations and influence on the gear meshing properties S. 1161-1168

„… strongly influenced by many details. In this investigation, variations in FE modelling are done, as i.e …” „… am Getriebe – Mythos oder Faktum?, SMK 2016, pp. 173-191 [2] KISSsoft AG, programs for machine …”

C. Brecher, C. Löpenhaus, J. Pollaschek Influence of surface layer properties on tooth root bending strength of cylindrical gears S. 421-432

„… of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 1 Abstract The trend of resource-efficient machine elements …” „… . The aim of lightweight designs in drive technology - particularly in relation to E-mobility - can …” „… in regard to eMobility – does not allow for conventional design methods excluding higher-order …”

L. Geng, N. Mimi, L. Lan, Z. Ying, W. Liyan Mesh stiffness of cylindrical gear including tooth surface – Friction based on FEA method S. 807-814

„… pinion and wheel, 222121 /)1(/)1( EνEνη , and E1 and E2 are the Young's modulus, v1 and v2 are the …” „… 13.07.054.0min 65.2 (6) where W=w/(E*R), U=v0ur/(E*R), G=αE*, W, U, G are the load parameter and …” „… material parameter, respectively, R is the equivalent contact radius at the contact point, 1/E*=0.5[(1-v12 …”

J. Champain, S. Dalle, M. Octrue Simultaneous experimental characterization of dynamic transmission error to noise and vibration behavior of a gear system under load S. 953-962

„… account as a highly considered requirement for rotating machines performances. Transmission error is …” „… measured for sound intensity measurements; e) measurements with probe As a complement to the sound power …” „… presence of 1st harmonic of the low speed shaft frequency, and z1/z2 harmonics, i.e. the high speed shaft …”

A. Miltenović, M. Banić, Ž. Mišković, R. Mitrović, V. Miltenović Prediction of heat generation in transmission bearings by application of FEM S. 1199-1208

„… machine elements and tribology deal with them. Vats [1] analysed thermal behaviour of rolling bearings …” „… bearing: a case study, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 …” „… | pISSN: 2321-7308. [2] Kushwaha A.S., Wankhade A.B., Mahajan D.E., Thakur D.K., Analysis of the Ball …”

D. Liang, B. Chen, R. Tan, C. Li Tooth profiles design and stress analysis of double helical gear transmissions with geometric elements constructed tooth pairs S. 411-420

„… i(i=a, f)--Process angle 4 2 31 4 52 55 e--Addendum chamfer angle of concave tooth 45 …” „… =0.25, E=207GPa. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2294, 2017416 (a) (b) Fig …” „… logarithmic spiral bevel gears. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 86 (2015) 86 pp.172-190. [5] Bingkui, C …”

P. Norgauer, W. Sigmund, D. Kadach, K. Stahl Comprehensive simulation methods for crossed helical gear sets with the main focus on the calculation of contact patterns S. 353-362

„… characterized by point contact. Typical applications of this gear type are actuators, e.g. in automobiles or …” „… , special modifications which are common with plastic crossed helical gear sets, e.g. radius at the tooth …” „… flank forces. The local flank forces are influenced by a variety of boundary conditions, e.g. the …”

M. Kanters, B. van Wissen, R. Nickel Relevant tribological testing method for high performance plastic gears S. 1507-1518

„… plastic material properties, composition (e.g. fiber reinforcement), and temperature on the wear and …” „… as the gears analytical models are available to calculate the pressure and sliding distance, e …” „… the gears were performed on a custom-built machine (see Figure 3), consisting of two motors where one …”

M. Koop, E. Melnikov, V. Merz Design investigations and indications for acoustical optimized gear meshes using plastic gears S. 1519-1530

„… Dipl.-Ing (FH) M. Koop, BSc. E. Melnikov, BEng. V. Merz, IMS Gear SE & Co. KGaA, Donaueschingen …” „… given. The test assembly includes a multitude of noise generating machine elements. A frequency …” „… [1] Melnikov, E.: Theoretische Untersuchung zum Einfluss von Auslegungsparametern auf die …”

C. Weber, T. Tobie, K. Stahl Investigation on the flank surface durability of gears with increased pressure angle S. 173-184

„… flank load carrying capacity against the most common gear failures, i.e. pitting, micro-pitting, and …” „… capacity was discussed. Therefore, the most common gear failures, i.e. pitting, micro-pitting, and …” „… Schmierölen (ISO 14635-1:2000). Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., Berlin (2006). [2] DIN 3979: Zahnschäden …”

C. Güntner, T. Tobie, K. Stahl “Alternative” microstructures and their influence on mechanical properties of case-hardened gears S. 399-410

„… ” microstructure show some differences, e.g. in the hardness profiles, compared to results of “standard” case …” „… numerous investigations (e. g. [9] and [12]) a martensitic layer with retained austenite (maximum amount …” „… an electro-magnetic pulsating test rig as shown in Fig. 3. The test rig consists of a machine frame …”

J. Lohmiller, J. Hoffmeister, J. Hermes, M. Ansorg, H. Dhonau Development and investigation of austempered ductile iron (ADI) for thick-walled gear components S. 963-976

„… . KG, Bruchsal; Dipl.-Ing. Michel Ansorg, Ing. (grad.) Hans Dhonau, Eisengiesserei Hans Dhonau e …” „… defined by the number of planets sharing the load. Possible applications are in drive units, e.g. for …” „… along the shaft and the bearing seat. In this study, the iron foundry Hans Dhonau e.K. (Dhonau) and SEW …”

L. Liu Tooth contact analysis of a new type of face gear drive S. 457-466

„… conjugate (i.e. line contact), which is very sensitive to machining and installation error. In practice …” „… accessory motion i.e. the tangential motion (the velocity is denoted as Yv ) besides the radial feed (the …” „… and stress analysis of two versions of geometry of face-gear drives. Mechanism and Machine Theory 37 …”

Y. Cai, L. Yao, Z. Xie, J. Zhang, C. Peng Influence analysis of system parameters on characteristics of the nutation drive with double circular arc spiral bevel gears S. 435-446

„… (°) tra ns m is si on e ff ic ie nc y iH4=78 iH4=105 (a) (b …” „… 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 friction coefficient μ tra ns m is si on e ff ic ie nc y iH4=78 iH …” „… misalignments on tooth contact in spiral bevel gears. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 2008, 43: 1253-1267 …”

C. Brecher, C. Löpenhaus, J. Brimmers Potential of free flank modifications for beveloid gears S. 553-564

„… usage of micro geometry modifications (e.g. concave lead crowning) can enlarge the contact pattern …” „… e.g. the transmission error or the maximum occurring flank pressure. These objective values are …” „… point cloud is a result of a topography measurement of gears on a measurement machine or a …”

T. Frech, C. Löpenhaus, F. Klocke Influence of the contact conditions in cold rolling on the density profile of powder metallurgical (PM) gears S. 1265-1276

„… . E.h. Dr. h.c. Dr. h.c. Fritz Klocke, WZL of RWTH Aachen, Aachen Abstract Powder metallurgical (PM …” „… gears. The used cold rolling machine Profiroll PR15HP allows to construct contact radii R > 9 mm. In …” „… radii are varied in a range of 9 < R < 23 mm. FN kb2 kb1 w2 w1 FN ry2 ry1 Y E A ω1 ω2 FN w2 w1 FN ry2 …”

M. Ophey, F. Klocke, C. Löpenhaus Approach for modeling grinding worm wear S. 1365-1378

„… . E.h. Dr. h.c. Dr. h.c. Fritz Klocke, Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Christoph Löpenhaus, WZL of RWTH …” „… Bremen [19] Suh N P, Sin H C (1981) The Genesis of Friction. In: Wear, Jg. 69, S. 91–114 [20] Uhlmann E …” „… / Swiss 2015, ISBN 978-3-03835-616-5; 978-3-03859-410-9 (CD) ; 978-3-0357-0095-4 ( E-Book), S. 231 – 238 …”

A. Kahraman, H. Ligata Effects of external splines on deformations of ring gears of planetary gear sets S. 341-352

„… on unequal planet load sharing caused by manufacturing errors [1-8], dynamic behavior (e.g. Refs …” „… Machine Theory, 29, 1151–1165. [15] Kahraman, A., 1994, “Planetary Gear Train Dynamics”, J. Mech. Design …” „… located at (a) 85.4% , (b) 67.7% , (c) 50% , (d) 32.2% and (e) 14.5% for the 4 …”

M. Takahashi, T. Itagaki, N. Maeda, H. Takahashi Evaluation of developed micro-gear endurance test system and basic study on load-carrying characteristics of micro-spur-gears S. 243-252

„… are repeatedly verified, this technology can improve medical equipment, micro-machines …” „… pitch diameter of a micro-gear is relatively large (e.g., 4 mm), the lubricating oil is not scattered …”

M. Baar, P. Oster, T. Tobie, K. Stahl Theoretical investigations of the load distribution of small sized crown gear sets different material pairings S. 1593-1610

„… . Karsten Stahl, Institute of Machine Elements/ Gear Research Centre (FZG), Munich The results shown in …” „… MnCrS5 E case hardened. 680-780 HV1 Eht = 0,2-0,4 mm, no grinding 1 0,65 1 0,65 60/9 58 38 58 38 …” „… different material pairings and sizes er tra gb ar e H er tz sc he P re ss un g / ( N /m m ²) A nt rie …”

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Ghada Elserafi, Fabian Borst, Adrian von Hayn, Stefan Schmitt, Matthias Weigold Energieeffiziente Bauteiltrocknung durch Abwärmenutzung/Energy efficient parts drying through waste heat utilization – Integrated thermal planning of a throughput cleaning machine for internal waste heat utilization S. 25-30

„… -increase-inenergy-efficiency-of-industrial-production-processes-through-thermalcrosslinking-of-cutting-machine-tools-and-cleaning-machines-by-heatpump-technology/. Zugriff am 03.12.2020 [12] Abele, E.: Gemeinsamer Schlussbericht zum Projekt ETA-Fabrik …” „… T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z 25WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 111 (2021) NR. 01-02 …” „… a throughput cleaning machine for internal waste heat utilization The objective of the LoTuS …”

Felix Brenner, Armin Lechler, Alexander Verl Störgrößenkompensation für Vorschubantriebe/Disturbance compensation for feed drives S. 82-87

„… 82 T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 111 (2021) NR. 01-02 …” „… are mainly used in large machine tools and controlled by indirect position control. This leads to low …” „… of modern machine tools, this paper presents an accelerationbased disturbance compensation …”

Oliver Kohn, Alexander Fertig, Benjamin Brockhaus, Matthias Weigold In Maschinendaten Fehler beim Gewinden detektieren/Detection of process errors during tapping in machine tool data S. 20-24

„… 20 T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 111 (2021) NR. 01-02 …” „… process errors during tapping in machine tool data The increasing digitalization of machine tools allows …” „… internal machine tool data. 1 Einleitung und Motivation Im Rahmen der zunehmenden Digitalisierung der …”

Thomas Bergs, Amina Ziegenbein, Dominik Knappe, Joachim Metternich Verschleißregression durch interne Maschinensignale/Tool wear regression using internal machine signals S. 59-64

„… T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z 59WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 111 (2021) NR. 01-02 …” „… internal machine signals The modelling of tool wear is an important field of research for industry …” „… , especially when processing difficult-to-machine materials. In this article, we will present a regression …”

Michael Stroka, Sascha Stribick, Moritz Kolb Geklebte Keramiken im unterbrochenen Schnitt/Adhesive bonded ceramics in intermittent cutting – Investigation of circular sawing of grey cast iron with adhesively bonded ceramic teeth S. 65-70

„… T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z 65WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 111 (2021) NR. 01-02 …” „… brazing machine. Then the tools were grinded and functioning and behavior were validated in a model …” „… Risse die Festigkeitseigen- S T I C H W Ö R T E R Fügetechnik, Sägen, Keramik Bei diesem Beitrag handelt …”

Tobias Tandler, Dina Becker, Rocco Eisseler, Thomas Stehle, Hans-Christian Möhring Effekt der Sägekinematik auf die Prozesseffizienz/Kinematic variation with a circular sawbalde process S. 2-7

„… 2 T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 111 (2021) NR. 01-02 …” „… vorgestellt. S T I C H W Ö R T E R Sägen, NE-Metalle, Fertigungstechnik Bei diesem Beitrag handelt es sich um …” „… einen wissenschaftlich begutachteten und freigegebenen Fachaufsatz („reviewed paper“). T I T E L T H E …”

Christian Menze, Kamil Güzel, Thomas Stehle, Hans-Christian Möhring Prozessparameter beim Heißdrahtschneiden/Determination of proper process parameters for hot wire cutting with an industrial robot S. 88-92

„… 88 T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 111 (2021) NR. 01-02 …” „… , thermomechanischer und mechanischer Schneidvorgang (Bild 1). S T I C H W Ö R T E R Automatisierung …” „… Heißdrahtschneiden Bild: Brooks [6] T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z 89WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 111 …”

Lars Petruschke, Max Burkhardt, Benedikt Grosch, Thomas Kohne, Matthias Weigold, Michael Zens, Laura Frings Energieeffizienz von lufttechnischen Anlagen/Energy efficiency of HVAC systems - Case study of the ETA transfer project in the machining industry S. 31-36

„… T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z 31WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 111 (2021) NR. 01-02 …” „… H W Ö R T E R Energieeffizienz, Produktionstechnik, Simulation Bei diesem Beitrag handelt es sich um …” „… einen wissenschaftlich begutachteten und freigegebenen Fachaufsatz („reviewed paper“). 32 T I T E L T H …”

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Hans-Christian Möhring, Thomas Stehle, Matthias Schneider Ermittlung der Staubemissionen an Holz-Bearbeitungsmaschinen/Determining the dust emission of woodworking machines for risk assessment S. 64-69

„… machine manufacturer. S T I C H W Ö R T E R Bearbeitungszentren, Energieeffizienz, Trockenbearbeitung Bei …” „… machine. The influence or exposure of workers depends on environmental conditions, such as e.g. room size …” „… 64 T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 110 (2020) NR. 01-02 …”

Patrick Georgi, Ssrah Eschelbacher, Thomas Stehle, Hans-Christian Möhring Erfahrungen mit alternativen Kraftmessungen/Experiences with alternative force measurements - Comparing sensor-integrated toolholders to traditional piezo-based measurement technology S. 24-31

„… 24 T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 110 (2020) NR. 01-02 …” „… tool and the machine. Furthermore, the cutting force can be used to deduce the state of wear of the …” „… erläutert. Hierzu werden sowohl werkzeugseitige, S T I C H W Ö R T E R Sensorik, Zerspanung …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-3

„… 01-02 | 2020 www.werkstattstechnik.de P R O D U K T I O N S T E C H N I K Additive Fertigung …” „… keramischer Schneidstoffe D I G I T A L E F A B R I K Simulation und Optimierung kombiniert F E R T I G …” „… U N G S T E C H N I K Schwingungsüberlagerte Kreissägewerkzeuge WerkstattsTechnik 1 E D I T O R …”

Dirk Biermann, Berend Denkena, Benjamin Bergmann, Ivan Iovkov, Julian Frederic Gerken, Niklas Klages Prozesskontrolle auch bei tiefen Bohrungen/Process control even for deep boreholes – Development of a mechatronic tool system for BTA deep hole drilling for compensation of straightness deviation S. 50-53

„… 50 T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 110 (2020) NR. 01-02 …” „… is currently performed manually and very time-consuming by the machine operator using a mobile …” „… in Bild 1 ersichtlich. S T I C H W Ö R T E R Automatisierung, Sensoren, Bohren T I T E L T H E M A …”

Jonas Duntschew, Sarah Eschelbacher, Thomas Stehle, Hans-Christian Möhring Berührungslose Analyse des Sägebandzustands/Contactless saw blade analysis. Investigation of saw blade conditions using the Barkhausen Effect S. 39-44

„… T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z 39WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 110 (2020) NR. 01-02 …” „… Werkstückoberflächenqualität und die Erhöhung der Werkzeugstandzeit [3, 4]. S T I C H W Ö R T E R Materialprüfung, Sensorik …” „… Fachaufsatz („reviewed paper“). 40 T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD …”

Niklas Panten, Heiko Ranzau, Thomas Kohne, Daniel Moog, Eberhard Abele, Matthias Weigold Simulation und Optimierung kombiniert/A simulation-based framework for operational optimization of industrial energy systems S. 12-17

„… 12 T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 110 (2020) NR. 01-02 …” „… und Optimierung kombiniert N. Panten, H. Ranzau, T. Kohne, D. Moog, E. Abele, M. Weigold Die …” „… , modellbasierten S T I C H W Ö R T E R Digitale Fabrik, Simulation, Energieeffizienz Bei diesem Beitrag handelt es …”

Kamil Güzel, Thomas Stehle, Hans-Christian Möhring Aeroakustisch optimierte Kreissägeblätter/Simulation-based optimization of the aeroacoustic behavior of circular saw blades S. 18-23

„… 18 T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 110 (2020) NR. 01-02 …” „… - S T I C H W Ö R T E R Simulation, Sägen, Optimierung Bei diesem Beitrag handelt es sich um einen …” „… wissenschaftlich begutachteten und freigegebenen Fachaufsatz („reviewed paper“). T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H …”

Robert Miehe, Yannick Baumgarten, Thomas Bauernhansl Biointelligenz/Biointelligence – Definition and Categorization – A Discussion Paper S. 58-63

„… 58 T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 110 (2020) NR. 01-02 …” „… (www.biotrain.info). S T I C H W Ö R T E R Industrie 4.0, Produktionstechnik, Technologietransfer Bei diesem Beitrag …” „… “). T I T E L T H E M A – F A C H A U F S A T Z 59WT WERKSTATTSTECHNIK BD. 110 (2020) NR. 01-02 Das …”

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