„… structures but also more economic ones, [Costa-03]. Looking at the probable critical mechanisms of the …” „… structures or the real structures at the onset of yielding. Depending on the force level of strength design …” „… Introduction It can be inferred from Section 2.4 that in the seismic design of structures, the design target …”

„… month the earth is shaken by approximately 80,000 earthquakes; at a rate of 2 earthquakes a minute …” „… areas. Taking a short look at the seismic hazard map of the world, Fig. 1.1, earthquake epicentres, Fig …” „… ) The majority of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures in different parts of the world even …”

„… nonlinear finite element software ATENA which has been developed for modelling the behaviour of structures …” „… ATENA The assumptions in ATENA for nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete structures and components …” „… normalized strain, ? is strain, ? ? is strain at the peak stress ? ? ′ ? ? , k is shape parameter, ? 0 …”

„… 2.1 Introduction Connections are one of the most important components of structures affecting the …” „… global behavior of them. In a RC frame structure, beam-column joints are critical zones for effectively …” „… . In other words, prior to the developing of new codes of seismic resistant structures in 1970s …”

„… research attempted to observe the seismic design principals of RC frame structures in seismic retrofitting …” „… of reinforced concrete frame structures under seismic loading to investigate the deficiencies and …” „… existing RC beam-column joints. The seismic design principals of RC frame structures were observed in …”

„… the end of the test so that at the end (3.5% drift level) 145 and 29kN was recorded for BD-B and SD-B …” „… % which was reported by R3.2.1 of [ACI 374.1-05] for typical relative energy dissipation ratio at 3 …” „… yielding the beam bars were observed at the same time in ±0.75% drift level and then maximum lateral …”

„… deficiency can cause significant strength degradation and contribute to the collapse of structure because …” „… ** 180.5*** * at the beam-joint interface ** the contribution of the concrete to shear strength is …” „… properties at different ages some cylinder and cubic samples were provided during the casting. - Curing …”