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Gefahrstoffe

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GrdL Volume 81 (2021) Issue 09-10 ISSN Online: 0949-8036

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Anneliese Kaser-Giebl, Reinhard Ellinger, Christian Hübner, Cornelia Pfaller Vehicular emissions of ammonia and nitrogen oxides in an Austrian traffic tunnel/Fahrzeugemissionen von Ammoniak und Stickoxiden in einem österreichischen Verkehrstunnel S. 379-385

„… 4.7 mg vkm-1 and thus lower compared to emission factors determined previously within other tunnel …” „… numbers lead to a low tunnel jet, which makes the quantification of the emission mass flow uncertain. The …” „… saturated traffic due to higher traffic density and more HDVs. NOx emission factors were lower with fluid …”

Patricia Forbes, Genna-Leigh Geldenhuys, George Dragan, Erwin Karg, Juergen Schnelle-Kreis, Gert Jakobi, Juergen Orasche, Ralf Zimmermann, Dietmar Breuer, Vesta Geitner Feasibility study of portable sampling techniques for combustion related airborne particulates in a platinum mine/Machbarkeitsstudie zu personengetragenen Probenahmetechniken für Partikel aus Verbrennungsmotoremissionen in einer Platinmine S. 386-396

„… and the inhalation of hazardous substances such as coal dust, silica or diesel exhaust emissions are …” „… emissions above a threshold limit value should be considered as a potential trigger of cancer [3; 4]. More …” „… ) as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) [4]. In general, particle-bound diesel engine emissions are …”

Ulrich Uhrner, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis, Andreas Philipp, Markus Pesch, Marcus Hank, Volker Ziegler, Klaus Schäfer, Hans Grimm, Thomas Gratza, Michael Kowalski, Josef Cyrys, Johannes Werhahn, Stefan Emeis, Paul Tremper, Johannes Riesterer, Till Riedel, Matthias Budde, Annette Peters, Michael Beigl Hochaufgelöste Erfassung der urbanen Feinstaubbelastung mittels Messnetz aus kostengünstigen Sensoren und numerischen Simulationen/High-resolution mapping of urban fine dust pollution with a network of inexpensive (mid- and low-cost) sensors and numerical simulations S. 353-361

„… vielschichtige, heterogene Messnetz umfasst aktuell mehr als 100 Middle- und Low-cost-Sensoren, zum Teil neu …” „… mit Low-cost-Sensoren beigetragen. A B S T R A C T The interdisciplinary „Smart Air Quality Network …” „… with low-cost particulate sensors. High-resolution mapping of urban fine dust pollution with a network …”

Inken Laufer, Holm Kühne, Udo Jäckel Quantification of DNA in PM10 fraction of aerosols from rural ambient air/Quantitative Erfassung der Gesamt-DNA in der PM10-Fraktion von Aerosolen des ländlichen Raums S. 362-367

„… specification of different guidelines for environmental emission and immission analyses (compare VDI 4257 Part …” „… be a result of increased natural emission as well as intensified anthropogenic activities in the …” „… Ergebnis von verstärkter natürlicher Emission und erhöhter anthropogener Aktivität im Landwirtschaftssektor …”

George C. Dragan, Ralph Hebisch, Anita Woznica, Andrea Warzecha, Anastasia Martiny, Rüdiger Hassemer, Lutz Nitschke, Ralf Nehls, Dirk Fendler Laboratory comparison of measurement procedures for workplace monitoring of mercury vapor/Laborvergleich zwischen Messverfahren zur Bestimmung von Quecksilberdämpfen am Arbeitsplatz S. 339-344

„… used to detect possible local emission sources as well as to evalu ate any exposure peaks. They can …” „… ) %, though slightly lower at a mercury concentration of 2 µg/m³ (92%). The second Mercury Tracker 3000IP …” „… differences (average of 108% vs. 101.5%) were measured at the lowest mercury concentration, with vapor …”

Dietmar Breuer, Jana Dospil, Petra Heckmann, Cornelia Wippich Empfindlichkeit von Messverfahren: Grundsätzliches zur Bestimmungsgrenze/Sensitivity of measurement methods: basic information on the limit of quantitation S. 327-331

„… , such as occupational exposure limits or tolerable concentrations. The – significantly lower …” „… criterion, the requirement stated in the TRGS 402 Technical Rules for Hazardous Substances for the lower …” „… a measurement method is the limit of quantitation: it must be less than or equal to the lower limit …”

doi.org/10.37544/0949-8036-2021-09-10

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Commercial Vehicles 2021

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Commercial Vehicles 2021

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2380 2021

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J. F. Beaupère, F. Domprobst Tire contribution to truck sustainability – Roadmap to 2030 S. 135-148

„… not kind of low rolling resistance tires and specify other tires when they buy new trucks. When …” „… . Introduction Climate change due to CO2 emissions is considered by far as the priority among all the …” „… sustainability criteria while air and water pollution come behind. Truck is the second CO2 emissions …”

M. Holzer, F.-D. Speck Hybridization of heavy duty trucks – Market analysis and technology for high voltage as well as low voltage solutions S. 33-42

„… give an incentive to haulers to use trucks with lower CO2 VDI-Berichte Nr. 2380, 202138 emissions …” „… 15%-30% reduced toll charges. In addition to that, low emission vehicles (LEV) might profit from 30%-50 …” „… vehicle with CO2 emissions lower than 50% of the reference CO2 emissions of its vehicle group, other than …”

S. Baker, S. Munshi, J. Huang High performance and efficiency hydrogen engine using westport fuel systems’ Commercially available HPDI fuel system S. 97-116

„… suitable low or zero carbon energy solutions and to further mitigate regulated ambient air pollutants …” „… (using low pressure port fuel injection with spark ignition) and for non-premixed engines (using low …” „… evaluate the impact of hydrogen on a heavy duty engine performance, efficiency and emissions. The results …”

L. Heber, J. Schwab, T. Knobelspies Thermoelectric generators for heavy-duty vehicles as an economical waste heat recovery system S. 17-32

„… Abstract Fuel consumption and emissions from heavy-duty vehicles account for a large proportion of …” „… emissions of road transport and without further innovation, significant reductions are unlikely. Part of …” „… via the engine coolant and exhaust system. Thermoelectric generators offer a solution with low …”

H. Bublies, T. Dieckmann The chassis remains the backbone of road transport  smart & light S. 179-188

„… lower CO2 emissions ZERO EMISSIONS ZERO ACCIDENTS Safety Assistance systems (ADAS) for the protection …” „… enabler for electrification and automation and is contributing to the long-term vision of zero emission …” „… vehicle lifetime 2) • 85% less CO2 emission3) during production due to: • Smaller machines needed (100 W …”

J. Pell, I. Müller, W. Gruber, A. Schilk E/E architecture and operating strategy for fuel-cell trucks – Challenges and solutions for energy- and cost-efficient operation S. 117-134

„… new trucks dramatically within the next decade, which require to consider emission-free/neutral …” „… Andreas Schilk, AVL CDTE, Steyr, Austria Abstract Manufacturers have to reduce CO₂ emissions from …” „… technology is seen as a key enabler to meet fleet targets for emissions and operation cost. This requires …”

H. Ulmer, M. Rothschuh, F. Brinkmann, R. Wascheck, T. Delebinski eDrive & Fuel Cell powertrain systems engineering for commercial vehicles S. 55-72

„… low greenhouse gas emission development strategy of the EU and its Member States …” „… , global efforts are being made to achieve a clear reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, CO …” „… 2 regulations or Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV) target Fig.s are either introduced or under …”

C. Glöggler, C. Neuschl, A. Zaiser, D. Denzel Health & safety in public transport – Better climate and optimized hygiene in times of COVID-19 S. 229-244

„… almost complete standstill. Even in the brief phases during which incidence rates were at lower levels …” „… shift towards private transport. While increased bicycle use is also helping to reduce CO2 emissions …” „… impact on CO2 emissions and, increasingly, electricity consumption. To counter the long-term negative …”

L. Matthies, C. Frey Concept study of a commercial vehicle suspension with optional electric machines S. 167-178

„… also trailers can make a significant contribution to reducing CO2 emissions. In principle, electrified …” „… electrification, lightweight design is another effective measure to reduce CO2 emissions, as this reduces driving …” „… causes relatively lower stress in the frame structure. The maximum stress is below 462 MPa. VDI-Berichte …”

T. Mauthner, G. Hasenbichler, B. Henriques Intelligent automated driving features for refuse collection vehicles S. 189-204

„… interaction with workers operating with and around the vehicles. Recent standards like Low-speed automated …” „… eCanter, a fully electric platform was chosen at project start to target future-proof zero emission …” „… collection procedure takes place at low velocity, repeatedly moving the vehicle along a road, stopping at …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… is available via Internet at www.dnb.de. f Ways to achieve Zero Emission ZF E-Mobility products and …” „… well as low voltage solutions …”

C. Biedinger, T. Halfmann, M. Speckert, C. G. Berges, P. Cuny Consumption-optimized planning of transport missions using virtual drives S. 149-166

„… and supposed to reduce the consumption of heavy goods vehicles and the associated CO2 emissions. To …” „… of GHG emissions since it is responsible for approximately 25% of the emissions and this …” „… direction is reversed. It is clear that a road segment with a high upward and low downward altitude …”

S. Schönherr, T. Bergmaier-Trede MAN Truck & Bus SE – Shaping the future of mobility S. 245-270

„… clearly set out. The objective has now changed from “low emission” to “no emission”! Today's sustainable …” „… “Automobile/Vehicle/Bike”. “The MAN Lion’s City E rounds off the new generation of city buses as the emission-free version …” „… and reducing emissions and noise. In doing so, we are helping to reduce the ecological footprint to …”

N. Rossel, M. Sommer, E. Sax Automated and networked city buses – Optimized, demand-oriented service through intelligent use of data S. 215-228

„… underground trains in inner-city areas are already locally emission-free, the electrification of city buses …” „… have so far run predominantly on diesel will be replaced by locally emission-free alternatives …” „… cities are attaching importance to a transport infrastructure with the lowest possible environmental …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023808

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Dritev – Drivetrain For Vehicles 2019

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Dritev – Drivetrain For Vehicles 2019

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2354 2019

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W. Wenzel, M. Eglinger, M. Li, C. Sieg, J. Hengst, F. Küçükay Next generation of 48V HEV

„… emissions, different levels of hybridization were developed and appear on the market. Besides very low …” „… 101.2 g/km and 10 % lower compared to the P0 architecture. The lower emissions occur since the vehicle …” „… CO2 emissions. The recuperation potential of the P0 HEV is significantly lower compared to systems …”

K. Baron, C. Rübsam, M. Werra, F. Küçükay Hybridized manual transmission – Opportunities and challenges of mild hybridization

„… efficiency, low cost, low weight, its proven technology and lower complexity compared to automatic …” „… to reduce the CO2 emissions of passenger cars [2] worldwide. This paper includes analysis results …” „… transmissions (AT, DCT, CVT). In addition, the electrified manual transmission takes advantage of lower cost …”

R. Nasdal, K. Masser Diverse requirements, one product family – The HV Kit for LCV from MAGNA

„… electric driving mode for diesel low emission zones. Various driver assistance situations like traffic …” „… , eParking, significant CO2 savings, admission to low/zero emission zones. Concept 2 additionally offers AWD …” „… to drive the vehicle with lowest CO2 emissions in the various traffic situations. [1] M. Bahne …”

T. Basbous, J. Mortal Electric driveline adaptation from passenger-car application to Light & Medium Truck application – A competitive, efficient, compact and light solution

„… challenges facing the world, not only for greenhouse gas emissions, but also for health damaging pollutants …” „… improve air quality in their communities through electrification. Whilst emission standards at a national …” „… engines real emissions and generated pressure to ban diesel vehicles. Megacities like London, Paris and …”

M. Lindström Gas powered heavy duty vehicles from Scania: Current program and future potential

„… important part of reducing CO2emissions. Currently Scania produces four different gas engine versions for …” „… have the low noice PIEK certificate which makes it legal to operate them during the night in cities …” „… congestion in cities, see E. Devin [1]. In most markets the price for gas fuel is also significantly lower …”

S. Kluemper Benefits of the new Allison 9-speed fully automatic – Medium duty commercial transmission

„… . Technologies incorporated include optimized lube, low drag seal rings, fully modulated main pressure, and low …” „… effective ratios for the new 9-Speed. A high ratio coverage transmission is able to achieve both low speed …” „… gradeability and lower engine speeds at cruise thereby improving fuel efficiency of the vehicle. Gear Ratio …”

R. Dold New powertrain concepts for heavy duty commercial vehicles

„… intensifying traffic require Zero Emission solutions for urban distribution. Urbanization and growing …” „… deliveries. Zero emission vehicles categorization To fulfil upcoming CO2 regulations Daimler …” „… Trucks focusses on development of Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV) for different Truck applications (Light …”

A. Esser, J.-E. Schleiffer, T. Eichenlaub, S. Rinderknecht Development of an optimization framework for the comparative evaluation of the ecoimpact of powertrain concepts

„… emission-free city driving and a relatively high total electrical driving percentage are achieved, since the …” „… emissions over the entire life cycle of a vehicle must be estimated. The vehicle production, its operation …” „… innovative powertrain concepts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is to be determined. The properties of …”

D. Schweigert, M. Mileti, B. Morhard, M. Sedlmair, M. Fromberger, M. Otto, T. Lohner, K. Stahl Innovative transmission concept for hyper-high-speed electromechanical powertrains

„… at low speeds and a high efficiency at cruise speed. On the other hand, the second subsystem is …” „… . Especially for the fixed-speed sub-transmission, different gear designs (i.e. Reference, Low-Loss and …” „… motivation The need to dramatically reduce the local emissions of passenger and light-duty commercial …”

S. Stöhr, R. Koesling, V. Marx New all-wheel drive systems in Mercedes-Benz SUVs

„… modules ensure a high specific power output, low specific consumption and emissions, through both …” „… emissions. The conceptually defined ratio spread, for example, creates the basis for generally lower …” „… Allradantrieb mit Low- und High-Range-Modus zur Verfügung, sodass der GLE auf Wunsch so geländetauglich wie …”

M. Maillard, L. Laurenty, S. Chretien Impact of hybridization on functional safety for low voltage eMotors – Impact of electrical and hybrid architectures (P2 P4) on the ASIL of electrical machines (eMotors)

„… Impact of hybridization on functional safety for Low voltage eMotors Impact of electrical and …” „… the manufacturers to reduce the consumption of their vehicles in CO² emission led to the evolution of …” „… driving and operating situations (E) E1 : Extremely low probability E2 : Low probability E3 …”

H. Göbbels, S. Scholz, S. Volkmer Efficient 6-speed manual transmission for modern downspeeding solutions

„… and pollutant emissions. For this reason, they are currently characterized primarily by low …” „… turbochargers. The latter improve powertrain performance and make high torques possible even at low engine …” „… efficiency, even at low loads, as a result of its intelligent transmission fluid management capabilities …”

A. Kooy, R. Seebacher Minimize torsional vibrations – Full isolation if necessary

„… Absenkung der Drehzahl für den Fahrbetrieb, um Verbrauch und Emissionen einzusparen. Außerdem wurden …” „… start and stop challenges, reduced design spaces, driving at low engine speed and increased NVH …” „… another decrease in speed for driving, in order to reduce consumption and emissions. The design methods …”

S. Demmerer Efficiency of electric axle drive systems – Potential of multi-speed-drives

„… rarely discussed, since the characteristic map of an electric drive is so homogeneous that only low fuel …” „… for both: zero emissions and high acceleration. But performance means not only fast acceleration …” „… ) Furthermore, greater efficiency leads to a lower consumption of electric energy and thus to a lower amount of …”

M. Horn, F. Kutter, B. Vahlensieck Advanced development of dedicated hybrid concepts – Systematic search for optimal powertrain concepts

„… metropolitan areas with local emission-free driving concepts, end of next decade, the focus could shift more …” „… commuting and driving in local emission-free zones with relatively small electric energy storages and …” „… already set a goal to cut CO2 emissions by 35 % for 2030 from 2021 values. Especially for large and heavy …”

A. Viehmann, J.-E. Schleiffer, S. Rinderknecht Evaluation of the dedicated range-extender transmission powertrain concept DE-REX regarding efficiency, costs and complexity – Comparative assessment of electric and hybrid powertrain configurations b...

„… emission-free electric driving for about 60-100 km and by the capability for driving long distances (> 350 km …” „… locally emission-free in urban areas, and are suitable to cover longer distances as well. VDI-Berichte …” „… "TDT4LR". 1. Introduction In order to meet legal requirements concerning CO2-Emissions, Battery …”

G. Hellenbroich Low-cost DCT for emerging markets incl. 48 V hybridization

„… Low-cost DCT for emerging markets incl. 48 V hybridization Dr.-Ing. Gereon Hellenbroich, FEV …” „… key to success will be low costs, both in terms of manufacturing and total cost of ownership …” „… . Enablers for this are a low cost dual clutch and actuation system, a low complexity gearset and a modular …”

K. von Rueden, C. Danzer, J. Liebold, T. Mueller, T. Hirschbeck 1, 2 or 3 – how much it would be? Evaluating the need of multispeed electric drives coming from different perspectives

„… to lower speeds and higher torques in order to minimize fuel consumption and emissions. A useful …” „… Entwicklungsziele für 2025+ in Bezug auf CO2-Emissionen, Leistung, Komfort, Gewicht und Kosten zu erreichen …” „… Abstract In order to achieve the development goals for 2025+ in terms of CO2-emissions, performance …”

S. Kurokawa, M. Kunihisa, Y. Oyama Development of a new next-generation CVT for small cars

„… compartment smaller and to lower the mounting position of the powertrain. In this vehicle category, economy …” „… low ratio determined by vehicle specifications Previously, efforts to secure launch performance …” „… in reverse gear had the effect of lowering the through low gear ratio in forward gears more than …”

Y. Le Neindre Great Wall Motors’ 2nd generation of Pi4 platform – A high performance PHEV for premium SUV in China

„… architecture (ex P2 Hybrids) offers significant advantages. By offering low mechanical friction, higher …” „… front and rear axle and a lower effect of torque limitation on the front axle (gearbox limitations on 1 …” „… and allow to reach performances comparable to mechanical 4WD in low adherence conditions. Fig. 03 …”

C. Leonhardt, M. Otto, K. Stahl Potential of lightweight construction and component properties of joined spur gears

„… tested gears could withstand high static torques up to 890 Nm but significantly lower torques in the …” „… legislation becoming more and more stringent concerning the threshold values of exhaust emission the …” „… also can reduce the rotating inertia and therefore reduce the fuel consumption and thus emissions …”

C. Dassler, M. Kurch, M. Nichols NVH-challenges and solution approaches in electric drive development from the supplier‘s view

„… triumph of the automobile conquering individual mobility, its emissions have always been of interest. Not …” „… develop over the next years and decades. The second paradigm shift is the lowering of emissions …” „… , partially to a level of no emissions whatsoever, which also includes radiated noise. By implementing new …”

D. P. Morisco, I. Liviu Iepure Enhanced application of high-performance-computing in the design process of high-power-density traction motors

„… using classical approaches suffers of low accuracy due to necessary simplifying assumptions. A …” „… warming, electric vehicles are expected to help decrease the CO2 emissions and mitigate the climate change …” „… lower DC resistance. However, the skin and proximity effect increase the AC resistance of a bar-wound …”

V. Schroiff A modular Concept for EMI shielding of thermoplastic housings for E-Cars – An innovative approach to support weight saving and function integration

„… electrical drive train the skin effect plays an important role. Due to the low penetration depth of the …” „… innovative solutions for low-frequency magnetic fields and for the absorption of radar waves were developed …” „… particularly suitable for simple shielding tasks with comparatively low requirements. Significantly better …”

A. Locher, M. Ebenhoch, P. Gutmann Innovative 8HP modular design kit for conventional, MHEV and PHEV transmissions

„… . Introduction The increase of legal requirements to reduce pollutant emissions, the megatrend of …” „… and vehicle ranges that are currently still low. Fig. 1: New car registrations of E-vehicles …” „… : achieved emission reduction Plug-in hybrids with this technology enable electric ranges from 80 to 100 …”

S. Sudo, T. Maeda, R. Kobayashi Drivetrain trend of truck of Asian market and new technology drive train for HD truck

„… train durability because operation time in low gear will be long. Reliability, Durability; Have to …” „… that. As a result, emission of CO2, a greenhouse gas, is inevitable. Unique aspects of trucks and …” „… gas emissions and quietness of ride to create next-generation vehicles that meet customers’ and …”

K. Hasegawa, D. Kosaka, S. Shimizu, K. Kawabata, H. Tsukashima Development of new hybrid AWD system for the SUV segment

„… popularity and availability in response to the growing need to reduce automotive CO2 emissions and fuel …” „… categories was compared on an artificial low traction road. To achieve class-top handling performance, the …” „… low speeds from a standing start. However, from the standpoint of mountability, the size of the …”

M. Jörgensson, C. Wolrath, J. Hallnéus Volvo Cars modular electric axle drive

„… making the cities of the future cleaner. Volvo Cars is focused on reducing the carbon emissions of both …” „… results in compact dimensions and low weight, but considering the planetary gear set also to have a high …” „… torque density and low inertia. Installation in large platform SPA and small platform CMA was possible …”

C. Schoerghuber, I. Müller, H. Wiener Dedicated hybrid transmission for commercial vehicle applications – Mechanical layout, system analysis and simulation of a dedicated hybrid transmission for commercial vehicles

„… simple transmission con- VDI-Berichte Nr. 2354, 2019 29 cept, high efficiencies, low product costs and a …” „… world. However, achieving highest efficiencies together with low product costs as well as adaptability …” „… fulfills these demands. Via electric power split and further transmission modes this new DHT enables lowest …”

P. Lück, K. Bennewitz, J. Tousen Volkswagen’s electric drivetrains of the new modular e-drive kit (MEB)

„… of 2020. There will be zero-emissions vehicles of different classes with ranges on the level of …” „… an optimum weight distribution of almost 50:50 percent front-to-rear and a low centre-ofgravity. It …” „… the MEB. Fig. 2: MEB platform The zero-emission drive of the ID. consists primarily of the …”

M. Stulrajter, M. Pacha Challenges of sensorless high-speed drives with PM motors

„… magnets, low cost maintenance, and capability to operate in open loop control or in volt per hertz …” „… . Lower efficiency factor does not meet the requirements coming from battery applications like hybrid or …” „… low excitation losses. Thanks to rapid progress in power and microelectronics and advanced motor …”

S. Foulard, S. Rinderknecht, F. Braun, P. Jardin ecoLIFE3: An approach for a resource-efficient dimensioning of vehicle components based on a holistic optimization with real life load data –paradigm shift in transmission engineering based on big dat...

„… kept low, and the limited computing power and storage capacity of standard Electronic Control Units …” „… -emissions. In this context, the ecoLIFE3 procedure is introduced to find the optimal reference driver for …” „… driver profiles and the corresponding impact on costs and CO2-emissions is also included. Since it is …”

A. Kinigadner, T. Biermann Schaeffler eAxle family – future solutions for the electric drivetrain

„… and become the solution of choice for reducing CO2 emissions. It is also expected that the level of …” „… necessitated by CO2 legislation. Electric axles can be enablers in achieving emission targets and new e-axle …” „… with low harmonics and good heat flow from the current-carrying winding into the stator’s laminated …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023549

VDI-Wissensforum GmbH - DRITEV – Drivetrain for Vehicles 2021

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VDI-Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

DRITEV – Drivetrain for Vehicles 2021

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2381 2021

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M. Muether, B. Heuser, L. Virnich, A. Guedden, T. Luediger, D. van der Put Development trends towards CO2-neutral powertrains for HD applications S. 529-550

„… homogeneity. At a constant air/fuel ratio, the efficiency is lower, and the NOx-emissions are higher compared …” „… 50+% Engine Efficiency with Ultra-Low Pollutant Emissions, In: 42nd International Vienna Motor …” „… regulations to reduce the CO2-emissions by 15% in 2025 and by 30% in 2030 with 2019 as baseline, solutions …”

E. Schneider, C. Danzer, E. Schreiterer Modular and highly functional Hybrid Platform for subcompact cars up to full-size SUV S. 191-206

„… and superior performance. With lower levels of emission targets for 2030 in combination with a …” „… seven different powertrain types for the fleet that achieve the lowest TtW-CO2-emissions overall. Every …” „… reduce CO2 emissions using e-fuels. The low share of PHEV, BEV and FCV also results in reduced …”

R. Resch, C. Danzer, A. Poppitz, T. Pirkl Alternative drivetrains for sustainable commercial vehicles S. 669-684

„… volumes, thus enabling lower prices for these components. Depending on the vehicles load profile the EDU …” „… legislative regulations: harmful emissions and entry bans to city centers. The map in Fig. 2 provides a …” „… time frames. In such cases transport companies will demand Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV) to be able to …”

S. Kaimer Power to the Wheels – Challenges and Benefits of Electrified AWD for EVs and Hybrid vehicles S. 117-124

„… opportunity There is a consensus that future CO2 targets and local requirements of zero-emission driving …” „… components. In addition to lower costs for the OEM, this approach allows for offering end customer-specific …” „… available to all variants. However, electrification is not just about reducing emissions; it can also help …”

G. Brudeli, B. Vestgård, S. Bjørkgård, L. Bjørkhaug Sustainable drivetrain architecture for hybrid and electric trucks S. 567-580

„… BGM hybrid layout, a TCO lower than for conventional diesel is estimated. Furthermore, in Generation …” „… drivetrain is within reach – while supporting the emission regulations like (EU) 2019/1242 and similar CO2 …” „… driveline that can bridge the gap between the mentioned drivelines, while offering a path to zero emission …”

R. Kockisch, J. Müller, Erik Schneider Modular transmission systems for future BEV platform applications S. 11-22

„… , hybrid and all-electric powertrains. With lower levels of emission targets for 2030+, the market demand …” „… erforderlich sind, dargestellt. Abstract In order to achieve emission targets for 2030+, the market demand …” „… emissions, performance, comfort, weight and costs, vehicle manufacturer are looking for their optimal …”

C. Schörghuber, M. Ortner, J. Pell, S. Pretsch Holistic system design and operation of a fuel cell truck based on an innovative energy management S. 685-700

„… configuration is confirmed. Introduction Global climate change and the resulting stricter emissions …” „… addition to the zero emission target, the powertrain must be operated with highest efficiencies. Important …” „… be one solution for a future zero emission propulsion technology for heavyduty trucks, especially in …”

Z. Caba, M. Zafer, C. Harman, G. Hellenbroich, Ö. Eyigöz Multi-speed e-axle for electrified heavy commercial vehicles S. 609-620

„… topic LC-GV04 “Low emission propulsion for long-distance trucks and coaches” [1]. Ford Otosan and FEV …” „… feedstock Zero emission and low noise capability provided by pure electric drive with at least 10 km …” „… efficiency improvement Torque interruption is evaluated not to be a major concern because of: o low …”

J. De Landtsheere TREMEC HYbrid DRive Axle – HYDRA – Hybridization enables RWD dynamics in a FWD car S. 125-144

„… severely cut CO2 emissions. While full electric BEV platforms are on the rise, mainstream passenger cars …” „… emissions of the PHEV variants are typically in order of 20-25 % of their pure ICE counterpart, with many …” „… driving dynamics, in addition to its benefits in terms of fuel economy and emissions. P3 and P4 …”

F. Müller-Deile Advanced design of electric machines for trailers with electric axles S. 653-668

„… , Hannover Abstract Truck manufacturers are taking actions to lower the fuel consumption and the …” „… emissions of the vehicles. Approaches will be realized on different areas: more efficient diesel engines …” „… and the lowest initial investment costs. Additionally, the electric drive has to be integrated as an …”

P. Geskes, J. Treier, M. Moser MAHLE 48V Battery for Truck applications S. 581-592

„… even at low ambient temperatures, helping to reduce the vehicle’s consumption and emissions. Due to …” „… wise advantages in comparison to high-voltage applications. Their lower voltage, however, means that …” „… high power and therefore high energy turnover in a small packaging with low weight, combined with high …”

F. Langhammer, A. Kappes, A. Viehmann, S. Rinderknecht Novel “Two-Drive-Transmission for Long-Range” Powertrain: Ecology and Efficiency meet Driving Comfort S. 207-228

„… range compared to PHEVs, common everyday trips are emission-free. The TDT4LR concept itself envelopes …” „… evaluated in regard of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the whole product lifecycle (manufacturing …” „… for the lifetime GHG emission of BEVs, it is expected that the requirement for an even longer range …”

T. Kaufhold, F. Schneider, O. Groneberg, A. Moser Modular Starting and Damping System integrated in 48V Hybrid Architectures – Efficient Starting System for Hybrid Vehicle Architectures S. 347-360

„… starting crank shaft speeds over 400rpm to ensure good start quality and low emissions during start …” „… comfortable start High efficiency and low mechanical losses 1.2. PES Introduction The permanently …” „… at low speeds or speed drops in idle. Since the roller pocket layout directly influences the …”

A. Fröhlcke, M. Felbermaier, A. Britten, P. Fietkau Finite element approach for analyzing noise and vibration in electric drives S. 47-60

„… , for example, as electric drives mostly have lower noise emissions and the previous concealment of …” „… occupants perceive as a disturbance, especially in low load ranges. Fig. 1: Campbell diagram of a …” „… that is roughly linear to the frequency. The resonance shown in the lower frequency range is caused by …”

M. Dilzer BorgWarner P2 Modules – from HV to 48V S. 35-46

„… low efforts. Therefore BorgWarner is extending its P2 module family portfolio to cover and account …” „… specifically balance their portfolio and control fleet emissions which are strongly dependent on local markets …” „… emission targets, throughout the next 15 years. P2 Hybrid This is where P2 Hybrids are very much in …”

B. Krüger, G. Filomeno, D. Dennin, P. Tenberge Holistic Design of All-Wheel Drive Electric Powertrains Using a Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm S. 377-394

„… . 1 Introduction To meet the legislative requirements concerning carbon-dioxide emissions, car …” „… BEVs towards maximum performance, performance reproducibility, high energy efficiency and low …” „… overload capacity of PMSMs is lower, as permanent magnets tend to demagnetize in overload situations. If a …”

H. Wittig, J. Engasser, A. Glavinic AEROFLEX – Distributed Hybrid Drivetrain for Long Haul Freight Vehicles S. 593-608

„… 25% of total CO2 emissions in the EU, while its contribution is still increasing [1]. Moreover, the …” „… it is paramount to improve efficiency of road freight transport including reduction of CO2 emissions …” „… control, e.g. to lower engine torque if the energy management requests positive force from the electric …”

M. Giannantonio, S. Henzler, S. Rinderknecht Advanced Design of Dedicated Hybrid Drivetrains S. 77-100

„… ew or changed requirements (e.g. new safety or emission regulations for the vehicle platform) lead …” „… this paper (refer Fig. 1 lower part). In general, the approach is suitable for pure electric drive …” „… sections mark a lower geometrical threshold, the minimum inner diameter for their associated components …”

L. de Ruijsscher TREMEC Hybrid Dual Clutch Transmission (HDCT) – Electrification of TREMEC’s high performance dual clutch transmission S. 159-178

„… emission-friendly electric drivetrain and fun-todrive, high-performance DCT, this paper will cover the several …” „… standstill, the P2 configuration is considered a good option to hybridize while keeping cost & weight low …” „… EV-capable hybrid configurations (1=low score; 4=high score) Clearly, there is not a single ideal hybrid …”

A. Bagh, D. Magnor, J. Kneiber, F. Löhe eTransport – Application of axle-integrated e-drive in urban LCV and MD trucks S. 637-652

„… emission-free vehicles as well as to collect user experience and test kilometres. The drive system is …” „… stops per 100 km is remarkably high for the CEP application and leads to a very low average speed (with …” „… follows (data given per wheel): a) Inner City Representing inner city drive operation with low to …”

N. Mueller Electrification of heavy commercial vehicles from the perspective of a bodybuilder S. 555-560

„… mixing drum to start up. This results in exhaust emissions that are approximately two times higher than …” „… those from an engine that is in motion. The exhaust emissions release pollutants such as carbon …” „… drives, ensuring that work can be done in the best yield zone with higher efficiency and lower fuel …”

A. Ramsauer, A. Pujari Frontloading for (Hybrid-) Transmission Integration at BMW S. 101-116

„… are the reduction of emissions, automation of driving functions and enhanced connectivity of cars and …” „… low dynamics when compared to the base level, which is expressed by the type V shifts for low gears …” „… positions and low gears. By relying on the criteria derived in Fig. 5, the positioning in terms of comfort …”

W. Sackl Sustainable Powertrain Solutions – the new role of the powertrain at Magna S. 1-10

„… Emissions are Generated As legislative bodies regulate greenhouse gases, we are faced with a huge impact on …” „… suggesting a green house gas reduction of 55% instead of 40%. - changes to the emissions trading system …” „… , which is planned to be extended to buildings and traffic - and finally, Real Drive Emission and CO2 …”

J. Shutty, A. Moser, D. Gajowski Analysis of propulsion system architectures across vehicle segments and markets S. 23-34

„… and emissions legislation along with the constant drive for improved performance and energy …” „… sufficient torque for low speed hill climbing maneuvers and still have a low enough gear ratio to meet top …”

A. Albers, M. Behrendt, J. Köber, T. Breitinger Development of a method for the automated validation of the shift quality of modern dual clutch transmissions on full-vehicle test benches S. 399-414

„… torque MK1 is lower than the engine torque by JENG∙ώ1. In phase 2, K2 closes continuously and, Fig. 1 …” „… . Again, the transmitted clutch torque MK2 is lower than the engine torque by JENG∙ώ1. The gearshift …” „… to set the required accelerator pedal value already at a lower velocity in order to take into …”

S. Dussinger, T. Wiedemann, B. Harter, B. Wiedenmann Simulation of induced axial forces on planet gear bearings at example of ZF’s 8-speed automatic transmission S. 469-486

„… Energieeffizienz und Reduktion der CO2-Emissionen gilt es Reibungsverluste innerhalb von Komponenten des …” „… aim of improving energy efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions, friction losses within driveline …” „… efficiency and reduction of CO2 emissions the pressure to reduce energy loss inside drivetrain components …”

X. Zhang, F. Küçükay Driveability optimization of electrified powertrains utilizing machine learning based control and the interaction with ADAS/AD systems S. 361-376

„… due to their excellent fuel economy and emission reduction. There are many different architectures …” „… section only the damping torque was calculated. As an example, Fig. 13 lower side is a typical ACC …” „… oscillations which causes poor driveability. The lower graph is then angle velocity difference between EM and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… low drag losses, high actuation energy efficiency and integrated overload protection …” „… (WCCB) Image credits: ©ZF Friedrichshafen AG f On the way to zero emission Development trends towards …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023815

VDI Wissensform GmbH - Drivetrain Solutions for Commercial Vehicles

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VDI Wissensform GmbH (ed.)

Drivetrain Solutions for Commercial Vehicles

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2421 2023

Results in this title

A. Arnberger, H. Wancura, M. Wieser, H. Zhou, W. Gruber, J. Pell, C. Schörghuber Hybrid powertrain with hydrogen-engine – Technical solutions for future commercial vehicle powertrains S. 79-92

„… is necessary to keep the NOx raw emissions low. However, a hybrid powertrain can compensate the …” „… of a hydrogen engine with a hybrid system can offer a CO2 emission-free powertrain at the same …” „… Wasserstoffmotoren betrieben werden, als Zero-Emission-Vehicle (ZEV) vor. Die Kombination aus beiden Technologien …”

L. Heber, M. Helmich, J. Schwab, T. Knobelspies, M. Kober, F. Rinderknecht Thermoelectric Generators for Heavy-Duty Vehicles as an Economical Waste Heat Recovery System – Holistic design and evaluation with the use of modern simulation methods S. 109-122

„… PEM-Brennstoffzellen. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2421, 2023 109 Abstract Thermoelectric generators offer a solution with low …” „… based on fuel and emission reduction as well as payback time for current and future commercial vehicles …” „… . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2421, 2023110 Introduction Fuel consumption and emissions from commercial vehicles contribute …”

M. Trahand Drivetrain architectures and vehicle integration: The evolution and advantages of in-wheel propulsion for heavy-duty commercial vehicles S. 123-134

„… propulsion for heavy-duty commercial vehicles Commercial vehicle fleet electrification with zero emissions …” „… efficiency, reducing emissions, and energizing fleets. ConMet is a leading global supplier of wheel hubs …” „… manufacturing, ConMet is enabling the development of zero-emission commercial vehicles by integrating in-wheel …”

L. Vassieux, A Diop Valeo hybrid solutions for Commercial Vehicle – 48V and HV hybrid solution S. 93-108

„… facilities, it is possible to recharge the battery before driving in a low emission area. ● e-PTO mode …” „… : Low Voltage HV: High Voltage ZEV: Zero Emission Vehicle VDI-Berichte Nr. 2421, 2023108 …” „… demands on CO2 reduction and pollutant emissions for Commercial Vehicles, Valeo develops plug and play …”

A. Rozum, R. Uerlich, G. Witham, L. Eckstein Modular powertrains for heavy-duty electric vehicles – From concept to prototype S. 191-0

„… urban and regional applications. Especially urban areas will benefit from lower emissions, particularly …” „… from significantly lower noise emissions of electric drives as the propulsion noise of conventional …” „… of a passenger car [3]. Low quantities in combination with a broad variety of use cases and high …”

B. Meurer The next level of an improved Truck-Trailer connection and interaction – Examples for Electrification and Automated Driving S. 29-36

„… contributed 21% of the EU's total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the main greenhouse gas [2]. For the time …” „… long-haul zero-emission transport in the future. Due to different requirements and use cases modular battery …” „… in fuel savings and a CO2 emission reduction of up to 16% (which translates into 6.5l/100km of fuel …”

B. Wunderlich Development of an heavy duty eAxle for worldwide application within Daimler Truck portfolio S. 175-180

„… Re440 is given. Introduction Back in 2016 Daimler Truck had the vision of a zero emission heavy duty …” „… . Advantages of that mount-ing category are: easy integration into existing trucks with combustion engines, low …” „… unsprang mass and lower vibration profile for eMotor and electronic control units (ECUs). On the other hand …”

H. Heimes, A. Kampker, M. Kehrer, S. Hagedorn, P. Euchner Packaging concepts for fuel cell commercial vehicles – From practical to application-oriented designs S. 13-28

„… to overcome the environmental weaknesses of combustion engine emissions. With this change …” „… e-axis in the rear of the vehicle. The low centre of gravity also favours improved cornering ability. [5 …” „… infrastructure, insufficient safety regulations and low durability of the components used. Additionally, the …”

M. Eisele, M. Kohler Modular Electric Driveline Platform for Commercial Vehicles – Central Drives and Electric Axles Built up From Standardized and Scalable Components S. 37-46

„… drive technologies make a significant contribution to reducing emissions, especially electrification. In …” „… kit must comprise central drives, standard axles and low-floor axles with motors close to the wheels …” „… electric motor with integrated gear set and sensor system, engineered for precise controllability and low …”

M. Carlini, L. Munerati Development of a new PTO range for ZF 8AP Powerline Transmissions – Design challenges and final product specs S. 75-76

„… low pressure 2. the “typical” protrusion for side PTOs: ~ 140 mm VDI-Berichte Nr. 2421, 2023 753. the …” „… reducing emissions. Special design and testing efforts were done to guarantee endurance life of bearings …”

G. Wiche Voith Central Drive Concept for HD Trucks S. 181-190

„… System for HD appli-cations (VEDS HD+) is extremely silent, and has a low energy consumption, and high …” „… addressed by the VEDS HD+. Voith’s solution is a future-proof system for every type of zero emission vehicle …” „… oil-water heat exchanger. The cooling system is designed to be highly efficient, with low noise and …”

C. Schmidt Fault analysis of truck drivelines using big data methods S. 149-160

„… analyses (e.g., comparing fuel consumption across different emission levels, as shown in Fig. 5). Compared …” „… fuel consumption across different emission levels Assessment of the Operating Severity of Rear Axle …” „… at hand. In some cases, even low prediction accuracy can result in substantial cost savings compared …”

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