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Gerd Schröter - Bremslenkmomentoptimierte Kurvenbremsung von Motorrädern

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Gerd Schröter

Bremslenkmomentoptimierte Kurvenbremsung von Motorrädern

Series: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik

Volume 801 2017

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The BST Chain of Effects and State of the Art Countermeasures S. 11-70

„… occurs when running over a bumpy road under strong acceleration, when large wheel load fluctuations are …” „… load transfer to the front wheel under braking on a real sprung motorcycle is typically not in phase …” „… wheel load is transferred through the spring / damper units in proportion to the pitch angle …”

Implementing BSTAM in a Motorcycle S. 125-156

„… ” or “wheel carrier” that picks up the front wheel, two wishbones to transfer the wheel loads towards …” „… , however, located inside the wheel hub, with the lower wishbone carrying the main loads and the upper one …” „… front wheel load fluctuations as they result from strong acceleration, change of gears, or running …”

Appendix S. 221-255

„… velocity of the vehicle in m/s. While both the aerodynamic drag force and pitch moment cause wheel load …” „… rearward wheel load shift. Summarizing all these effects yields the wheel load differences in the …” „… .29) A Appendix 228 Wheel Load Differences and Rolling Resistance The vectorial decomposition of …”

Analytic Considerations on the Kinematic Layout and Effectiveness of BSTAM S. 71-124

„… gyroscopic torques, other dynamic effects on wheel loads, and suspension deflections are neglected. On this …” „… . It is triggering a forward shift in wheel load and the pitch process, so that a small misaligning …” „… driving torque of the rear wheel has been modeled, allowing to analyze wheel load changes when …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ) ..................................................................... 53 2.3.5 Influencing Wheel Load and Chassis Geometry Changes ......................... 59 2.3.6 …” „… Steer Torque (BST) induced stand-up tendency of Powered Two Wheelers (PTW) and measures to lower the …” „… Vehicles with Two Front Wheels ..................... 65 2.4 Conclusions …”

Discussion and Outlook S. 206-220

„… motorcycle with long wheelbase, low center of gravity, and high front wheel loads to provide enough traction …” „… Steer Torque (BST) induced stand-up tendency of Powered Two Wheelers (PTW) and measures to lower the …” „… 2.4). Multi-track tilting vehicles with two front wheels (such as the Piaggio MP3) can directly …”

Driving Tests S. 157-205

„… end time tend of the braking process, which is determined when either the front wheel circumferential …” „… (5.3) The initial velocity is defined as: in m/s (5.4) using the front wheel …” „… is computed on the basis of the front wheel circumferential speed v under the assumption of a …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186801128

Martin Ralf Münster - Systematic Derivation of Objective Requirements on Vehicle Steering System

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Martin Ralf Münster

Systematic Derivation of Objective Requirements on Vehicle Steering System

Series: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik

Volume 819 2023

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Requirement-Based Module Design Using Solution Spaces S. 153-188

„… TrailScrub RadiusKingpin OffsetWheel-Load Lever ArmSteering-Linkage RatioChange of Steering-Linkage Ratio …” „… .. ..1 Scrub Radius . .2 Kingpin Offset3 Wheel-Load Lever Arm4 Kingpin Inclination Angle5 …” „… (excl. Hardy-Element)13 Change of Wheel-Load Lever Arm over Wheel-Travel14 Toe Gradient over Brake Force …”

Subsystem Analysis of the Front Axle S. 93-122

„… height correspondingto, for instance, different wheel loads and aerodynamic forces.• To satisfy required …” „… respective analysis (such as actual wheeltravel and load, camber and toe angle of the wheels). This feature …” „… equivalent to the front-axle load of the complete vehicle. Note thatthe wheels may spin appropriate to chosen …”

Subsystem Analysis of the Steering S. 63-92

„… steeringsystem is treated as a complete subsystem covering all parts from the steering rack to thesteering wheel …” „… forces onto the steering rack in orderto keep the required steering-wheel torque within a comfortable …” „… . e.,steering-wheel angle, which must remain under exclusive control of the driver. Particularlyat electric power …”

Resulting Subsystem Requirements S. 123-152

„… 6 Resulting Subsystem RequirementsNormalizedMagnitude[-]Predicted Vehicle Steering Wheel …” „… . Moreover, the vibration amplitude levelat the vehicle steering wheel a3 can be calculated using Eq. (3.80 …” „… ). The therefore requiredexcitating wheel force F1(mimb, ω), as given by Eq. (3.78), is predefined by the …”

Deriving Requirements on Subsystem Level S. 35-62

„… direction to the human driver at the steering wheel.3536 3 Deriving Requirements on Subsystem LevelHere, the …” „… speed. Additionally, the procedure to evaluate this numbers must be defined interms of specific load …” „… sensitive to unexpected steering feedback, as the steering wheel is more or less in thecenter position and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… / Slip angleβ Friction stiffness∆ Relative displacementδ Steering-wheel angle / Partial valueη Efficiency …” „… suspension,the steering gear and the steering column together with the steering wheel who contribute tothe …” „… , which allows for assessing the front axleincluding compliant parts and rolling wheels with tires under …”

Bibliography S. 195-204

„… Performanceof Vibration Isolators Under Static Load”. In: Journal of Sound and Vibration 244.4(2001), pp …” „… , K. J., and Jung, S. G. “Experimental Analysis of the Vibrations of CarBody and Steering Wheel System …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186819123

VDI Wissensform GmbH - Drivetrain Solutions for Commercial Vehicles

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VDI Wissensform GmbH (ed.)

Drivetrain Solutions for Commercial Vehicles

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2421 2023

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M. Trahand Drivetrain architectures and vehicle integration: The evolution and advantages of in-wheel propulsion for heavy-duty commercial vehicles S. 123-134

„… Drivetrain architectures and vehicle integration: The evolution and advantages of in-wheel …” „… can be achieved by integrating in-wheel motors with a variety of vehicle architectures Marc Trahand …” „… expertise with manufacturers in the wheel end space, moving motors directly into position within the wheel …”

J. Hohn, M. Fister, C. Spieker, A. Lemmer Optimisation of an unsynchronized transmission for commercial vehicles up to 7 tonnes S. 161-174

„… load that are significant for the duration of the shifting process. Thus, only components with a …” „… , these are in particular the shafts in the gearbox, the drive shafts from the differential to the wheel …” „… and the wheel-road contact through the tyres. Other stiffnesses, such as tooth stiffnesses, have …”

C. Braykoff CAM – Common Axle Module – The TRATON Common Axle Module for conventional and electric powertrain S. 67-74

„… with 13t axle load, completes the new boogie portfolio. The light boogie axle for 11t axle-load HYD …” „… areas: Optimization of the oil supply and reduction of the load-independent churning losses …” „… set on increasing the efficiency and load carrying capacity while reducing the weight. To achieve …”

A. Arnberger, H. Wancura, M. Wieser, H. Zhou, W. Gruber, J. Pell, C. Schörghuber Hybrid powertrain with hydrogen-engine – Technical solutions for future commercial vehicle powertrains S. 79-92

„… Long haul cycle.  Transient Load Response: The instantaneous available torque of an e-motor supports …” „… ]. A hybrid system may pay off for the hydrogen engine as well.  Transient Load Response: The hydrogen …” „… powered vehicle.  Efficiency: hydrogen engine provides reasonable efficiency in high load operation …”

A. Rozum, R. Uerlich, G. Witham, L. Eckstein Modular powertrains for heavy-duty electric vehicles – From concept to prototype S. 191-0

„… driving data by distinguishing between unloaded trips (< 50 % GVM), trips with moderate load (50..75 % GVM …” „… alternative in the concept stage of the development. Fig. 2 shows wheel torque demand of a 42 t vehicle in …” „… (see Fig. 6). Moreover, through decoupling one of the two electric machines during partial load in …”

L. Vassieux, A Diop Valeo hybrid solutions for Commercial Vehicle – 48V and HV hybrid solution S. 93-108

„… ICE vehicles. The truck must be a plug-in vehicle to recharge the battery during the trailer load or …” „… wheel torque mainly related to Regen and retarder mode ● Vehicle speed > 45kph up to 90kph and positive …” „… wheel torque mainly related to power shifting mode In addition, the occurrence for each cycle and each …”

M. Eisele, M. Kohler Modular Electric Driveline Platform for Commercial Vehicles – Central Drives and Electric Axles Built up From Standardized and Scalable Components S. 37-46

„… kit must comprise central drives, standard axles and low-floor axles with motors close to the wheels …” „… efficiency at all vehicle speeds. In any case, Fig. 6: E-motor decoupling in partial load and optimized …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024218

Thorsten Lajewski - Friction Potential Estimation for Autonomous Driving

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Thorsten Lajewski

Friction Potential Estimation for Autonomous Driving

Series: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik

Volume 816 2022

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Grip Map S. 81-103

„… . Noadditional information about the dynamic tyre operating conditions is available. Aconstant static wheel load …” „… resolution. The measurement values used to calculate the friction potential value,the wheel load, brake force …” „… texture. These surfaceparameters are not used in the scope of this thesis. The wheel load is calculated …”

Development of a Friction Potential Measurement Method S. 55-80

„… -forcemeasurement wheels produced by Kistler. These wheels use four 3D load cells whichmeasure the applied forces along …” „… wheel and slowly acceler-ating until the locked wheel starts sliding. The measured wheel load during …” „… neither the correct longitudinal forcenor the wheel load are available. The slip calculation suffers from …”

Fundamentals of Tyre Friction and its Effect in Tyre Models S. 36-54

„… speed vcrit, at which the wheel load Fz is inequilibrium with the lift force FL.472 Fundamentals of Tyre …” „… generating a horizontal force Fh divided by the normal load Fz.In literature, the tyre road friction …” „… load, the sur-face roughness and the material properties of the rubber. While the relevant …”

Introduction S. 1-35

„… 20◦. The generated side-force of this wheel is measuredusing a load cell and divided by the static …” „… wheel load of 1960 N to calculate the frictionpotential. A speed-controlled amount of water is sprayed …” „… properties like for examplethe load transfer during braking. In this case, the friction potential can be …”

Conclusions S. 136-138

„… , usingmore representative tyre operating conditions, increased wheel load, larger dampingand smaller …” „… , in this thesis a new meas-urement method has been developed, which fully brakes only one wheel for a …”

Appendix S. 139-154

„… wheel loads are calculated by equations A.8. The factor ks accounts for theroll-stiffness distribution …” „… be transformed into the wheel coordinate system.The equations for the velocities at the tyre contact …” „… tyres, the vehicle coordinate system equals the wheel coordinate system.For the front tyres, the …”

Bibliography S. 155-174

„… slip-based tyre-road friction estimation and wheel speed signal ana-lysis. Proceedings of the Institution of …” „… real-time estimation of individual wheel tire-road friction coeffi-cients. IEEE/ASME Transactions on …” „… WHEEL VELOCITY. In: IFAC ProceedingsVolumes - 15th IFAC World Congress. 2002, vol. 35, pp. 175–180. No …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186816122

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Commercial Vehicles 2019

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Commercial Vehicles 2019

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2350 2019

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G. Nitzsche, J. Engasser, P. Mentink AEROFLEX – Advanced Energy Management in Distributed Powertrains S. 281-292

„… provide additional 600 Nm of electric wheel torque per ton of additional load. For a 60 ton vehicle this …” „… that the EBS knows about the additional torques on the wheels during driving and also to support brake …” „… trailer 74 ton EMS vehicle. Directive EC96/53 requests a minimum load on driven axles of 25%. One driven …”

C. Luján The new vehicle energy consumption calculation tool (VECTO) for heavy-duty vehicles – Scope and limitations S. 269-280

„… torque, the wheel angular speed, and vehicle speed. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2350, 2019272 2.2.2 Engine fuel …” „… load curve Engine motoring curve World Harmonised Transient Cycle (WHTC) World Harmonised …” „… definition of the map of points, two additional test pre-cycle are necessary: the engine full load curve and …”

J. Hintereder, S. Sattler, U. Gunzert Development of a disruptive semitrailer tractor in light-weight construction S. 45-60

„… front axle and rear axle. Together with the wheel load difference at the four wheels, this gives us a …” „… axle-load distribution, the driveline was moved backwards and downwards so that the cooling air-flow can …” „… clear that independent wheel suspension and rack-and-pinion steering on the front axle exhibited …”

A. Danninger, E. Armengaud, N. Knopper Implementation of Powertrain control for economic, low real driving emissions and fuel consumption – Measures for Fuel consumption reduction in Long Haul traffic S. 293-312

„… energy and travel time. Optimization control signals are resulting forces on the wheels from engine …” „… Optimizer exchanges the predicted load profile with the Powertrain Controller. In other words, in the …” „… provision of cost factors for a set of possible engine load points (engine torque/speed) for the …”

A. Banerjee, P. Kniess, F. Tenbrock, M. Mohr, G. Gumpoltsberger ZF Assistance Functions for Swap Body Trucks – Functional innovations support trucks for the autonomous, safe and efficient handling of containers at depots S. 123-136

„… Innovation Truck: Presented for the first time in mid-2018, this truck can autonomously loads, shift and …” „… the currently loaded swap body at its destination (Fig. 3.2), then moves to a new swap body and loads …” „… dynamics: ReAX can fully substitute every steering-wheel torque which otherwise the driver would have to …”

W. Schmitt, P. Huse, R. Koehnsen A new chassis-concept for electrified, light commercial vehicles based on innovative forming technologies S. 61-72

„… case of a side crash. Accordingly, the article combines two main aspects of innovation: a new load …” „… intelligent load adapted lightweight structure as it can be adopted from nature. In this case topology …” „… optimization is an established tool within product development in order to reach load adapted structures with …”

C. Asbach, A. Maria Todea, H. Kaminski, M. Zessinger Emissions during braking S. 259-268

„… front wheel brake of a large SUV (weight ~3 t). The Fig. shows the very good repeatability of the …” „… and (7.44 ± 1.07) mg/km for the particle mass (PM10). Assuming a typical load ratio of 2:1 for front …” „… to back wheels and that the same ratio would apply to the particle emissions, the total brake dust …”

C. Rivas-Zöller, J. Häring, T. Nagel Citaro hybrid – The first commercial vehicle with profitable 48V mild hybrid system S. 115-122

„… load on the combustion engine leading to lower fuel consumption. In addition, the system is …” „… combustion engine and gearbox. As illustrated in figure 7, the rotor is attached to the fly wheel of the …”

D. Vorgerd The Mercedes-Benz eCitaro – A modular concept for sustainable electro mobility in city bus operations S. 9-18

„… modifications were necessary considering the higher load of the battery mass. The battery packs and relevant …” „… eCitaro’s drive system is provided by an electric portal axle with electric motors at the wheel hubs. The …” „… the current number of passengers. The utilisation rate of the bus is calculated via the axle load …”

G. Schünemann The eTrailer – Intelligent hybridization for heavy duty commercial vehicles – Electric drive installed in a semi-trailer and integrated in the truck & trailer overall brake system control leading to s... S. 87-98

„… . This refers in particular to the determination of vehicle (part) masses, wheel and vehicle speeds …” „… electrical motor in the trailer), as well as its absolute performance and the current load, by means of …” „… vehicle via the current load. In such a case, the wear-free endurance brakes in the towing vehicle or the …”

K. Feyerabend Over The Air Software Updates for commercial vehicle trailers – How to ensure latest software in all trailer ECUs S. 231-242

„… Available configuration vary from minimal braking system with a two wheel speed sensor / two modulator …” „… groups specified in the standards and could thus be transmitted without increasing bus load …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023501

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