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Christian Woitzik - Experimental testing and numerical simulation of granules as crash absorber for double hull structures

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Christian Woitzik

Experimental testing and numerical simulation of granules as crash absorber for double hull structures

Series: Mechanik/Bruchmechanik

Volume 356 2021

Results in this title

Introduction S. 1-5

„… , using a modified friction test. With all these tasks, it is possible to model and simulate a collision …” „… , the collision behaviour of ships plays an important role with respect to the ship safety. The …” „… risk of ship collisions. During the last decades, the amount of cargo transported by ship has increased …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… structure – Maritime applications – Crash absorber – Collision test – Granules – Expanded glass material …” „… – Experimental testing – Finite element method In the maritime sector, the collision safety is an essential …” „… experimental testing. In these tests, reference experiments without granular material are performed. These are …”

Conclusions and Outlook S. 113-115

„… investigating. In order to describe their mechanical properties, several tests were performed. On the one hand …” „… , tests based on single grains were carried out. To do so, a statistical model was derived to cover the …” „… uniaxial compression test was introduced for this purpose, in order to determine the strength of the …”

Bibliography S. 119-136

„… :10.1007/978-3-540-32609-0. [9] International Conference on Designs and Methodologies for Collision and Grounding Protection …” „… International Conference on Designs and Methodologies for Collision and Grounding Protection of Ships, Society …” „… , Collision and grounding of ships (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Collision and …”

Experimental investigation S. 64-87

„… representative experiment has to be conducted. As mentioned in Section 1.2, collision tests are still mandatory …” „… results, during the design process of the experimental test. There, a simplified double-bottom side …” „… stiffener considering the capabilities of the test rig, which can apply a maximum load of 1200 kN. The box …”

Selection of granules and description of single grains S. 24-39

„… detail. In doing so, particle parameters are determined using a single particle compression test …” „… with other approaches to increase the collision safety, it has to be economically worthwhile. The costs …” „… compression test is used to break down the selection to one granular material of primary interest. The setup …”

Numerical investigation S. 88-112

„… 6 Numerical investigation After obtaining the experimental results, the modelling of the collision …” „… test, see Section 4.4. With both parameter sets, we are not able to simulate the whole indentation …” „… simulation of the triaxial compression test, Section 4.2 – indicates a behaviour that is too soft. Apparently …”

Determination of bulk particle properties S. 40-63

„… collision tests are also given in Table 4.1, for the Mohr Coulomb material model, and in Table 4.2 for the …” „… compression test Triaxial testUniaxial compression test Optimized material parameters Elastic steel parameters …” „… Tensile testDouble hull structure Damage parameters for steel Double hull structure Experiments …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186356185

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Fahrzeugsicherheit

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Fahrzeugsicherheit

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2312 2017

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S. Heine, R. Schöneburg, M. Fehring, J. Richert Wirkpotentiale von PRE-SAFE® Impuls Seite am Beispiel eines schweren Kreuzungsunfallszenarios S. 215-232

„… protection system in the other test. The collision angle of the two vehicles was 105°. The point of impact …” „… . Fig. 6: Side collision set-up The test set-up is shown on Fig. 6. The bullet vehicle …” „… have the preventative protection system in the other test. The collision angle of the two vehicles was …”

M. Li, M. Kunert, R. Henze Herausforderungen, Anwendungsfälle und Zukunftstechnologien für einen besseren Radfahrerschutz mit hochauflösenden Automobilradaren S. 105-122

„… Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), which addresses in advance the potential collision between vehicles in …” „… by the collision between vehicle and crossing/passing cyclists. From 2018 on, EuroNCAP will introduce …” „… new test scenarios to assess the active safety system for cycling protection. Currently, many …”

K. Hallbauer, U. Dierks, M. Wendt Wenn’s auf der falschen Seite kracht… – Untersuchung der neuen Euro NCAP Far Side Seitenaufprallanforderungen S. 293-312

„… Crashtest der einer Fahrzeug-Fahrzeug- Kreuzungskollision nachempfunden ist. Dieser Test wurde 2015 an die …” „… hat dabei „sub-system“ Tests auf einem Beschleunigungsschlitten entwickelt, welche das Feldgeschehen …” „… vehicles were reviewed and assessed in frontal and side impact crash tests for type approval and consumer …”

M. Östling, C. Sunnevång, C. Svensson, H.-O. Kock Potential future seating positions and the impact on injury risks in a Learning Intelligent Vehicle (LIV) – How to avoid submarining in a reclined seating position in a frontal crash S. 261-276

„… position has been evaluated in sled testing using the THOR (Test device for Human Occupant Restraint) 50 …” „… # Test position Restraint system Trig time [ms] Pulse VDI-Berichte Nr. 2312, 2017 265 2.2 Measurements Four high …” „… in test 5-6 In the seventh test, PRC together with double pelvis pre-tensioning was tested, i.e …”

H. Freienstein, H. Höpfner, F. Drews, T. Lich, F. Österle, W. Klier Reliable pre-crash detection and decision making for accident against oncoming traffic S. 197-214

„… impact with high relative collision speed against another car, truck or motorcycle causing mainly severe …” „… durch Tests oder theoretische Überlegungen abzuschätzen. Tabelle 2 fasst die erläuterten Prinzipien …” „… , wurden auf der Erprobungsfläche Tests mit leichten Objekten (Balloon cars, kleine Schaumstoff-Targets …”

C. Buchholz, R. Stark Vergleich hybrider und virtueller Model-in-the Loop Methoden für die frühe menschzentrierten Verifikation und Validierung fortschrittlicher Fahrerassistenzsysteme S. 69-80

„… dem Steuergerät mit dort implementierter Software (Hardware-in-the-Loop, HiL). Der XiL-Test testet …” „… 14 mittels des SHPiL-Absicherungstests abgesichert. Die Test-Setups sind in Bild 4 zu sehen …” „… Arbeit der Entwicklungsteams wurden die für die Tests aufgewandte Zeit gemessen und die Testdurchführung …”

F. Krauns, K. Kietlinski, R. Henze, M. Tijssens, F. Küçükay Analyse von Fahrerbewegungen unter dem Einfluss von Automatisierungsstufen und einer Pre-Crash Maßnahme S. 33-42

„… . Tabelle 1: Test-Parameter Soll-Verzögerung revers. Gurtstraffer Körperhaltung -4 m/s² Inaktiv Manuell …” „… (z.B. Maximalverzögerung eines ACC-Systems), gewählt. Der Katalog von Test-Parametern in Tabelle 1 …” „… and vehicle dynamics. Based on this task, a test method for measuring the upper and lower body …”

K. Schneider, G. J. Sequeira, R. Lugner, A. Kamann, T. Brandmeier, R. Burgmeier Verification of pre-crash information for a predictive activation of passive safety actuators S. 185-196

„… of contact with the collision partner and the overlap should be determined in the pre-crash phase …” „… VDI-Berichte Nr. 2312, 2017192 5. Auswertung der Ergebnisse Während den Tests wurden die drei …” „… testing setups including real crash scenarios confirmed the working and the feasibility of this sensor …”

S. Brandenburg, F. Roche, M. Thüring Kognitionspsychologische Erkenntnisse zum hochautomatisierten Fahren – eine Übersicht S. 277-292

„… ] und Körber et al. [36] längere Übernahmezeiten, kürzere Time-to-Collision (TTC) und mehr Kollisionen …” „… Time-to-Collision hat. Bei Brandenburg und Skottke zeigten die Fahrer nach 20 Minuten hochautomatisierten Fahrens …” „… Technology Acceptance Model for Empirically Testing New End-User Information Systems: Theory and Results …”

P. Wimmer, C. Klein Wirksamkeitsbewertung aktiver Sicherheitssysteme anhand des Verletzungsrisikos als Basis für Systemoptimierung S. 81-92

„… einem Algorithmus, der Time-To-Collision(TTC)-basiert eine autonome Bremsung auslöst. Dazu wurden …” „… die Erzeugung kritischer Szenarien zur Darstelllung realitätsnaher Testbedingungen für das …” „… Testbedingungen für das System, eine durchgängige Simulationsmethode vom normalen Fahrzustand bis in den Crash …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023129

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Fahrzeugsicherheit

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2426 2023

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L. F. A. de Oliveira, L. Schories Evaluation of the performance of an AEB system considering the reduction of injury severity in not-avoided cases using the injury risk function built with a logistic regression model and GIDAS Data S. 339-354

„… reserved for testing. The model demonstrated a performance of 70.3% on the test dataset. VDI-Berichte Nr …” „… the brake itself) to avoid a collision. In literature, AEB-Systems are evaluated based on the …” „… reduction of crashes. But in case the system fails to avoid the collision it can still lead to a mitigation …”

S. Roka Integrated Active and Passive Safety Protocol – A Feasibility Study with Human Body Models and Volunteers S. 55-66

„… occupants in the event of a collision. Active safety systems are engineered to proactively prevent accidents …” „… passive systems providing supplemental protection during a collision. Traditionally, active and passive …” „… . Advanced technologies like Human Body Models (HBMs) can replace standardized Anthropomorphic test devices …”

A. Forster, A. Tscheschel, J. Zimmermann, T. Brandmeier, K. Schneider, G. Sequeira Continentals Architektur für künftige Rückhaltemittel im automatisierten Fahren – Modularer Aufbau für schrittweise Einführung neuer Rückhaltemittel S. 313-324

„… ansonsten die Robustheit nicht ausreicht. Simulationen und Tests in der C-ISAFE Versuchshalle mit Sensorik …” „… präzise vorherzusagen. Der Baustein „Collision Detection“ berechnet dann für alle Kombinationen der Eigen …” „… Objektexistenz des kritischen Objekts aus der „Collision Detection“ bestätigt. Aktuell in Serie befindliche …”

C. Siebke, G. Prokop DReaM – Ein Fahrerverhaltensmodell für die virtuelle Sicherheitsbewertung von Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS) und Highly Automated Driving (HAD) S. 177-188

„… on real-world tests. Virtual assessment methods offer a promising solution that is both …” „… cost-efficient and avoids putting subjects at risk. In virtual test fields, the impact of ADAS and HAD on road …” „… . Dabei werden häufig zeitbasierte Werte wie die Time to Collision (TTC), Time Headway (THW), oder Post …”

M. Witt, F. Raisch, J. Mejia Hernandez Sicherheitsorientierter Entwicklungsprozess Human Factors für Level 2 Systeme S. 303-312

„… REQUIREMENTSMARKETING, ETC.SIMULATION, DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDIES, ON ROAD TESTING, FIELD OPERATIONAL TEST, ETC.SAFETYCONSEQUENCESRISK BENEFIT RISK BENEFITVDI-Berichte Nr. 2426, 2023310 design choices to make sure that Level 2 …” „… Automated Emergency Braking (= AEB) or Front Collision Warning (= FCW), must never be convenient. This is a …” „… effectiveness when a potential collision is detected. At the same time, they must be designed in a way that …”

M. Book, R. Lugner, T. Brandmeier Schutz von verletzlichen Verkehrsteilnehmern Relevanz von Bewegungsmodellen für Entwicklungen im Bereich des vorausschauenden Passiven Fußgängerschutzes S. 325-338

„… . passi-ven Schutzmaßnahmen. Zum Testen dieser Maßnahmen sind Attrappen notwendig, die die relevanten …” „… measures. To test these measures, dummies are needed that mimic the relevant motion patterns. The paper …” „… . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2426, 2023 3251. Einführung Fußgängerattrappen dienen dem Ersatz von Fußgängern beim Testen …”

F. Neumann, L. Rieger, C. Vieler, S. Schilling, A. Soni, B. Eickhoff, B. Pipkorn, M. Morlock Sensitivitätsanalyse der anthropometrischen Wirbelsäulenpositionen bezüglich Frakturrisiken in Komfortsitzpositionen in frontalen Crashsituationen S. 249-268

„… traditional restraint systems and overall occupant safety in collision situations, especially in frontal …” „… collisions [3]. In reclined positions the risk of slipping under the belt (submarining) is increased, which …” „… collisions which is associated with increased fracture risk of the vertebrae [5–8]. Besides the compression …”

T. Herwig, M. Sprenger, C. Fischer, L. Kübler Advanced Seat Belt Actuator Technology enabling next Level Occupant Safety S. 15-36

„… impacts. SAE Technical Paper. Machens, K.-U. K. (2022). Physical & Virtual Dynamic Test-Bench to Approach …” „… With only first collision, if this is the most likely for injuries or no injured occupant in the …” „… vehicle 3 41’134 With a weighting factor for national estimate available 4 14’124 With front collision …”

M. Rees, S. Peldschus, P. Wernicke Sensitivität verschiedener Menschmodelle auf ein Submarining-Auftreten bei Variation ihrer vorderen Beckenkamm-Geometrie auf Basis von CT-Bilddaten – Unter Zuhilfenahme mehrerer, objektiver Submarinin... S. 269-284

„… , BMW Group, München Abstract In frontal collisions, the phenomenon known as „submarining” poses a …” „… ] Izumiyama et al., Identification of Influential Factors for Seatbelt Kinematics in a Collision and Analysis …” „… Element Model, TIP, 2015. [4] Uriot et al., Reference PMHS Sled Tests to Assess Submarining, Stapp J, 2015 …”

H. Paul, I. Peschel, B. Hohage Gender discussion in vehicle safety - An overview of the consideration of subparts of the population in vehicle safety based on accident data analysis and current ATD development S. 37-54

„… in certain body regions. Secondly, the development process of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) is …” „… discussed. Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs), also known as crash test dummies, are the measurement …” „… such as crash test dummies. 66,6%29,3%2,8% 1,4%MAIS 0MAIS 1MAIS 2MAIS 3+51,3%44,3%3,3% 1,2%MAIS 0MAIS …”

A. Eggers, M. Schießler, J. Ott, M. Lebarbé, F. López Valdésc Manuel Valdano, P. Petit, W. Marshall, P. Lemmen, M. Östling, M. Masuda, O. Richard, P. Beillas The ENOP project (Enable New Occupant Seating Positions) S. 159-176

„… expected outcomes. BASt and ICAI are in charge of all the testing while CEESAR is in charge of the test …” „… funded an additional round of sled testing. Test setup Components of the test setup are adjustable to …” „… comparable. The head of the CAE model shows some higher rotationcompared to the test.ICAI tests (N=2) BASt …”

H. Liers, S. Babisch, T. Unger Analyse des Realunfallgeschehens zur Ableitung von Sicherheitsanforderungen an Fahrzeuge einer Fahrzeugklasse M0 S. 125-140

„… Test-geschwindigkeit, bspw. für den Offset-Frontal-Crashtest mit 40% Überdeckung nach UN R94 [2] kann die in Bild 7 …” „… dem Niveau von M1-Fahrzeugen adäquate Test-geschwindigkeit abzuleiten, wird der aktuell mit 56 km/h …” „… impact constellations, accident opponents, collision parameters and the injury severities that occurred …”

M. Wisch, J. Gail, A. Seeck, T. Lich, M. Düring, P. Lewerenz, A. Schäuble Datengrundlage zur Beantwortung der Verkehrssicherheitsfragen von morgen – GIDAS 4.0 S. 207-230

„… detaillierter Katalog von Anforderungen an eine moderne Unfallerhebung. Das „NATO Collision Analysis Report Form …” „… Verfahren bewähren, müssen zukünftige Tests zur Praxistauglichkeit noch zeigen. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2426, 2023 …” „… Erhebungskatalog und erfassten innerhalb von zwei Jahren 386 Unfälle. Dabei testeten sie insbesondere die heute …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024263

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

ELIV 2023

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2423 2023

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K. Eliasch, Dr. P. Friedel, D. Li, D. Shan Cooperative Perception Services to Improve the Safety of Road Users S. 347-364

„… taking actions to avoid a collision. Fig. 14: CVRUP Test Maneuver The CVRUP test procedure should …” „… : HELLA CPS System Architecture In this work we use two test vehicles. The host vehicle (later called EV1 …” „… , the time delay is much less than this standard requirement (detailed test results seen later). 𝑇 is …”

M. Nestoriuc, H. Walia Criticality driven data acquisition in autonomous driving – A basis for completeness and safety argumentation S. 1-16

„… of unnecessary data during the Testdrive the informed decision on where and when to perform a Test …” „… validate new functions of automated vehicles, very extensive and cost-intensive real world test drives are …” „… test drives in practice. To fulfil the requirements of the Functional Safety (ISO 26262) and SOTIF (ISO …”

F. Mayer, J. Apelt, R. Münzenberger, F. Kraft, C. Winkler Event-Chain-Focused Development of System Architectures Makes Complex Systems Manageable S. 645-662

„… context of an emergency brake scenario. Firstly, the vehicle intended to avoid an imminent collision must …” „… 's reaction 'initiation of emergency brake maneuver' triggered by the starter event 'imminent collision of …” „… real measurements taken on a test rig or a combined residual bus simulation. The superimposition of the …”

J. Sieracki, R. Yang, A. Vamos, M. Caggiano Seeing with Sound: AI-Based Detection of Participants in Automotive Environment from Passive Audio S. 293-306

„… development and testing of the system now in actual streets and intersections. Live test statistics are …” „… AEC-Q100 / AEC-Q200 specifications. [2] These define failure tests though extreme environment cycles …” „… tests ranging from engine idling to highway speeds. Arrows show test array locations. Inserts (top right …”

A. Weichslgartner Automotive Software Vulnerabilities: Strategies for Early Detection, Mitigation, and Prevention in the Software-Development-Lifecycle S. 463-478

„… , airbag, airbiquity, android auto, autoliv, bluetooth, braking system, carlink, carplay, collision …” „… automated security tests like fuzzing. Overall, already at the design phase, the high security risk of such …” „… Verification In the verification phase, certain dynamic security tests which are derived by design requirements …”

M. Pfeifle, N. Zeller, A. vom Felde Combining ADAS and SD Maps for Augmented Reality Guidance S. 135-148

„… possible collision, warn the driver accordingly (cf. Figure 2 and the scenarios shown in [3]). The …” „… , cyclists, and other vehicles. This capability is essential for collision avoidance and adaptive cruise …” „… . Extensive testing and validation processes, along with redundancy strategies, will be necessary to address …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024232

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - AgEng LAND.TECHNIK 2022

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

AgEng LAND.TECHNIK 2022

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2406 2022

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R. R. Shamshiri, C. Weltzien, I. Zytoon, B. Sakal Evaluation of Laser and Infrared Sensors with CANBUS Communication for Collision Avoidance of a Mobile Robot S. 121-130

„… Evaluation of Laser and Infrared Sensors with CANBUS Communication for Collision Avoidance of a …” „… and six multi-array infrared distance detection sensors for collision avoidance of a four-wheel …” „… ) was used for communication between the collision avoidance system and the main GPS-based navigation …”

B. Lee, I.-H. Seo Analysis of mixing efficiency by structural factors of livestocks manure compositing machine using DEM S. 463-468

„… performing the speed independence test of blades. The DEM simulation model was varified through field …” „… , collision and pressure load were also analyzed. Finally, we present the improved blade design of vertical …” „… determined the sutable rotational speed for the composting machine by performing the speed independence test …”

S. Röttgermann, G. Podann, J. IJsselmuiden, F. Tamminga, N. van de Westeringh, K. Jayaraj, D. Matos, D. Albrecht Disturbance Input Detection and Performance Monitoring for Smart Agricultural Implements S. 141-148

„… operation. E.g., this could be tool breakage or faults resulting from collisions with obstacles in the soil …” „… tests along with next steps to take. Fig. 1: Autonomous towing vehicle (VTE) together with a …” „… , one of our test implements was equipped with a LiDAR-based measurement and evaluation system. [9 …”

L. Brinkschulte, S. Antoni The best of two worlds: Spray boom control with hydropneumatic suspension technology S. 291-298

„… the test rig as in the simulation. Consequently, the last step was testing the system on different …” „… prototypes. Both trailed and hitch-mounted sprayers were tested: The field tests showed a good decoupling of …” „… rotation of the boom to the machine chassis. For collision-free boom folding, precise alignment of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… , UK f AutomationEvaluation of Laser and Infrared Sensors with CANBUS Communication for Collision …” „… Machine DesignInvestigations on the rolling resistance of tractor tires using coast down tests …” „… experimental tests 639S. H. F. Al-Rikabi, E. Santolini, M. Bovo, A. Barbaresi, D …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024065

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