„… Figure 4.20: Force-displacement curves for an optimization up to 10% compression using the hypoplastic …” „… Compression in % Fo rc e in kN Applied force: Poraver 2-4 Lower force: Poraver 2-4 Introduced energy …” „… curves for an optimization up to 10% compression: total force applied (left) and force transmitted …”

„… Simulation final Figure A.4: Force-displacement curves for an optimization up to 10% compression using the …” „… initial Simulation final Figure A.5: Force-displacement curves for an optimization up to 10% compression …” „… : Displacement of Danamol during the triaxial compression for different radial pressures. From left to right: 100 …”

„… 300 Compression in % Fo rc e in kN Applied force: Technoperl W5 Lower force: Technoperl W5 Applied …” „… : APM 6 Figure 3.2: Force-displacement curves for different granules. directly to the lower stamp, the …” „… cylinder. Figure 3.2 shows the resulting force-displacement curves for some selected granules. Two curves …”

„… flap, the force increases. The unloading path during the compression of the inner hull can be recovered …” „… be treated with caution. The high force applied in Experiment 4 results in a higher compression of …” „… movement is expected in horizontal direction. Figure 5.4 shows the force-displacement curve. Here, and in …”

„… compression test. Figure 6.26 shows the corresponding force-displacement curves. Starting with the Mohr …” „… are simulated individually. Experiment 1 In Figure 6.2, the force-displacement curve of the numerical …” „… Figure 6.2: Comparison of the force-displacement curve for the first experiment with the simulation …”

„… der Waals’ forces, capillary forces, and Coulomb forces [80]. A better understanding of the internal …” „… surface with the angle ϕ, the force when sliding occurs is given by Ff = µFn = Fn · tanϕ . (2.15) Here Fn …” „… is the normal force and ϕ is the angle of friction. This can be expressed as a yield condition: f …”

„… positions, higher compression and flexion forces act on the lumbar spine (LS) in crash situations compared …” „… addition, increased seat inclination angle leads to higher compression forces acting on the LS in frontal …” „… have indicated that the fracture tolerance may be lowered by superposition of compression force with …”

„… load limiting are modelled ideally, i.e.: (i) Pretensioning by a 1.3 kN force acting for 7 ms while …” „… ramping up takes 2 ms and ramping down 1 ms. A force drop after pretensioning, due to a locking length, is …” „… load limiting forces can vary. Some possible combinations are depicted in Figure 6 and their …”

„… purpose of the ATD tests is to compare the kinematics, test environment response (e.g. belt forces) and …” „… as a singular unit for the entire abdomen cavity and being capable of compression and extension via …” „… see the spine targets initially. The test setup instrumentation includes force sensors below the seat …”

„… OLC [12] of 36 g. The lumbar spine was mainly loaded in compression with forces rising up to 5.8 kN …” „… 60 g in 56 km/h sled tests. The lumbar spine was mainly loaded in compression. The rebound …” „… this, the lumbar spine compression in the reference set-up was reduced from 5.0 kN to 4.6 kN. Chest …”

„… pelvis around the Y-axis, the compression force of T12 and L5 on the spine was also plotted out as well …” „… behavior of L1-Hip around hip point). Fig. 5 shows the compression force of the contact T12-L1 and L5-S1 …” „… along the occupant's spine. The compression force of T12 in the cases of the fully reclined seatback …”

„… axial spine force and leads to spine compression. However, we did not measure the spine force, so we …” „… occupants are moved by the inertia force produced by crash deceleration, and the airbags are located in …” „… VDI-Berichte Nr. 2364, 2019116 line with the frontal or side force (i.e., at the steering wheel, the instrument …”

„… ] NECK:injury:Neck_Compression:[-3.2, -4.0, -4.8] NECK:injury:NIJ:[0.8, 1.0, 1.2] NECK:injury:Ext_bending_mom_max:[-42.0, -49.5 …” „… , -57.0] PELVIS:injury:Pelvis_LumbS_force_max:[5.2, 6.6, 7.9] PELVIS:injury:Pelvis_res_a3ms:[60, 75, 90 …”

„… compression force of C7-T1 joint. ‐ The pelvis angle and the compression force of T12-L1 joint. ‐ The seatbelt …” „… maximum compression force on the spine and injury value HIC 36. Fig. 15 indicated the comparison result …” „… VaAM-O was smaller than VaAM-I. In addition, a high compression force was applied to the human spine (Fig …”

„… force and a faster force-gradient is believed to improve occupant pre-crash kinematics in CCFtap …” „… simplistic modelling approaches involving pre-crash postures [5] and assumed belt forces [6]. Moreover …” „… systems can affect the way the occupants interact with the vehicles. In these scenarios, where low forces …”

„… Submarinings erfolgt durch die Berechnung der Iliac Kraft. Der Iliac Force Drop ist ein robuster Indikator für …” „… Vieweg, 2014. Bd. 2. Auflage. [4] BIOMECHANICAL RESPONSE OF THE LUMBAR SPINE IN DYNAMIC COMPRESSION …”

„… lines simulation. Fig. 11: 85 °C temperature force-deflection curve for variant with narrow UD strips …” „… in tension, shear and compression in different orientation directions. This will yield the required …” „… compression failure). Covering all these boundary conditions, a single test component was developed as a …”

„… CAE models with the test data in terms of measured force-deflection curves and observed material …” „… (force-displacement) This approach covers the strain-rate dependency of the strain-based and stress-based failure …” „… : Simulation of basic specimen forms, uniaxial tension (force-displacement) Low strain rate Medium strain …”

„… . Flow simulations for different types of injection- and compression-molding processes were carried out …” „… rack holder Bolts were applied to eight different positions and were fixed by pre-tension forces …”