„… 3 Analysis of the Lang-Gilles observer In this chapter, some theoretical results on convergence of …” „… show the convergence of the high-gain observer. Furthermore, the authors suppose that this observer is …” „… observer. There are even less convergence results for coupled 55 3 Analysis of the Lang-Gilles observer …”

„… crucial. There are no theoretical studies on the convergence behavior of the Lang-Gilles observer either …” „… . To close this gap, we examined the conditions for convergence of the Lang-Gilles observer for plants …” „… of arbitrary size. Three theorems with di erent assumptions implying observer convergence were proved …”

„… to apply state observers in practice, their convergence and robustness with respect to the modeling …” „… errors and measurement noise should be veri ed beforehand. The convergence of linear state observers can …” „… state estimators are less clear. In particular, the convergence of the Lang-Gilles observer (Lang and …”

„… mixtures – Nonlinear state observer – Observer convergence – Observer tuning – Tray efficiency …” „… toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.2 Convergence of the Lang-Gilles observer …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.2.3 Plant observer in a compact form for theoretical analysis . . . . . . 58 3.3 Convergence …”

„… analysis into three steps. In a rst step, the su cient conditions for observer convergence need to be …” „… distillation modelling and the theory of the Lang-Gilles observer. In the following, we will present two …” „… applications of this observer. In the last chapter, the separation e ciency of a column was assumed to be known …”

„… controller observer condenser (2.45a) (2.45d) (2.53a) (2.53c) (2.53a) (2.53c) partial condenser (2.46a …” „… equations from Section 2.4.1; in controller/observer models based on equations from Section 2.4.2, constant …” „… . The observer models are also based on the models from Section 2.4.2. The observer correction term was …”

„… ) One makes the convergence test on the measurement of the increment vector. This test is based on the …” „… step which has to be small enough to ensure numerical convergence. Furthermore, it is necessary, as …” „… shown in figure (2), to wait the end of the transitional regime in order to observe the desired dynamic …”

„… , guidelines in AGMA 2005-D03 and AGMA 929-A06 are used to calculate initial tooth proportions and observe …” „… optimization was adopted to avoid convergence to local minima. Uncertainties from operating load, mesh …” „… point of the root line. In order to observe these effects at both toe and heel end of the flanks, root …”

„… observer structure, that takes the winding and ambient air temperature as an input to derive the current …” „… owing through the motor coils. Thus, the observer utilized for reconstruction of the rotor angle and …” „… be repeated for each new application or motor design (Benecke (1966)). 4.4.3 MIMO Model with Observer …”

„… . Due to its simple mesh generation and capability of delivering high convergence rates, the finite cell …” „… , we would at first like to compare the convergence behavior of the spectral element method to the …” „… interest in applications like this, we take a look at the convergence of the quantities related to …”

„… within elements, there will be a significant reduction in the convergence rate of the method. To avoid …” „… – there is expected to be a reduction in the convergence rate of the method too if the cells include such …” „… local features. In order to recover the loss of the convergence rate and assure an accurate numerical …”

„… attract a lot of interest because they often lack accuracy and exhibit a non-monotonic convergence …” „… . They were able to show that it is possible to obtain high convergence rates – up to an exponential rate …” „… of convergence – with this method, provided that there is neither a singularity nor a material …”

„… such a function. Nevertheless, it is interesting to observe that the error is directly proportional to …” „… . employing a Gaussian quadrature with a higher order of accuracy. Nevertheless, the convergence of such a …” „… cell under investigation. While building the integration mesh, we monitor the convergence in computing …”

„… process. If we look in detail, we observe some nonlinearities as shown in Fig. 12 (b). We see a decrease …” „… of the frequency and a convergence at a torque equal to 1000 Nm. This corresponds to the convergence …” „… converge and this convergence corresponds to the mesh stiffness convergence. 6. Acknowledgement The …”

„… 10-5 Pa.s). Convergence is reached when both the equation residuals are low and the torque caused by …” „… numerical approach. One observes moreover that using frozen rotor or sliding mesh does not influence the …” „… the opposition of the surrounding air. When considering the numerical predictions, one observes at …”