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Matthias Andersson - Temperaturgestützte Regelung der Eisenschwammförderung in den Lichtbogenofen

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Matthias Andersson

Temperaturgestützte Regelung der Eisenschwammförderung in den Lichtbogenofen

Series: Mess-, Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik

Volume 1259 2018

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Temperatur des Stahlbades S. 25-55

„… Temperaturmessung und der durch das Temperaturmodell prognostizierten Temperatur der Schmelze betrachtet …” „… Ofengefäß befindet. Auch wenn die Temperaturmessung dann die Temperatur des flüssigen Stahls an sich …” „… Temperatur nach der ersten durchgeführten Temperaturmessung kontinuierlich zu schätzen. Das beste Ergebnis …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 126-138

„… . S. 359-362. [And 12] Andersson, M; Krüger, K.; Jüchter, A.; Braun, U.: Steel bath temperature …” „… . Mai 2013. [And 14] Andersson, M; Krüger, K.; Jüchter, A.; Braun, U.: Temperature based DRI feeding …” „… . [Bla 10] Blachnik, M.; Maczka, K.; Wieczorek, T.: A Model for Temperature Prediction of melted steel …”

Regelung der Eisenschwammförderung S. 98-120

„… Temperatur gezielt anzufahren und zu halten. Zum Ende des Schmelzprozesses sollten Abstichtemperatur und …” „… . In dieser Prozessphase beträgt das Einsatzgewicht unter 150 t. Anschließend wird die Temperatur beim …” „… Folgeprozessen ab. Zur Bestimmung der optimalen Temperatur zur Eisenschwammförderung wurde eine Versuchsreihe …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Gemessene Temperatur TModell Durch Temperaturmodell prognostizierte Temperatur TP Zeitkonstante der PT1 …” „… – Lichtbogenofen – Energieeffizienz – Akustik – Temperaturmodell – temperaturgestützte Regelung …” „… stellt die Temperatur als essentielle Größe gute Prozessbedingungen sicher. Zugleich bewirkt die …”

Zusammenfassung und Ausblick S. 121-124

„… Temperatur unkontrolliert abgleitet. Dies lässt sich hier lediglich mit weiteren Temperaturmessungen …” „… der automatisierten DRI-Förderung gezielt angefahren und gehalten wird, lässt sich die Temperatur der …” „… vorgestellten Modelle zur Temperaturprognose des Stahlbades und zur temperaturbasierten Regelung der …”

Direktreduziertes Eisen in der Stahlerzeugung S. 5-24

„… lediglich Temperaturen unter der Schmelztempe- 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Hochofen …” „… Reduktionszone wird dem Ofen das Reduktionsgas zugeführt, das üblicherweise eine Temperatur von 750 bis 900 °C …” „… Stahlerzeugung 9 Wäscher von Staubanteilen befreit und hat nun eine Temperatur von 280 bis 400 °C, die …”

Einleitung S. 1-4

„… Verlusten variieren. Weiterhin kann die Temperatur der Schmelze während der 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Pr od …” „… Prozesses hängt unter anderem von der Temperatur der Schmelze ab und ist somit nicht durchgehend bestimmbar …” „… ist es, die Temperatur der Schmelze innerhalb eines Arbeitsbereiches gezielt zu regeln. Diese …”

Charakterisierung des Prozesszustandes bei Eisenschwammförderung S. 56-97

„… Temperatur der Ofenatmosphäre. Dabei wird kno über die Nullstellen der Ableitungen der n-ten zylindrischen …” „… Schallgeschwindigkeiten airS4,1 TRc (4.17) von 343 m/s bis 845 m/s verwendet, deren Wert von der Temperatur der …” „… wird die Temperatur der Ofenatmosphäre in [McQ 76b] und [McQ 77a] auf Werte zwischen 300 °C (Bohrphase …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186259080

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - International Conference on Gears 2019

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

International Conference on Gears 2019

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2355 2019

Results in this title

A.-K. Wiemann, M. Stein, K. Kniel Temperature influence on involute gear measurements S. 1557-1566

„… for reliable quality control. Especially in the case of large parts, the temperature contributes to …” „… performed at exactly 20 °C, the international reference temperature for dimensional metrology. In this …” „… also measurements of PTB’s large gear measurement standards at different temperature conditions. The …”

J. Lotz, B. Bouche, R. Thiele Sensorless evaluation of the ideal timing for oil-change S. 1053-1064

„… temperature-dependent. The gearbox power loss generally decreases with increasing temperature, whereas the heat transfer …” „… temperature-dependent gear power loss by using the following equation. However, a more precise calculation of the …” „… the temperature-dependent typical oil change intervals for gear units for industrial applications …”

A. Miltenović, M. Banić, V. Miltenović Prediction of heat generation of crossed axis gearbox S. 583-594

„… case of estimation of temperature distribution by changing material of gearbox housing. Based on …” „… disadvantage Since the scuffing phenomenon primarily depends on temperature that originate in contact zone …” „… Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication theory to Thermo Elastohydrohynamic Lubricatrion or TEHL by including temperature rise …”

K. Mukaiyama, M. Nakagawa, T. Hirogaki, E. Aoyama Investigation of meshing phenomenon of hypoid gears with different offsets via high response infrared video thermography S. 505-516

„… non-contact analysis method based on monitoring the temperature distribution during meshing between the pinion …” „… was measured for gear pairs with different offsets. Monitoring the tooth surface temperature by …” „… , the offset of hypoid gears increases friction loss and leads to an increment of temperature at the …”

B. Gierl, D. Drummer spur gears S. 1367-1378

„… be crosslinked predominantly. The crosslinking procedure also reduces the temperature-dependent …” „… still challenges, e.g. their low operating temperature and their temperature dependent material …” „… and operating temperature of thermoplastic polymer gears. Gear tests were performed on a gear test …”

J. Tavčar, J. Kos, D. Zorko, J. Duhovnik A multi-criteria polymer gears design optimisation procedure S. 1473-1484

„… gears is their sensitivity to higher temperatures, as well as a variety of failure modes that depend on …” „… polymeric gears pair can be influenced by controlling the gear temperature and using reinforcements such as …” „… load-carrying capacity and temperature. The program offers multicriterial optimisation of polymer gear pairs in …”

R. Ratnagiri, M. Kato, H. Kuchelka Advances in polyacetal materials for gears S. 1357-1366

„… on fatigue durability. Constant gear root temperature durability tests are contrasted with constant …” „… gears. At the same time, there is a need to understand the strong role temperature effects play in the …” „… , material behaviour under controlled conditions and the effect of temperature and loading environment needs …”

K. Humm, M.-S. Wirth, A. Linnemann, T. Schalk Determination of fatigue strength of plastic gears under consideration of environmental influences S. 1291-1298

„… , the fatigue strength of plastic gears depends on environmental influences such as temperature and …” „… ) load o Load velocity o Load duration (Creep) Environment o Temperature o Humidity o Aging …” „… of a plastic gearwheel as a function of: 1. Load cycle N 2. Temperature 3. Humidity H 4. Load …”

C. M. Illenberger, T. Tobie, K. Stahl Flank load carrying capacity of oil-lubricated high performance plastic gears – Analysis of the pitting development in back-to-back tests S. 1379-1390

„… determining tooth temperatures and tooth root bending load carrying capacity, calculation methods for …” „… 3990 [2]. Equations (1) to (3) show the calculation of temperature and load cycle dependent flank load …” „… material which is particularly suitable for high temperature and high power applications. Current …”

J. Cathelin Material data for advanced plastic gear simulation S. 1335-1344

„… are wear, fatigue, and plastic flow due to material creep or elevated temperature exposure. Fig. 1 …” „… ]. Their common points involve the estimation of gear temperature under load and the tooth root load …” „… first result step is the gear tooth root temperature. If the temperature is acceptable for the chosen …”

M. Yilmaz, T. Lohner, K. Michaelis, K. Stahl Minimizing gear friction with water-containing gear fluids S. 669-680

„… verwandten Stoffen - Bestimmung des Viskosität- Temperatur-Verhaltens - Richtungskonstante [Testing of …” „… significant lower gear friction and temperatures than the mineral and polyalfaolefine oils. Overall, this …” „… test rig in back-to-back configuration were conducted to determine the efficiency and temperature …”

B. van Wissen, M. Kanters, F. Mitsuzuka, K. Iwanaga, Ir. A. Hasanovic Predicting wear for high performance plastic gears S. 1323-1334

„… long-standing track record in a large variety of high performance, high temperature automotive applications …” „… environmental temperature. In each test the environmental temperature was held constant at 130°C. Before …” „… starting a test, the setup was allowed to equilibrate for at least 30 minutes. Local tooth temperatures …”

N. C. Ecke, A. K. Schlarb, J. Holler, Jan Niedermeyer, P. Klein Thermal simulation of anisotropic PEEK-based tribocomposites S. 1411-1420

„… , however, their properties are strongly temperature-dependent. Therefore, thermal simulations are required …” „… a more thorough understanding of the systems behavior due to the highly temperature-dependent …” „… to determine the temperature distributions in polymer-based tribosystems. Hybrid materials pose a …”

H.-J. Dennig, S. Monn, A. Vodermayer Thermoplastic high performance composite gears S. 1279-1290

„… temperature range. To increase the load-bearing capacity, reinforcing fibres such as glass and carbon fibres …” „… temperature of the material at the teeth is exceeded; more heat is added than dissipated. The tooth …” „… temperature rises steadily. Due to the temperature increase in the plastic tooth, the mechanical strength …”

M. R. Mauntz, J. Peuser Deep online oil analysis of dielectric parameters for life time enhancement of industrial gearboxes – Identification of critical operation conditions for reduction of failure rates S. 245-256

„… sensitive measurement of conductivity kappa, relative permittivity, epsilon r and temperature T, enables …” „… conductivity kappa and the relative permittivity epsilon r as well as the oil temperature T are measured [1-3 …” „… on the internal friction of the oil and therefore, also on its temperature. The conductivity kappa …”

R. Weidig, H. J. Weimar Powertrain NVH improvement with high-performance polymer gears S. 1421-1430

„… application spaces around and inside the powertrain. Due to the extreme environment with temperatures up to …” „… comparably sized polymer gears and have less dimensional and property variations with temperature, moisture …” „… system where temperatures range from -40 °C (-233 K) to 150 °C (425 K). The gears in engine systems …”

R. Beilicke, L. Bobach, D. Bartel Transient 3D TEHL simulation of spiral bevel gears under mixed friction conditions S. 529-540

„… on pressure and temperature. For the representation of non-Newtonian flow behavior a shear thinning …” „… elastic quarterspace. The calculation of the three-dimensional temperature distribution in the …” „… performed at constant speed for three different torques and two different bulk temperatures. Fig. 5 shows …”

S. Matkovič, A. Pogačnik, M. Kalin Comparison between VDI 2736 wear calculation and experimentally obtained results S. 1311-1322

„… decreases with temperature. The thermal conductivity of polymer materials is also significantly lower (~100x …” „… , resulting in higher operating temperatures. As a result, permanent deformation or in severe cases also …” „… several factors, such as; sliding velocity, steel roughness, normal load, environment temperature and …”

I. Bae, U. Kissling Comparison of strength ratings of plastic gears by VDI 2736 and JIS B 1759 – In vision of building a new international standard S. 1267-1278

„… sensitivity to the operation environment such as temperature and humidity. Both the benefits and the drawbacks …” „… correction factor 2.0 Not applied Temperature factor Not applied at 1 for standard test condition …” „… . Temperature rise factor Not applied 1 for standard test condition. If 1, 8mm, < 1000 rpm, 1. If 1, 8 …”

H. Wang, X. Wen, C. Zhou, Z. Liu Wear prediction for double helical gears grinded by forming method S. 315-330

„… the characteristics of the gear grinding process, such as force, power, temperature, and surface …” „… of gear grinding zone temperature, expressed as 0t T T T q x (5) The …” „… specific boundary condition of the temperature of the non-grinding zone (including the tooth top surface …”

K. Smrczkova Wear resistant plastics – Bespoke plastic compounds for plastic gears S. 1345-1356

„… easy processing with good mechanical properties like high toughness, also at low temperatures, a high …” „… service temperature up to 150°C and a high wear resistance [2]. PPS has in comparison to POM and PA the …” „… highest application temperature with up to 240°C. This material has a high crystallinity and high surface …”

E. Maier, T. Lohner, K. Stahl, P. Sperka, M. Hartl Detailed analyses of film thickness and friction in thermoplastic EHL contacts S. 1391-1400

„… impact on the local temperature distribution, which again affects the properties of the lubricant and …” „… , time and temperature. The latter can cause rapid and drastic changes in material properties that …” „… the dynamic shear modulus of thermoplastics indicates time and temperature varying internal damping …”

A. Kubo, M. Nagae, K. Kawasaki Japanese standardization for gear steel qualification via evaluation of HV-scattering S. 893-902

„… material experienced only the time-temperature change history through this heat treatment. Fig.5 right …” „… element distribution in the raw steel condition, and with the high temperature history that this part of …” „… time-temperature history of each definite local material constituting the machine part decides the metallurgical …”

P. Barreiro, J. Hoffmeister, J. Hermes, A. Bronner New improvement opportunities through applying topology optimization combined with 3D printing to the construction of gearbox housings S. 1823-1834

„… flow and temperature at oil sump, the bevel pinion housing, and all 4 bearings were monitored. Since …” „… temperature monitoring during testing of the gearbox under idle conditions related to the calculated …” „… temperature sequence for a standard SEW X100 gearbox. The temperature at the bevel pinion housing (yellow …”

S. Bill Life extension for gearboxes through predictive maintenance S. 1259-1262

„… , surface roughness, temperature and great reliability and durability. 2. Scientific Tests In the …” „… of tribological stress and temperature reduction. Fig. 2: Surfaces treated on a 2-disc assembly …” „… to the system modification the surface temperature decreases too. All in all, these effects provide …”

H.-J. Dennig, S. Winterberg Test stand for internally cooled metal gears S. 1263-1266

„… temperature, internal cooling of the gear can reduce the risk of scuffing. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2355, 2019 1263 …” „… manufactured gears. The scuffing safety (integral temperature and flash temperature) can thus be verified …”

E. Bergstedt, U. Olofsson, J. Lin, P. Lindholm Influence of gear surface roughness on pitting and micropitting life S. 3-14

„… the slightly lower oil temperature, 80°C instead of 90°C. The load scheme was also altered to …” „… incorporate more loads. All tests were performed with an oil temperature of 80°C and a constant pinion speed …” „… temperatures differ among the studies, they use a oil with lower viscosity and a lower temperature. However …”

Y. Omiya, M. Fujii, H. Sekishita, K. Ishimoto, A. Ueda Effect of surface characterization induced by fine shot peening on scuffing of steel roller S. 37-46

„… torque, the friction coefficient and the temperature just below the interface using k thermocouple were …” „… mm. To measure the surface temperature at the contact area, the rollers were drilled for setting …” „… rollers. The temperature of lubricant oil at suppling was controlled at 40 degrees Celsius. The amount of …”

B. Karpuschewski Detection of surface damages by non-destructive micromagnetic methods S. 1027-1038

„… tempering temperature were investigated. Thanks to extensive complementary characterizations, different …” „… tempering temperature was varied in two steps (160 °C and 190 °C), which gives 16 different material …” „… depth, carbon content and tempering temperature. The surface hardness was used instead of the tempering …”

S. Nowoisky, M. Grzeszkowski, C. Guhmann, J. G. Pelham Monitoring concept study for aerospace power gear box drive train S. 269-286

„… measurands like acoustic emission (AE), acceleration, oil particles, and temperature can be measured …” „… tooth engagement. In addition, the oil temperature was measured with a Pt1000 thermocouple and the …” „… bearing temperature, friction torque, electrical transfer resistance between shaft and bearing, oil and …”

R. Slatter Condition monitoring of gearboxes using magnetoresistive sensors S. 229-244

„… temperature can be measured and wear monitored by analyzing debris in lubricants. Most commercially available …” „… speed, noise, temperature, displacement, electrical current and wear debris [8 through 10 …” „… measurement of vibration or temperature are by far the best known and most established measurands for …”

M. Uhlig, C. Pastor Simulation tool-chain for plastic gear design S. 1453-1460

„… reasons over large temperature and humidity ranges during service life is challenging and requires …” „… for the fatigue tool. Further parameters for the fatigue calculation are applied material, temperature …” „… prediction at teeth is expected, especially with respect to friction, lubrication, temperature and tooth …”

A. Pogačnik, U. Kissling Layout of profile modifications for symmetric and asymmetric plastic gears S. 1461-1472

„… operating temperatures, inferior root and flank fatigue strength [1]. Some of these drawbacks can be …” „… load and temperature condition. This means that if the temperature and torque level will change, also …” „… load and temperature conditions and then applying profile modifications, that fits best to all …”

A. Kubo Influence of stressed volume of tooth flank on the surface durability S. 15-24

„… driving pinon and driven gear respectively. During power transmission, the surface temperature of tooth …” „… flank of driving dedendum whose ESV is small becomes hotter and the temperature of driven addendum is …” „… temperature of ESV on both sides of the contacting bodies makes the difference in damage density induced. In …”

F. Siglmuller, U. Weinberger, J. Gotz, M. Sedlmair, T. Lohner, K. Stahl Scaling of planetary gear stages according to gear loss similarity S. 115-126

„… temperature, which results in combination with the same lubricant to similar lubricant properties …” „… , 2019122 the stationary ring gear. The lubricant, material and oil temperature are kept the same for the …” „… scaled gearbox: Lubricant: spec. MIL-L-23699 [10] Material: 16MnCr5 Oil temperature …”

S. Yokoyama A study of gear oil performances contributing to wind turbine lifetime extensions S. 845-856

„… and the final oil temperature became higher as shown in Fig. 5. In the range of initial pinion Ra as …” „… st:626.9 / 14st:714.2 Tooth temperature, ℃ 90 Division number in involute line 40 Oil temperature …”

G.-T. Weber New possibilities for dry hard finishing of internal gears S. 1659-1664

„… temperatures in the nitriding process and the small thickness of the nitrided layer lead to comparably little …” „… . The workpieces endure higher temperatures in the case hardening process and due to the phase change …”

S. Vonderschmidt, A. Ott, A. Vonderschmidt High speed driven tool for machine tools using magnetic transmission technology S. 1145-1154

„… : Measurement of the housing temperature over revolution speed of the driven tool. Fig. 10: 10kW High speed …” „… driven tool. The tool was driven at different speeds and the end temperature at the housing was measured …”

B. J . Siewerin, T. Tobie, K. Stahl, A. Dobler Flank load carrying capacity of hard-soft gear pairings S. 173-184

„… , the higher mass temperature under grease lubrication. Later, Stemplinger [Ste11] confirmed these …” „… temperature of the lubricant in the gear mesh due to poorer heat dissipation of greases. The poor mixing of …” „… result in a higher risk of wear due to the higher temperature in the gear mesh and abrasion particles …”

K. Daubach, Manuel Oehler, Bernd Sauer A method to determine local wear of worm gears with highly resolved circumferential backlash curves S. 595-606

„… input (3) and output (9) of the worm gear as well as temperature for several components like bearings …” „… circumferential backlash, the temperature of the worm gear box is regulated. This guarantees comparable …”

V. Heuer, D. Bolton Lean heat treatment for distortion control S. 1749-1764

„… runout and concentricity on the Input shaft The carburizing temperature was varied from 960°C to 1050°C …” „… met successfully for all three analysed carb. temperatures. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2355, 2019 1759 Fig …”

P. H. O. Teixeira, C. Lopenhaus, C. Brecher, T. Bergs Discretization of the contact conditions considering the grain engagement for generating gear grinding S. 1739-1748

„… quality. However, due to the friction generated in the contact zone, high temperatures are achieved …” „… temperatures in the contact zone, which can cause thermal damages in the workpiece such as metallurgical phase …”

B. Hu, M. Zheng, C. Zhou Tribo-dynamics model of a spur gear pair with gyroscopic effect and flexible shaft S. 541-554

„… flash temperature [15] and contact fatigue [16, 17]. Since then, the tribo-dynamic model has been …” „… . Li, A. Anisetti, On the flash temperature of gear contacts under the tribo-dynamic condition …”

T. Sturmlinger, A. Comak, A. Albers, S. Gerdhenrichs, R. H. Schmitt Methodical analysis and selection of auto identification systems in the gear box manufacturing S. 1509-1520

„… . One example for process requirement is the temperature resistance because of the heat treatment …” „… described in chapter 3, a hardening process with temperatures As the Auto-ID technology should permit the …” „… process with temperatures over 800 degrees is needed. This destroys RFID chips, hence its application is …”

D. V. Kalinin, J. Y. Temis Influence of tooth profile modification on planetary gear sets dynamic S. 777-784

„… gears in aircraft gearboxes and transmissions associated with high rotation speeds, temperature of oil …”

F. Concli, L. Maccioni, C. Gorla Power loss analysis of different high-power density gearbox typologies: CFD analysis and experimental measurements on a cycloidal gear set S. 101-114

„… directly affected by the transmitted load. However, a higher torque implies higher operating temperatures …” „… Temperature, Lubricant Level And Rotational Speed On The Churning Power Loss In An Industrial Planetary Speed …”

D. Kurten, A. Kailer Hydrogen embrittlement of oil lubricated contacts S. 681-688

„… carry out tests under certain temperatures. The normal force is applied to the bearing by the testing …”

Z. H. Wu, Y. Q. Xu, K. A. Liu The Analysis on Grease Lubrication at Two Tapered Bodies Contact Considering Surface Roughness S. 1223-1236

„… temperatures. Tribology, 2001,39:303-312. [2] V Roda-Casanova, I Gonzalez-Perez, A Fuentes. Modified geometry …” „… I Waterman. The viscosity–temperature–pressure relationship of lubricating oils and its correlation …”

J. Ahn, C. H. Choi, J. H. Yu, S. C. Kim A study of dynamic behavior of tractor pto driveline to analyze a rattle noise S. 461-470

„… temperature. The idle rpm of that tractor exists between about 800 and 1000 rpm. Therefore, in order to …”

A. Spatzig, N. Fujimura, T. Monden, T. Kikuchi, K. Yoshikawa, A. Georgoussis Machining process solutions to support the reduction of distortion in ring gears after heat treatment S. 1635-1646

„… heat treatment, parts will be subject to high temperatures, which can cause thermal distortions of the …”

M. Fromberger, S. Sendlbeck, M. Rothemund, J. Gotz, M. Otto, K. Stahl Comparing data sources for condition monitoring suitability S. 257-268

„… ; shock, temperature and chemical resistance, and cost. When deciding about angular information sources …”

H. Linke, R. Hess Tooth root bending capacity – An analysis of stress and strength S. 949-958

„… von Last, Temperatur und Spannung an evolventischen Außenverzahnungen. Software, Technische …”

M. Ruzek, F. Ville, P. Velex, Y. Marchesse Windage power loss reductions in high-speed gear pairs S. 91-100

„… moving in the air (no lubricant) at ambient temperature and pressure. A pair of synchronized gears …”

X. Tian, Y. Wu, J. Han, L. Xia Online estimate and compensation of the gear machining error based on electronic gearbox cross-coupling controller S. 1835-0

„… manufacturing accuracy, the gearbox wear, the working load and temperature. However, these issues have been …”

P. Lopez Garcia, S. Crispel, T. Verstraten, E. Saerens, B. Vanderborght, D. Lefeber Wolfrom gearboxes for lightweight, human-centered robotics S. 753-764

„… impact robustness, and they also show high temperature sensibility, frequent grease maintenance need [11 …”

C. Hegger, T. Kruger, J. Maas Two-speed transmission based on energy-efficient MRF-coupling elements and power split mechanism S. 867-876

„… temperature changes. A main challenge was the connection between relevant parts, compare Fig. 5, and a …”

A. Weis, T. Deliktas, M. Liewald, N. Missal Cold forging of gear components by a modified Samanta process S. 1765-1776

„… process was simulated with an initial temperature of 20 °C. Coulomb friction model was selected with a …”

M. Geitner, T. Tobie, K. Stahl, B. Zornek Investigations on the pitting load capacity of internal spur and helical gears S. 301-314

„… by volume at an oil injection temperature of 60 °C. 4. Experimental Test Results The analysis and …”

J. Lohmiller, J. Hoffmeister, J. Hermes Conventional high-strength nodular graphite iron as a substitute for austempered ductile iron (ADI) S. 877-892

„… salt bath, since the very large volume of the medium must be kept at a temperature typically between …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… 1551 H. Röhr, Hexagon Metrology GmbH, Wetzlar Temperature influence on involute gear measurements …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023556

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Schraubenverbindungen 2018

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Schraubenverbindungen 2018

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2336 2018

Results in this title

A. Kempf, M. Klein, M. Oechsner Prüfung des temperatur- und verformungsgeschwindigkeitsabhängigen Verhaltens der Grenzflächenpressung von Bauteilwerkstoffen in Schraubenverbindungen bei erhöhter Temperatur S. 99-110

„… die Druckstangen nach außen wird mittels Temperatur-Referenzmessung über ein seitlich in die …” „… Prüfung des temperatur- und verformungsgeschwindigkeitsabhängigen Verhaltens der …” „… Grenzflächenpressung von Bauteilwerkstoffen in Schraubenverbindungen bei erhöhter Temperatur Kontinuierliche und …”

A. Eberhard, M. Stähler, S. Beyer, M. Klein, M. Oechsner Temperaturabhängiges Anzieh- und Löseverhalten von Schraubenverbindungen mit Zinklamellenüberzügen S. 137-150

„… Temperature-dependent tightening and loosening behavior of bolted joints with zinc flake coatings A. Eberhard M.Sc …” „… miteinander verglichen. Die Versuche werden bei Temperaturen von Raumtemperatur (RT) bis ϑ = 150 °C bei …” „… Temperatur von ϑ = 150 °C ein Grenzwert der Gesamtreibungszahl für die Selbsthemmungsgrenze von µtot ∶ 0,06 …”

F. Hermsdorf, H. Rapp Untersuchung des Einflusses einer Warm-Montage auf den Vorspannkraftverlust von CFK-Schraubenverbindungen S. 55-66

„… CFK-Schraubenverbindungen zeigen insbesondere mit steigender Temperatur erhöhte Vorspannkraftverluste aufgrund von …” „… Verluste reduziert werden. Anhand eines linear viskoelastischen Modells wird mit dem Zeit-Temperatur …” „… - Verschiebungsprinzip (ZTVP) der Einfluss der Temperatur und der Zeit der Warm-Montage auf die Vorspannkraft nach der …”

M. Pohl, R. Kupfer, S. Spitzer, M. Gude Anwendung zeitraffender Methoden zur effizienten Kennwertermittlung für eine lebensdauergerechte Auslegung von Schraubenverbindungen mit Faserverbund-Fügepartnern S. 45-54

„… TEMPERATUR ZEIT ANALOGIE und der STEPPED ISOTHERMAL METHOD Dipl.-Ing. M. Pohl, Dr.-Ing. R. Kupfer …” „… dazu die Methoden TEMPERATUR ZEIT ANALOGIE (TZA) und STEPPED ISOTHERMAL METHOD (SIM) gegenübergestellt …” „… Versuchszeit wird die sog. TZA genutzt [2]. Hier findet die Prüfung bei einer erhöhten Temperatur statt. Dies …”

F. Brahm Großverschraubungen im Dampfturbinenbau – Montage, Gestaltung und Auslegung nach VDI 2230 S. 151-164

„… 300 400 500 600 Re la xa tio ns fa kt or [‐ ] Sp an nu ng [N /m m 2 ] Temperatur [°C …” „… besonderen Anforderungen des thermischen Maschinenbaus (hohe Temperaturen, lange Belastungsdauern) gerecht …” „… tiefen Temperaturen DIN EN 10308 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung – Ultraschallprüfung von Stäben und Stählen …”

U. Lohse, K. Stockhausen, B. Voss, A. Enns Herausforderungen einer thermisch-transient belasteten Schraubverbindungen größer M39 am Beispiel der Außengehäuse-Verschraubung einer stationären Gasturbine S. 165-180

„… : Exemplarischer Verlauf von Temperatur und Druck während des Anfahrens einer Gasturbine Bei einem …” „… , dass die Vorspannkraft bei der auftretenden Temperatur durch Relaxation innerhalb des Intervalls bis …” „… in Turbinen auftretenden Temperaturen, Umgebungsbedingungen und Betriebszeiten zwischen dem Lösen …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… , Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau Prüfung des temperatur- und verformungsgeschwindigkeitsabhängigen Verhaltens …” „… der Grenzflächenpressung von Bauteilwerkstoffen in Schraubenverbindungen bei erhöhter Temperatur …” „… , Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Mathematik, Magdeburg Thermische Belastung Temperaturabhängiges Anzieh …”

F. Hohmann Ultraschall-Montagevorspannkraftkontrolle für große Schraubenverbindungen S. 67-76

„… Kopf oder Schraubenende gemessenen Temperatur ist zwingend zu berücksichtigen. Für die Anwendung des …” „… Verfahrens ist sicherzustellen, dass sich zum Zeitpunkt der Messung die gleiche Temperatur homogen über die …”

A. Choudhry, A. Albers, K. Bause Eine Methode zur Validierung des selbsttätigen Lösens der Radschraubenverbindung von Kraftfahrzeugen S. 35-44

„… - und Querlasten abbilden. Die Temperatur wird über aktive Bremsvorgänge, vergleichbar zum Fahrzeug, in …” „… Biegemoment variiert werden. Die Temperatur wird über die Bremsscheibe in den Verbund eingeleitet. Dies …”

J. Hebig, D. Polyakov Systematische Berechnung von Ein- und Mehrschraubenverbindungen im Einflussfeld der Systemparameter S. 191-202

„… mit verschiedenen Betriebs-temperaturen sollte zunächst geprüft werden, welche Temperatur zum unteren …” „… Temperaturbereiches, sind dagegen mindestens zwei Berechnungen, zur Sicherstellung der Funktionalität, notwendig. Die …” „… wird für einen Temperaturzustand durchgeführt. Bild 1: Schema Schraubenberechnung mit …”

P. Thomsen Berechnung von Flanschverbindungen nach der Finite-Elemente-Methode – Vergleich der numerischen mit analytischen Berechnungen S. 215-222

„… Einflüsse wie Flanschbiegemomente aus Druck und Temperatur werden gar nicht betrachtet. Das folgende Bild 2 …”

W. Lori Probleme und Tendenzen der Berechnung von Schraubenverbindungen und Anforderungen der Montage S. 3-20

„… weiter. Bei höheren Temperaturen sind Kenntnisse zur Warmfestigkeit und dem Kriechverhalten …” „… 2.1 Haupteinflussgrößen Reibung, Toleranzen, Oberflächen, Schichten, Montagebeding., Temperaturen …” „… und nicht bekannte Temperaturdifferenzen zwischen Schraube und Bauteil erschweren die Betrachtungen …”

S. Matthiesen, A. Wettstein, C. Sturm Eine qualitative Untersuchung der Reibungsverhältnisse und des Oberflächenverschleißes in schlagend angezogenen Schraubenverbindungen S. 233-246

„… von Adhäsionskräften begünstigt. Auftretende Verschleißmechanismen, welche durch Temperatur …” „… damit verbundenen lokalen Temperaturerhöhungen treten ebenso tribochemische Reaktionen auf [17], welche …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023365

Nabil A. Fouad, Torsten Richter - Leitfaden Thermografie im Bauwesen.

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Nabil A. Fouad, Torsten Richter

Leitfaden Thermografie im Bauwesen.

2012

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5 Genauigkeiten der in Thermogrammen angegebenen Temperaturen S. 63-79

„… 63 5 Genauigkeiten der in Thermogrammen angegebenen Temperaturen Das zerstörungs- und …” „… Thermogramme mit der zu erwartenden Verteilung der Temperatur über der Oberfläche verglichen werden. Zur …” „… angegebenen Temperaturen 64 Die fiktive Außentemperatur lässt sich mit der folgenden Formel bestimmen: θfik …”

2 Physikalische Grundlagen der Thermografie S. 10-45

„… thermografiert. Die angezeigten Temperaturen werden dokumentiert und der zur korrekten Temperaturdarstellung …” „… die Temperaturanzeige. Zur Rückrechnung auf die vorhandene tatsächliche Temperatur wurde der korrekte …” „… besteht nur noch aus der Umkehrfunktion der Temperatur-Strahlungs-Beziehung der eingesetzten Kamera: [24 …”

6 Anwendung der Thermografie in der Bautechnik S. 80-97

„… , dass sich Oberflächentemperaturen einstellen, die auch unter der Temperatur der Außenluft liegen. Dies …” „… sind der Nacht vorzuziehen, weil am Morgen im Regelfall die kühlsten Temperaturen durch die längste …” „… gemessenen Temperaturdifferenzen als normal oder als auffallend zu bewerten sind. Da Temperaturunterschiede …”

3 Überblick über Thermografiesysteme S. 46-60

„… auftreten. Temperaturen, die unterhalb oder oberhalb des eingestellten Temperaturbereichs liegen, können z …” „… Änderung des elektrischen Widerstandes in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur zum Nachweis der infraroten …” „… Strahlung. Bereits 1920 stellte man Quantendetektoren her, die ohne Umsetzung der Strahlung in Temperatur …”

8 Thermografische Signaturen typischer Konstruktionen S. 151-160

„… Vorsatzschicht eine nahezu gleichmäßige Temperatur annimmt (Abbildung 8-5) und hinter der Lüftungsebene …” „… Bekleidungen Die bereits in Abschnitt 8.1.3 beschriebene Problematik der Homogenisierung der Temperatur bei …” „… Oberflächentemperatur führten, sind bei dieser Messfleckgröße nicht zu erkennen. Die angezeigten Temperaturen …”

10 Anhang S. 164-0

„… Detektors) NETD [K] Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference (Rauschäquivalente Temperaturdifferenz) NUC …” „… ] Innenlufttemperatur θM [K] (Strahlungs-)Temperatur des Messobjektes θMP [K] Strahlungstemperatur des Messpfades θsi …” „… ] Strahlungstemperatur der Umgebung (mittlere Temperatur des Halbraumes vor oder über dem Messobjekt) σ [W/(m2 · K4 …”

7 Praxisbeispiele S. 98-150

„… datum Temperaturrandbedingungen weitere Informationen Luft temperatur Wohnung 1 Luft temperatur …” „… insbesondere im Bereich oberhalb der Fenster lokal erhöhte Temperaturen festgestellt. Die größte Erwärmung …” „… schadenverursachend zu bewerten. Abbildung 7-23 Temperaturen und relative Luftfeuchten während des Messzeitraums …”

9 Zusammenfassung und Kurzleitfaden der Thermogrammerstellung S. 161-163

„… gegeben werden, dass die angezeigte Temperatur in den abweichenden Bereichen nicht richtig ist (z. B …” „… Oberflächentemperaturen bzw. Temperaturunterschieden (Genauigkeit von absoluten Temperaturangaben beachten …” „… , geometrischen und zeitlichen Auflösung, des Temperaturbereichs sowie der Detektorempfindlichkeit bei den zu …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Thermogrammen angegebenen Temperaturen ... 63 5.1 Einfluss der Wetterrandbedingungen und der Baualtersklasse …” „… ............................................................................................. 63 5.1.1 Einfluss der instationären Einwirkungen – Durchschlagen von Temperaturänderungen …” „… ...................................................................................... 129 7.4.5 Temperaturverteilung bei Stahlträgern eines großflächig verglasten Luftgeschosses …”

4 Vorschriften, Richtlinien und Normen S. 61-62

„… Temperaturmessungen, Strahlungsthermometrie [29] enthalten sind. Weiterhin sei auch auf die von der ASTM (»American …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783816787600

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Dritev 2023

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2420 2023

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B. Cebulski, S. Mühlbauer, D. Sailer, L. Schmieden, R. Wunderlich, O. Seidler, A. Stiegelmeyr About the benefits of permanent rotor temperature measurement S. 143-152

„… About the benefits of permanent rotor temperature measurement Bernd Cebulski, Stefan Mühlbauer …” „… Stiegelmeyr, Hochschule Kempten Introduction Pro-micron has developed passive, wireless temperature sensors …” „… that can be used for measurement of the temperature of rotors and stators of electric motors. The …”

A. Paone, J. Larbig, A. Rohm, T. Höche ZF TherMaS: Holistic Thermal Management for BEV S. 45-60

„… scenarios consumption of energy often cuts the range significantly, especially at colder ambient temperature …” „… inevitably always do have losses, so, for avoiding temperature issues measures for cooling or …” „… a chiller for having the ability to increase temperature and harvesting energy from ambient. Thus …”

J. Merckling Comparison of Efficiency of Tapered Roller Bearings and Deep Groove Ball Bearings in Electric Vehicle Intermediate Shaft Applications S. 339-348

„… reproduce load, speed, and temperature combinations from an electric vehicle intermediate shaft. This …” „… conditions and temperatures. That data is then used in a simulated overall weighted efficiency cycle for the …” „… efficiency cycles and a variety of real-world loads, speeds, and temperatures. To achieve this, Timken …”

T. Schneider, K. Völkel, K. Stahl Failure Characteristics of Wet-Clutches in Limited Slip Differentials S. 307-324

„… Schadensintensität in der Kupplungsmitte am stärksten ausgeprägt ist und Temperaturen über 300°C für den Ausfall der …” „… most pronounced in the center of the clutch and that temperatures above 300°C are necessary for the …” „… 0.05 mm, while hot bands refer to an inhomogeneous temperature distribution concerning the radial …”

Z. Liu, S. Rinderknecht A sequential adaptive sampling strategy for surrogate model construction of transmission losses S. 425-440

„… load-dependent loss reduces with increasing input speed 0200540001st gear, 50 °C oil temperatureInput torque in …” „… Nm100Input speed in rpm1020000 0(b) (c) 0200560001st gear, 50 °C oil temperatureInput torque in Nm100 …” „… 4000Input speed in rpm1020000 00200560003rd gear, 50 °C oil temperatureInput torque in Nm100 4000Input …”

Y. Jin Smart eDrive – Autonomous cooling eDrive for small BEVs and P4 AWD S. 21-36

„… seconds in the worst cases. Fig. 13: Inverter temperature measurement VDI-Berichte Nr. 2420, 2023 31 …” „… mountain use case test drive has been conducted in ChengDu, China and the overall temperature in the Smart …” „… level of temperature, the A/C condenser fan is activated to blow the air around the Smart eDrive. As the …”

J. Bonifacio, V. Warth, S. Scharr Optimizing sustainable high-performance e-drives S. 349-358

„… increase the continuous power capability and to lower coil temperatures during typical drive cycle …” „… magnets are limited regarding their high temperature capability and tend to demagnetize earlier especially …” „… HREE-free magnets, the temperature behavior of the motor and the interaction with the cooling system …”

L. Bayoux, K.-L. Kimmig, D. Reitz Has the potential in terms of weight, installation space, and function already been exhausted for hybrid transmissions? S. 205-220

„… temperature reduction of up to 30 °C. Market – Development until 2035 The market development for partially …” „… transmission enables a gradual cooling concept (fig. 6), in which the low-temperature circuit of the vehicle …” „… temperature up to 30°C. As a result, the main advantage is a lower friction of a cage guided bearing in …”

C. Reumüller, M. Sedlmair, M. Hein, A. Damm Transformation from conventional to electric powertrains Challenges in testing mechatronic shifting systems S. 359-376

„… provided through a temperature-controlled oil shower. External sensors on the test rig are for measurement …” „… differential speed Δ𝜔 under certain conditions (oil temperature, oil level in the gearbox etc.). The emDOC …” „… MCU (=Motor Control Unit) in this case. Lubrication and temperature control of the shift element is …”

M. Magnusson, O. Nicklasson, H. Jacobsson Electric Cross Differential, eXD S. 235-252

„… mounted temperature sensor can be used as input to a temperature model. Temperature model is used to …” „… achieve optimal torque characteristics for the complete operating temperature range. Figure 3, Integrated …”

A. Kappes, S. Frei, P. Noone, Stephan Rinderknecht Development and Design of a Range Extended four-speed Two-Drive-Powertrain S. 253-280

„… event is dependent on temperature, current and blocking voltage. The switching loss power is then …” „… transmission efficiency decreases at low temperatures and high oil viscosities. Since an oil pump is already …” „… estimated in [21] for up to 1.3 % lower energy demand at cold ambient temperatures and short driving …”

J. Ahn, S. Yang Disconnect Actuator System (DAS) for AWD EV’s Driveline – Increasing electric efficiency, Seamless shifting system S. 115-130

„… driveline, the drag loss is reduced to 2% level at the oil temperature of 30 degrees Celsius, the drag loss …” „… feeling of engagement through quick engagement. The engagement performance test by voltage/temperature of …”

J. Jung, A. Helm Manufacturing technologies for reduced AC copper losses in hairpin stators – Increasing the efficiency of electric traction machines S. 131-142

„… Permeability of the vacuum, 𝜌 Electrical resistivity of copper at operating temperature, 𝐴 Copper …” „… current 150 ARMS, copper temperature 100°C Eq. (4) JMAG Designer Eq. (4) JMAG Designer 1.0000 1.1609 …”

M. Gukelberger Magna’s Dedicated Hybrid Drive DHD Duo – a Platformbased two e-Machine System S. 197-204

„… low-temperature cooling circuit of the vehicle. Communication with the vehicle is carried out via CAN FD. The …”

L. Roslaniec, T. Hackl Next generation Electric Drive Units with multi-level GaN inverter for highest HV EV performance and efficiency – Comparison of 2-level and 3-level inverter topologies S. 107-114

„… positive temperature coefficients, along with the already highest current rating per die (i.e., 200Amp …”

N. Missal, S. Schwertel Innovative cold metal forming processes for a sustainable future – Moving forward with helical gear drive components in a resourceand energy-efficient way S. 295-306

„… as cold extrusion processes. Gen-erally, forging processes are applied at an increased temperature in …”

B. James Demonstration of a Cloud-based Gearbox Digital Twin – Using telematics data for reliability predictions S. 165-182

„… :  Engine speed  Engine torque  Selected ratio  Gearbox oil temperature It is obvious how this data can …”

D. Schweigert, B. Morhard, F. Oberneder, L. Pointner-Gabriel, M. Otto, K. Stahl Speed4E: Simulative and Experimental Results on the Vibration Behavior of a High-Speed Planetary Gearbox S. 441-458

„… dry sump at an oil injection temperature of 40 °C. The evaluation of the measured acceleration signals …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024201

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