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VDI / VDE - Metrology in digital production

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VDI / VDE (ed.)

Metrology in digital production

Series: Blaue Papiere

Volume 04/2023 2023

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Introduction S. 4-5

„… and scope In general, the term “production” is understood as a “combination of tangible and intangible …” „… process industry [Chemie 2019]. From this distinction, the terms production metrol-ogy for metrology in …” „… the manufacturing industry of discrete goods and the term process metrology for metrology in the …”

Integration of measurement technology into digital production S. 6-9

„… signals by means of sampling [Beucher 2015]. In the meantime, the term digitisation is used less and less …” „… , the term digitali-sation is closely linked, especially in Germany, with the term Industry 4.0, which …” „… this context, the term "digital production" has de-veloped from the link between production and …”

Bibliography S. 26-32

„… Conformity assessment - Terms and gen-eral principles, ISO/IEC 17000:2020. ISO 25178-72 Geometrical product …” „… of metrology - Part 2: Terms for measuring equipment DIN 32937 Monitoring of measuring and inspetion …” „… Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Inspection of workpieces and measuring in-struments by measurement …”

Models S. 17-25

„… entity-relationship models” (t-ERM for short). The different entity types are explained below. The typed entities can …” „… the products with the specified quality re-quirements. The sub-model of the measuring system as …” „… the products with the specified quality re-quirements. The sub-model of the measuring system as …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783949971303

GJAE - German Journal of Agricultural Economics

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GJAE - German Journal of Agricultural Economics

Browse Volumes: GJAE - German Journal of Agricultural Economics

GJAE Volume 71 (2022) Issue 03 ISSN Online: 2191-4028

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Sebastian Hess, Marvin Berndt, Kirsten Boysen-Urban, Simon Ehjeij, Amelia Espey, Arndt Feuerbacher, Dorothee Flaig, Tobias Heimann, Markus Kempen, Franziska Schünemann, Christine Wieck Implications of Russia’s War in Ukraine for the Global Agri-Food Sector – An Ex-Ante Assessment using Different Simulation Models S. 134-149

„… . 3.3.1 Results regarding Crops and processed Agricultural Products In the short term (scenarios …” „… Figure 9. Comparison of simulated long-term global consumer prices for wheat Note: Product aggregations …” „… sub-stantial increase in global agri-food prices under short-term assumptions. However, the longer-term effects …”

Raphaela Ellßel, Friedrich Wüstemann, Frank Offermann, Thomas de Witte Impact of the War in Ukraine on Farm Profitability and the Attractiveness of Environmental Measures in Germany S. 150-163

„… for agricultural inputs and products. This paper exam-ines the effects on farm profitability and the …” „… benefit from the short-term price effects of the war in Ukraine. Against this background, the efficiency …” „… dynamically, and the short-term impact on agricultural production and income in the EU can be conclusively …”

Alfons Balmann, Taras Gagalyuk, Igor Ostapchuk, Volodymyr Lapa Why did Ukraine become a Key Player on the World Agri-Food Markets? An Enterprise-Level Perspective S. 114-133

„… gov-ernment did not restrict the duration of land leases and, consequently, long-term land leases led to a de …” „… absolute terms over the past decade. From 2007 to 2015, the share of agriculture in total inflows of …” „… Ukraine. The country’s rapidly changing political environment leads to short-term and volatile policies …”

Martin Odening, Silke Hüttel The Russia-Ukraine Conflict – Implications for Farms and Agricultural Markets S. 111-113

„… February 2022 to an unprecedented level of more than 430 Euro/ton in mid of May 2022. The term structure …” „… markets are able to adjust rather swiftly, the war’s short-term effects are still threatening. A …” „… medium-term without violating sustainability goals. Moreover, in light of the present energy crisis …”

doi.org/10.51202/2191-4028-2022-03

VDI - Rethinking the circular economy for plastics

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VDI (ed.)

Rethinking the circular economy for plastics

Series: Blaue Papiere

Volume 05/2023 2023

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Field of Action 3 Creating regulatory incentives for a circular plastics economy S. 35-52

„… clearly defined in terms of materials High motivation for circular product design, production and …” „… (small) pro-duct cycles. This has advantages in terms of operational and, in particular, regulatory …” „… product performance, innovative design in the substitution of other materials, innovative sorting …”

organising the plastics industry for a circular economy S. 8-13

„… innovation system when it comes to material and product innovations, for example. In terms of disposal, there …” „… products that can be separated well will actually be separated correctly by consumers. In terms of …” „… oriented) value chains. Energy, labour and money are invested in order to manufacture plastic products on …”

Field of Action 2 Making closing the loop the task of all stakeholders S. 14-34

„… for recyclates in the long term, but also the amount of product waste that is suitable for …” „… availability of high-quality recyclates is a prere-quisite for long-term product planning (quantity planning …” „… recycled materials more difficult. Key function through product development and buyer power Long-term …”

Introduction S. 1-7

„… terms.New logic of economic activity: thinking in cyclesIn view of the urgency of our global problems, it …” „… linear economic model, in which consumption and production tend to conform to the short-term mindset of …” „… reduction and avoidance to conserve resources, e.g., through multiple use of products and materials along …”

Glossary S. 62-65

„… raw materials in the long term. Recyclate: Recyclates are raw materials produced as the product of …” „… unprocessed or only slightly processed as a starting material for further processing or as an end product for …” „… : A property of products: that all materials used in a product can be recycled several times and, as …”

Field of Action 4 Designing products for a circular economy S. 53-56

„… 53 VDI । The VDI Round Table white paperField of action 4Designing products for a circular …” „… economyFor a functioning circular economy, recycling-capable products are needed in addition to reusable …” „… products and systems. Product conception and design are therefore a key tool when it comes to closed …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783949971402

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - International Conference on Gears 2019

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

International Conference on Gears 2019

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2355 2019

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T. Sturmlinger, A. Comak, A. Albers, S. Gerdhenrichs, R. H. Schmitt Methodical analysis and selection of auto identification systems in the gear box manufacturing S. 1509-1520

„… Industry 4.0”. This term is defined in [2] as follows: “In the context of the Karlsruhe School for Product …” „… Development (KaSPro), the term Design for Industry 4.0 denotes the finding of product profiles, the …” „… Industry 4.0”. This term is defined in [2] as follows: “In the context of the Karlsruhe School for Product …”

P. L. Yin, J. H. Wang, C. X. Lu Digital twin of gear measuring center (dtgmc) S. 1521-1532

„… compensation model, it is assumed that the error terms are independent of each other [9]. However, some …” „… optimizing product design. It is the most advanced concepts in product simulation, testing and optimization …” „… coupling relationship between different error terms of physical GMC, mature measurement software can be …”

Y. Hawwari, J. Touzet, H. Andre, H. I. Cakar, I. Khelf, L. Alloin Ring gear tooth cracks detected using instantaneous angular speed: wind turbine application S. 1039-1052

„… : the geometric error. The recent developments in terms of geometric error correction and indicators …” „… overcome in terms of accuracy the signals yielded from the phonic wheel initially installed on the wind …” „… sliced in 1 cycle terms. Bottom left: rotation domain average of the IAS cycle. Bottom right: GE scaled …”

F. Cura ISO Standard based method for determining a global in-operation dynamic factor KAV in gears subjected to variable velocity and loading conditions S. 689-700

„… stress σF, and it can be obtained by the product of the nominal tooth root stress (which is the maximum …” „… reported in [2] refers to the product between KA and KV factors, stating that it represents the total …” „… factor value, considered in this particular case as an overload term. Obtained results are once again …”

M. R. Mauntz, J. Peuser Deep online oil analysis of dielectric parameters for life time enhancement of industrial gearboxes – Identification of critical operation conditions for reduction of failure rates S. 245-256

„… long term time scale, the critical lubrication conditions – occurring only in operation – are in the …” „… application [4]. The WSi model considers short, mid and long-term changes in the lubricant by continuous …” „… term analysis. The stress of the lubricant and the turbine itself is based on the actual wind …”

K. Holder, C. Salander, S. Rudolph, R. Stetter Automated requirements-driven design synthesis of gearboxes with graph-based design languages using state of the art tools S. 713-726

„… product designs (compare [2]). In design languages, the individual terms (i.e. the vocabulary) represent …” „… gearboxes are a desirable solution. That leads to the demand for a truly individualized product development …” „… . In order to keep costs down despite an increasing product variability, novel digital design methods …”

J. Hongu, H. Noborio, T. Koide, A. Tamura Proposal of linear mapping model among machining processes for gear tooth surface using graphic analysis S. 1199-1206

„… , Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) -Surface texture: Profile method - Terms, definitions and surface …” „… texture parameters, 1997 [4] ISO 25178-2, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -Surface texture …” „… : Areal- Part 2: Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters, 2012 [5] B. P. Bogert, M. J. R …”

H.-J. Dennig, S. Monn, A. Vodermayer Thermoplastic high performance composite gears S. 1279-1290

„… can be used in combination with a high-performance polymer. To this end, the Centre for Product and …” „… : Static: Deformation is caused by flow of the material. The long-term modulus of elasticity is exceeded …” „… when a static load is applied. Dynamic: The short-term modulus of elasticity is exceeded. In both …”

R. Ratnagiri, M. Kato, H. Kuchelka Advances in polyacetal materials for gears S. 1357-1366

„… “Wohler Curves” which represents the material endurance in terms of cycles to failure as a function of …” „… materials also show a significant ability to recover from short-term loading. Hence a model that captures …” „… . tet edtedi )1( )/(... .. Eq. 1 The three terms on the right …”

D. Iba, I. Moriwaki, H. Noda, H. Inoue, M. Kim Visualization of phase differences between tooth helix deviations using graph theory S. 1191-1198

„… the inner product between the deviation data of all teeth for acquisition of the phase differences …” „… networks and airline networks. The long-term objective of this study is to create eye-friendly graph …” „… inner product between the deviation data generates correlation coefficients between all teeth of a gear …”

P. Barreiro, J. Hoffmeister, J. Hermes, A. Bronner New improvement opportunities through applying topology optimization combined with 3D printing to the construction of gearbox housings S. 1823-1834

„… the integrated oil systems were fully checked with short-term tests. 1. State of the Art Additive …” „… introduced within the industry to enhance products into redesigned ones with entirely new potentials because …” „… relationship between the product complexity and manufacturing costs, additive manufacturing can prevail over …”

B. van Wissen, M. Kanters, F. Mitsuzuka, K. Iwanaga, Ir. A. Hasanovic Predicting wear for high performance plastic gears S. 1323-1334

„… petrochemical material products and nutritional solutions. DSM Engineering Plastics (DEP) is one of DSM’s …” „… directions to the end-user concerning the application’s long-term performance in operation. For a gear …” „… combination with accumulating sliding distances. As a result, also the product of pressure and distance will …”

H. Aurrekoetxea, I. Ruiz de Ocenda Experimental and theoretical study of load mesh factor for different boundary conditions in wind gearbox planetary stages S. 835-844

„… least two epicyclic stages, in which the number of planets is an essential design aspect in terms of …” „… insignificant in relation to tangential direction, reference [5], in terms of affection to Load Mesh Factor …” „… in terms of planet load share. 4.1 Individual planet Kɣ contribution The following table shows …”

A. Pogačnik, U. Kissling Layout of profile modifications for symmetric and asymmetric plastic gears S. 1461-1472

„… (in dB(A)) cannot be easily calculated. When optimizing gears in terms of noise, essentially the same …” „… criteria for plastic gears Design criteria for plastic gears is usually driven by the product requirements …” „… error will be affected – and normally increase. When optimizing gears in terms of NVH, wear behaviour …”

K. Matsuo, Y. Suzuki, I. Moriwaki Simulation of tooth flank profile in the gear honing process S. 1707-1724

„… are not sufficient in practical terms for simulating the actual tooth flank profile in gear honing …” „… , tooth flank normal direction deviation is expressed in terms of an nth-order polynomial interpolation …” „… following partial differentiation is omitted here) and taking the outer product. N …”

C. Natali, A. Rezayat, D. Park, P. Jiranek, T. Tamarozzi Analysis of manufacturing variability on the transmission error of an internal gear pair using a multibody framework S. 1099-1110

„… to different variabilities appearing in terms of the manufacturing error on tooth geometry and …” „… microgeometries for each torque. The results are provided in terms of percentages (see Fehler! Verweisquelle …” „… terms of first meshing order TE amplitude from both rigid and flexible models. Acknowledgments The …”

C. Gosselin, E. Fritz, L. Seiler Design and CnC manufacturing of face milled beveloid gears S. 379-390

„… ., Involute Simulation Softwares Inc., Canada; Eberhard Fritz, Lucas Seiler, Product Development, ESA …” „… term Spurniflex, a contraction of Spur and Coniflex. The use of a dish type face mill cutter on a 5 …” „… Concept The term “Spurniflex” is a contraction of Spur and Coniflex: in essence, a dish type face mill …”

I. Bae, U. Kissling Comparison of strength ratings of plastic gears by VDI 2736 and JIS B 1759 – In vision of building a new international standard S. 1267-1278

„… in terms of weight, noise, vibration, lubrication, and in design and production when it is injection …” „… industry because it hinders the exchange of product knowledge and information. It is common for the design …” „… that this is because that the load capacity of a gear should be determined in terms of the strength of …”

P. H. O. Teixeira, C. Lopenhaus, C. Brecher, T. Bergs Discretization of the contact conditions considering the grain engagement for generating gear grinding S. 1739-1748

„… finishing process mainly used to meet the high requirements for gears in terms of geometry and surface …” „… product between specific energy k, grain cross-section area and kinematic cutting edges over the contact …” „… showed a good accordance in terms of the curve tendency for different axial feeds. The magnitude of both …”

S. Nowoisky, M. Grzeszkowski, C. Guhmann, J. G. Pelham Monitoring concept study for aerospace power gear box drive train S. 269-286

„… component could have a negative impact on the product reliability which causes high maintenance costs and …” „… be able to predict the remaining useful lifetime (RUL) of journal bearings long-term wear tests must …” „… rig has been modified so that long-term experiment conditions can be set. One specific challenge …”

D. Park, F. Santini, A. Rezayat, T. Tamarozzi, J. Pavel Experimental and numerical investigation of helical gear transmission error under gear misalignments S. 355-366

„… . Correlation between test and simulation showed favorable results in terms of an overall shape of TE that …” „… : https://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/global/en/products/simulation-test/motion-simulation.html [6] International Standard ISO 6336/1, Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears …”

K. Mukaiyama, M. Nakagawa, T. Hirogaki, E. Aoyama Investigation of meshing phenomenon of hypoid gears with different offsets via high response infrared video thermography S. 505-516

„… bearing loss terms compared to Coleman's equation. (a) Relationship between gear meshing loss and load …” „… generation of the gear can be evaluated by the PV value, expressed by the product of the load P [MPa …”

B. Brodmann, H. Bodschwinna Scattered light measurement on worm gears with high efficiency requirements S. 1567-1578

„… action between the involved friction partners is a core element for an economically successful product …” „… ]. Worm gears offer advantages in terms of smoothness and compactness of the design. Another positive …”

M. Fromberger, S. Sendlbeck, M. Rothemund, J. Gotz, M. Otto, K. Stahl Comparing data sources for condition monitoring suitability S. 257-268

„… valid for the whole product life cycle. For machine manufacturers, this often means exploring new and …” „… better ways of product maintenance, e.g. moving from scheduled or reactive maintenance towards …” „… 10825: Gears - Wear and damage to gear teeth - Terminology, ISO, 1995 [6] Kohn, B.; Utakapan, T …”

M. Keuthen REXS – Standardized gear unit model S. 701-712

„… development partners, develop products together, the variety of CAE tools used increases even further. The …” „… : https://www.schaeffler.de/content.schaeffler.de/en/products-andsolutions/industrial/calculation-and-advice/calculation/bearinx_vip/index.jsp [8] FVA-Workbench, URL: https://www.fva-service.de/en/fva-workbench/ [9] KISSsoft, URL …” „… gear unit and its components across standards and industries, based on detailed terminology from …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023556

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - PIAE Europe 2023

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

PIAE Europe 2023

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2418 2023

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S. Lang, C. Niermann Sustainably high-quality! Are recyclates the only way to reduce CO2? S. 159-182

„… alternatives that offer decisive advantages over 'classic' recyclates in terms of their availability, quality …” „… about ecological sustainability, the term 'CO2 footprint' is ubiquitous. It describes the 'track' that …” „… an individual, a product, a company or a country leaves in the environment. Since there is a large …”

B. Pesche, R. Vollet-Binet Renault MEGANE e-Tech plastic tailgate – Lightweight and sustainability as DNA S. 73-82

„… the final products to do it all - lighter weight, complex, resilient – and getting to market first …” „… sustainable feedstock. Mass balance bio-based products (ECO-B product line) can be a compelling solution for …” „… (PP-LFT). Replacement of fossil raw materials leads to an increase in renewable content of the product as …”

H.P.C. van Heerbeek LNP™ SLX Resins for Exterior (Lighted) Auto Grill Designs S. 135-148

„… may have long term outdoor exposure include external parts on automobiles, buses, agricultural lawn …” „… backbone on long-term exposure to UV radiation has limited its use in some uncoated or unpainted outdoor …” „… desirable, especially for applications with long term exposure. To further increase the UV performance …”

M. Däbritz, K. Scherer Halving the CO2 footprint through process integration in the production of coated plastic parts S. 239-256

„… Abstract This paper describes the enormous savings potential in terms of CO2 emissions and resource …” „… is higher than the national average by a factor of 10 or so. Last but not least, product …” „… . Constantly growing demands in this field present the manufacturers and suppliers of such products with …”

T. Köppl, Florian Dresel Reducing the carbon footprint of materials and processes for soft-touch applications S. 149-158

„… . In such a process, a waste product, for example from industrial or household waste, is mechanically …” „… products it is common practice to use a cradle-to-gate approach according to ISO 14040, 14044 and 14067 …” „… technology, HEXPOL TPE used their long-term compounding experience to develop ready-to-use materials. It was …”

C. Salles Addressing the sustainability challenges of Automotive: Everminds – a Holistic approach from a PO industry leading producer S. 289-300

„… to match safety and legal requirements, and customer expectations in terms of quality; it is still …” „… Bornewables: The Bornewables™ is a portfolio of circular polyolefin products, manufactured with second …” „… production from renewable against fossil feedstock. Functional unit for this study is 1 kg of product "at …”

M. Doedt Qualification of recyclates – News from standardization and testing S. 457-466

„… products such as components for automotive construction. For these products in particular, there are often …” „… contains templates for product data sheets, labels and a procedure for calculating the recycled content …” „… relevant for all but are relevant for very many applications and whose provision on a product data sheet …”

C. Scarazzo Building a closed-loop: Molecular recycling of automotive plastic waste S. 585-600

„… range of products found in items people use every day. With the purpose of enhancing the quality of life …” „… in a material way, Eastman works with customers to deliver innovative products and solutions while …” „… to enable the long-term success of the circular economy.  Transparency — Claims about molecular …”

T. Neumeyer, R. Fachtan, B. Trinkwalter Production of functionally integrated soft-touch components based on new TPE materials in a single-stage injection-molding process S. 495-506

„… . A layer thickness of 3 mm was specified for the gel material in the final product. It must also …” „… in terms of push haptics and softness, the combination of the 30 Sh00 gel and cover film 1 with a …” „… in terms of softness. Fig. 5: Measured indentation depth (1D deformation) plotted against the …”

E. Spini, R. Galeazzi Reinforced polyamides with low environmental impact: post-consumer materials S. 627-644

„… environmental impact products for many years. The Group boasts long experience in the production of polymers …” „… attention to customer requirements, its efficiency and the quality of its production processes, products …” „… , coupled with the growing market demand for sustainable products with low environmental impact, made it …”

N. Schlutig Pushing the boundaries of eco-solutions based on recycled polypropylene compounds for contributing to sustainable cars of the future S. 213-228

„… portfolio combined with a product life cycle analysis could lead to an increase in sustainable products …” „… requirements and a low carbon footprint, thereby helping to achieve our target in terms of carbon neutrality …” „… compared to engineering plastics to see whether any benefits are secured in terms of the carbon footprint …”

T. Weyer Decorative and Functional Front Panels for BEVs – MEZZOTM Plus Panel S. 547-552

„… support this transition to the future of mobility. Our initial product development and experience focused …” „… as carbon weaves or brushed appearances and more. Another important ADAS product we are working to …” „… but still providing full functionality. Long-term View – Magna Vision™ Panel Moving forward, Magna …”

F. Groh, R. Apfelbeck, W. v. Gilst, A. Karl Innovative shear panel in plastic for vehicles with shortened battery modules S. 519-532

„… sizes from the MEB platform range are used to cover different customer needs in terms of vehicle costs …” „… resulting product advantages include: an increase in the degree of lightweighting, a resulting reduction in …” „… CO2 emissions during production and during product life, a reduction in complexity (saving a …”

J. Haspel, C. Höfs Engineering plastics as enablers for HV battery systems of the next generation S. 103-112

„… example in terms of sustainability, manufacturing costs, weight savings and economic functional …” „… footprint In terms of sustainability, the use of plastics is also a great advantage. Durethan's own …” „… certified product carbon calculations for the European production of a glass-fiber-reinforced PA 6 as …”

Entwicklung Leichtbau-Unterfahrschutz für BEVs in FVK-Bauweise Development of a lightweight underride guard for BEVs in FRP S. 61-72

„… . Starting from the semi-finished product VDI-Berichte Nr. 2418, 202362GMT in sheet form, the cost-effective …” „… DLFT were combined with continuous-fiber-reinforced semi-finished products for higher loads, for …” „… systems in terms of flame retardancy. [1] Dittmar, H: Polypropylen schlägt Aluminium. Kunststoffe 3/2020 …”

M. Lindemann Hybridisierung im Leichtbau – aber recycelbar! S. 413-426

„… the material cycle by type. That is why every product is being assessed more and more closely in terms …” „… products according to ecological criteria and checks its suppliers in this respect. In short, the entire …”

F. Meißen, H. Gleich The next level of polymer parts in CAE – From the process to the process chain, from the individual part to the assembly S. 355-362

„… always possible. The term 'digital twin' is often used in this context, which, on closer examination, is …” „… divided into the digital twins of product, of production and of performance [4]. If the digital twins are …”

K. C. Keller What society and values could look like tomorrow – And what that could mean for the automotive future S. 689-0

„… mesh of problems currently faced by the industry and establish a long-term view suitable for strategic …” „… hybrid / crossover classes of vehicles, fractalization of the product portfolio). 2. Decreasing depth of …” „… constitutes the most powerful driver. And in the long-term perspective on which this paper focusses, social …”

F. Wazula, H. Tattko, A. Sumfleth Star panel of the Mercedes Benz EQS – New design meets new challenges S. 33-46

„… also the clear affiliation to the family of Mercedes-Benz products. With the radiator grille in a …” „… given 5 stars in terms of safety and in additional receiving the award 'Best in Class' 2021; see Fig …”

Polycarbonatbasierte Karosseriebauteile mit Funktionsintegration Polycarbonate-based body components with functional integration S. 553-584

„… ensure the long-term functionality of the sensor, e.g. even after taking knocks during parking. A …” „… TactoTek® on a polycarbonate film; © Covestro 2023 The film products used For the production of the …” „… thickness of 375 µm was used. This product is a transparent film with a glossy surface on each side. These …”

W. Schijve, R. Bhairi, F. Becker, K. Fischer, M. Emonts Multi-material options for future fire and impact resistant battery casings S. 395-412

„… overmoulding resin compatible coating, such as already exists as a commercial product. Although the projected …” „… method and actual comparative material testing. In terms of fire protection, many electric vehicles on …”

S. Weidmann, T. Hoffmann, M. Duhovic, J. Weber, P. Mitschang Cutting-edge joining processes for TP-FRPC and multi-material structures made of TP-FRPC and metals S. 673-688

„… products become even more important. Here, the latest developments in innovative joining technologies of …” „… costs compared to other materials. In terms of the overall energy balance, however, the cost factor can …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024188

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