„… Occupant classification and crash severity detection enable individualized shoulder belt forces and …” „… provided no options to individualize and hence showed throughout all load cases a shoulder belt force of 4 …” „… kN. These settings led to the respective shoulder belt forces, chest deflections, neck loading, and …”

„… forces were calculated at the shoulder belt (B3) as well as at the lap belt on the side of the buckle (B5 …” „… may cause serious injuries [3]. In addition, restraining the torso with traditional shoulder belts …” „… attached to the b-pillar is not effective in a reclined position, since a gap between shoulder belt and the …”

„… purpose of the ATD tests is to compare the kinematics, test environment response (e.g. belt forces) and …” „… belt with pyrotechnical pretensioner and load limiting at all three attachment points: shoulder, buckle …” „… shoulder belt (B3) and at the outer lap belt (B6). Accelerometers at the D-ring and at the seat allow …”

„… performance is elaborated in Chapter 6.2. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2426, 2023 23 Fig. 5: Shoulder belt force …” „… on increased neck loading. In general, it is demonstrated that a reduced shoulder belt force reduces …” „… down to the lowest available shoulder belt force is constant over occupant size (at 30 ms and as early …”

„… belt forces and improve NCAP ratings on rear seat 113S. Schilling, B. Eickhoff, Autoliv B.V. & Co. KG …” „… Passive Safety 1G. Weller, Joyson Safety Systems Aschaffenburg GmbH, BerlinAdvanced Seat Belt Actuator …” „… & Co. KG, MunichOccupant classification and crash severity detection enable individualized shoulder …”

„… , shoulders, wrist, seat belt. The tracking analysis involves dynamic photogrammetric measurements, employing …” „… 1988 to 2004, revealed that accidents involving a combination of seat belts and airbags demonstrated a …” „… , using only a seat belt resulted in a significant 51% reduction in mortality, and relying solely on an …”

„… leveling to 0 m/s. 5) Maximum webbing pay in speed. 6) Maximum shoulder belt force before AEB activation …” „… , 20223023. Results The time history data for belt pay in and shoulder belt force is illustrated in Fig. 4 …” „… . Shoulder belt force ramp up after MBPPT activation was faster for C compared to C . Both MBPPT …”

„… tension force was set based on the volunteer test results in Fig. 9 (shoulder belt and lap belt force …” „… corresponding to two cases. The shoulder belt contact force almost has no difference among the two cases while …” „… : Seatbelt force: (a) Lap belt force (lap belt anchor, lap belt buckle), and (b) shoulder belt force …”

„… simulation should be in the first place the loads (e.g. belt loads) acting between these components and the …” „… , clavicle loads)  tracking of belt movement  load / pressure distribution measurements The focus should be …” „… an overestimation of the lower thoracic spine z-forces  Further improvement of the pelvis-to-belt …”

„… Statistical Office, possible reasons are traffic regulations, such as mandatory use of seat belts, speed …” „… belt use, model and color of the vehicle is all sent from the vehicle automatically [2]” (depending on …” „… crash. Should a driver’s side knee airbag have been deployed? Was the deployment of the curtain airbag …”

„… seat belt activations including the shoulder belt force and the belt pay-out are very close to the …” „… as the shoulder belt force to indicate the effect of fully reclined seatback posture, and how those …” „… also plotted out the maximum values of the shoulder belt and lap belt force in relation to the …”

„… seat-integrated belt system with a 2 kN shoulder belt load, and the new Dual Shoulder Airbag system (DSA). The …” „… 4 kN shoulder belt load and driver airbag) was used. Occupant injury assessment reference values …” „… (TTF 10 ms) and a load limiter, but the latter’s force is only 2 kN (at shoulder). Further, the New …”

„… from 5 mm in the test with lap belts to 19 mm in the test with two crossed shoulder belts (crisscross …” „… the seat back the belt remained on the shoulder and provided a proper restraint of the chest …” „… set-up with a seat integrated shoulder belt avoided belt slip from shoulder. A wider variety of belt …”

„… restraint systems (including new belt and airbag systems and seating concepts) will be required. For the …” „… sensitive. This is, for instance, the case if the benefits of inflatable seat belts are to be demonstrated …” „… increasing the contact area between thorax and belt. In other cases, criteria may not be available or the …”

„… servo-assist force at the rack results from the applied motor torque amplifiedby the belt drive and the …” „… contribution of normal forcesowing to belt tension. At the axially moving nut and the bearing outer ring, no …” „… forces onto the steering rack in orderto keep the required steering-wheel torque within a comfortable …”

„… of the tire belt with respect to the rim due to lateral force.The slip velocities vsx and vsy at the …” „… without any tire forces(red) introduced in Sec. 5.1. Further changes appear from adding more of the …” „… tie-rod, must be left force-less (“free”) orkept motion-less (“fixed”) during the analysis. Moreover, to …”

„… the followingrelationship between the two forces:F2 =A122,req (F1, F2)A12G,req (F1, a3,max)F1. (6.8 …” „… imbalance-mass values, which would producethe identified wheel forces.However, the algorithm has to cope with the …” „… frequency-dependent and do not additionally depend on the level of force or motionat the ports of the respective …”

„… for belt pre-tensioner. It should also be noted that adding pre-tensioners increase the belt forces …” „… % dummy. With current restraint system, i.e. a 3-point shoulder belt with a retractor equipped with load …” „… between lap and diagonal parts and thereby keep belt forces in the diagonal belt and lap belt separated …”

„… of the occupant is limited. The seat absorbs the force exerted by the belt and transfers it to the …” „… overly high forces. Well known elements of this balance are belt force limiter, staged airbag inflation …” „… (e.g. shoulder belt load, whiplash). Typically the restraint systems are designed to cover a …”

„… switchable belt force, is only possible to a certain extent. To date, occupant protection systems have …” „… shoulder rib is discernible. Fig. 18: Measurement of the shoulder force The same potential is …” „… visible in the measured value of the shoulder force in Fig. 18. The measured value in this case is only 77 …”

„… security devices should be avoided. The concept development for occupant safety has revealed the …” „… occupant-restraint-system-interaction as a stable condition. First of all, a detailed force path analyses has to be carried out for …” „… each subject. This identifies the condition of an equilibrium for the Seat-Pelvis-Belt interaction …”