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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Dritev 2023

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2420 2023

Results in this title

A. Kappes, S. Frei, P. Noone, Stephan Rinderknecht Development and Design of a Range Extended four-speed Two-Drive-Powertrain S. 253-280

„… at low vehicle speeds. Here, a larger EM would be suitable with a fixed gear ratio transmission …” „… A, the IGBT module features lower conduction losses than the MOSFET. Additionally, the switch-ing …” „… losses in the MOSFET module are approximately 70 % lower than in the IGBT module. However, the given …”

J. Gindele, F. Faistauer The Future of BEV: High Performance Without Compromising Driving Efficiency S. 37-44

„… show lower motor losses. This is because they can operate in a more efficient map range to handle the …” „… implementation of a sophisticated bearing concept, resulting in low mechanical losses during standby operation …” „… powerful and large displacement spark ignition engines run with higher throttle and friction losses at …”

Z. Liu, S. Rinderknecht A sequential adaptive sampling strategy for surrogate model construction of transmission losses S. 425-440

„… to alternately shift gears without power interruption. Hydrodynamic drag losses can be generated, due …” „… to the load side. Gear losses are major contributors, which are normally classified into …” „… load-dependent and no-load losses. Load-de-pendent losses are caused by the friction between gear meshing teeth …”

H. Sandquist, E. Barrientos, S. Klacar Systemized Modular Approach for Electric Drive Unit Family Development S. 89-106

„… Hair-Pin/Oil cooling E-Motor Welded light weight differential Low viscosity oil to minimize losses Modular …” „… friction bearings and low viscosity oil to minimize losses5.3. 800V EDUsThe 800V EDU is for 2 or 4-wheel …” „… density and power density Ultra-high performance and ultra-low loss silicon steel sheet High voltage and …”

J. Ahn, S. Yang Disconnect Actuator System (DAS) for AWD EV’s Driveline – Increasing electric efficiency, Seamless shifting system S. 115-130

„… mechanical elements rotate and have low electric efficiency due to drag loss. Therefore, to reduce drag loss …” „… rotating parts driven from the wheel, the lower the loss occurs. In addition, Table. 1 is the result of …” „… gear do not rotate when driving 2WD, thereby minimizing electric efficiency loss. The control of the …”

M. Gukelberger Magna’s Dedicated Hybrid Drive DHD Duo – a Platformbased two e-Machine System S. 197-204

„… internal efficiency is consequently optimized, among others through lowest drag losses and a purely …” „… as well as a scalable parallel mode with 1 to 4 gears according to individual require-ments. The …” „… serial driving operation, as well as parallel mode operation at higher speeds. At low engine loads, the …”

J. Bonifacio, V. Warth, S. Scharr Optimizing sustainable high-performance e-drives S. 349-358

„… high torque density at least means targeting a low system weight to improve the CO2-footprint …” „… sustainability. Others are targeting on low weight instead of high efficiency for example, or a very high …” „… the following increased ohmic losses in the coils efficiently is important. This dependency again …”

J. Merckling Comparison of Efficiency of Tapered Roller Bearings and Deep Groove Ball Bearings in Electric Vehicle Intermediate Shaft Applications S. 339-348

„… . Conditions from an actual electric vehicle were modeled, including motor torque and speed, gear and shaft …” „… geometry, shaft and housing materials, operating temperatures, and bearing- and gear-mounting distances …” „… through the housing to the outer bearing. This method of loading simulates the helical gear thrust load …”

C. Gürlich, S. Demmerer, M. Winkel, K. Führer Transmission – the most underestimated part of the electric drive – Next generation transmission S. 183-196

„… the wheel sets are lower than when using a gear with a conventional differential. When using a …” „… torque loads, making it ideal for use in a variety of vehicles. The planetary gear set of the reduction …” „… delivering high torque and power while maintaining low fuel consumption. Its single-stage design reduces …”

D. Schweigert, B. Morhard, F. Oberneder, L. Pointner-Gabriel, M. Otto, K. Stahl Speed4E: Simulative and Experimental Results on the Vibration Behavior of a High-Speed Planetary Gearbox S. 441-458

„… high torque at low speeds, the first speed shows an overall gear ratio of 36.2. The second speed is …” „… excitation level. Due to the low torques of the high-speed EM, the gears in stage 1 generally have …” „… lower amplitudes at a good 12 kHz or in the lower frequency range between 1 - 5 kHz. Since the ring gear …”

R. Plavullathil, M. Rihn, C. Bridier Marelli’s eAxle family strategy – Agile answer to a moving EV market S. 281-294

„… gear architectures that can be adapted to any torque range. Presentation of Marelli EPT Strasbourg …” „… , especially for the gears. Finally, additional systems with a design common to all variants will be available …” „… applications, i.e. for vehicles with different characteristics. In this respect, the motor, inverter and gears …”

T. Hofman, J. Van Kampen, O. Borsboom Electric Mobility Design – From Powertrain Components to Vehicle Fleet Optimization S. 391-410

„… , e-drive, and gearbox system), we focus at a lower-coupled system level on understanding how to develop …” „… ) properties or behaviors. The modeling of the components for design specifi-cation is done at the lowest …” „… and hence exhibit lower operational costs. Based on the mobility demand of a region (e.g., The …”

M. Magnusson, O. Nicklasson, H. Jacobsson Electric Cross Differential, eXD S. 235-252

„… actuator. The input torque from the E-motor transmission is transferred via the gear box diff case to a …” „… reduce the splash losses by lowering the oil level in the clutch area. The side reservoir also enables a …” „… amount of oil to all rotating parts. It also helps to reduce the splash losses by lowering the oil level …”

Y. Jin Smart eDrive – Autonomous cooling eDrive for small BEVs and P4 AWD S. 21-36

„… , China Abstract Small BEVs are gaining more and more market thanks to its practicality, low usage cost …” „… system is carried out via the active lubrication integrated in the gearbox which significantly lowers the …” „… gearbox losses especially the churning losses. This kind of technology is considered to be too costly for …”

A. Freiburg Virtual development – optimized E-Drive selection by system simulation S. 73-88

„… is to serve as a digital twin that accompanies the entire development phase. The lowest level of …” „… and a low powered secondary drive with a disconnect feature. Table 1: Example of reduced customer …” „… . Other parameter such as continuous performance parameter, efficiency/loss, weight, packaging space, and …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024201

VDI-Wissensforum GmbH - DRITEV – Drivetrain for Vehicles 2021

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VDI-Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

DRITEV – Drivetrain for Vehicles 2021

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2381 2021

Results in this title

M. Hein, J. Pellkofer, K. Michaelis, T. Tobie, K. Stahl, D. Kadach Test method A/16,6/90 with injection lubrication for discriminating different lubricants for dual-clutch transmissions S. 437-452

„… for synchronizers and clutches, low coefficients of friction are favorable for bearings and gears in …” „… . For a valid result of scuffing load stage over 12 the total weight loss of the gear must not exceed …” „… 20 mg. A higher weight loss indicates a wear scar in the gear dedendum which leads, similar to …”

A. Drechsel, J. Pellkofer, K. Stahl, J. Sandor, M. Hein Development of a new test method to investigate the wear behaviour of hypoid gear oils S. 453-468

„… use in highly loaded hypoid gears. In addition to high costs, the tests are associated with low …” „… hypoid test gear due to smoothing the most scuffing-critical flank area under low load. Thus, at …” „… Development of a new test method to investigate the wear behaviour of hypoid gear oils M.Sc …”

T. Kaufhold, F. Schneider, O. Groneberg, A. Moser Modular Starting and Damping System integrated in 48V Hybrid Architectures – Efficient Starting System for Hybrid Vehicle Architectures S. 347-360

„… comfortable start High efficiency and low mechanical losses 1.2. PES Introduction The permanently …” „… losses during start phase which are induced by the radial forces of the pinion and ring-gear connection …” „… conjunction with a simplified pinion starter, this efficient ICE starting system has no losses at and above …”

S. Idler, C. Bünder Scaling the functionality of a DCT-based DHD to segmentspecific requirements – The new high torque DHD Plus S. 241-254

„… available e-gears is positive locking, enabling lowest possible parasitic losses. Finally, the ultra-low …” „… ]. These include optimized bearings, low friction gear meshes with reduced specific sliding speeds and …” „… the highest gear, the EM can be disconnected, avoiding EM drag losses. At the same time, the 120 kW …”

F. Langhammer, A. Kappes, A. Viehmann, S. Rinderknecht Novel “Two-Drive-Transmission for Long-Range” Powertrain: Ecology and Efficiency meet Driving Comfort S. 207-228

„… ) for a full hybrid with more percentual usage of the ICE because of ASMs’ lower drag losses. For pure …” „… the need for intermediate gears. Thus, power losses, costs, and complexity are reduced. Table 1 …” „… losses Total number of gears / shifting actuators 12 / 4 12 / 4 Comparable production costs even with …”

C. Schmidt, H. Dhejne, J. Karlsson High Efficient 2 speed e-Axle – Highly efficient and shiftable under load S. 145-158

„… comfortable power shift with low-loss gear shifting with manageable control effort. With this innovative …” „… have lower switching losses than state of the art IGBT solutions and allows to increase the switching …” „… the second gear only, therefore drag losses in first gear need to be avoided as much as possible …”

A. Bagh, D. Magnor, J. Kneiber, F. Löhe eTransport – Application of axle-integrated e-drive in urban LCV and MD trucks S. 637-652

„… motor and gear transmission. High power density is attended by local power loss that must be …” „… of the axle is lower due to higher mechanical and electrical motor losses at high rotational speed …” „… , as most mechanical losses are proportional to the low rotation speed, leading to a shift of losses …”

D. Lechleitner, M. Hofstetter, M. Hirz, C. Gsenger, K. Huber Parking Lock Integration for Electric Axle Drives by Multi-Objective Design Optimization S. 303-318

„… significant, especially in the region of low costs and higher losses. However, mounting position “INPA …” „… the ones on the input shaft, especially in the region of low costs and higher losses. Mounting …” „… design phase to prevent failure of the system. That way, the designs of shafts, gear wheels and bearings …”

J. De Landtsheere TREMEC HYbrid DRive Axle – HYDRA – Hybridization enables RWD dynamics in a FWD car S. 125-144

„… gear set is a non-hypoid design to allow for low viscosity oil instead of typical hypoid lubrication …” „… transmission simply cannot handle the combined torque input of the EM and the ICE. Especially in the lower …” „… gears, torque limits are often already applied with the ICE engine alone. No such problem exists when …”

L. de Ruijsscher TREMEC Hybrid Dual Clutch Transmission (HDCT) – Electrification of TREMEC’s high performance dual clutch transmission S. 159-178

„… dual clutch, gear shift system, eLSD and park-by-wire system are controlled electrohydraulically with …” „… the transmission is provided by an input driven gear pump or via an integrated electric auxilliary …” „… standstill, the P2 configuration is considered a good option to hybridize while keeping cost & weight low …”

R. Kockisch, J. Müller, Erik Schneider Modular transmission systems for future BEV platform applications S. 11-22

„… speeds is the zero drag loss for the second gear justified to a normally closed second gear while dog …” „… clutch of the first gear is open without drag losses. The variation for the electric machine is based on …” „… efficiency, low costs and superior performance. An advantageous scalability and highly integrated components …”

J. Shutty, A. Moser, D. Gajowski Analysis of propulsion system architectures across vehicle segments and markets S. 23-34

„… sufficient torque for low speed hill climbing maneuvers and still have a low enough gear ratio to meet top …” „… is more feasible to achieve. An example data file is an electric motor loss map: Power loss …” „… , losses, speed, torque. In order to reduce the time required to compile all of this information we have …”

K. Hirano E-Axle with multi driving modes for BEV & Mild HEV P4 – The 3 in 1 e-Axle for EV requiring a wide range of driving force S. 229-240

„… three-axis eAxle with an integrated gearbox and inverter. The motor and inverter on the low gear side are …” „… low gear and the RH motor is connected to the high gear. The low gear on the second axis has an …” „… tire via the low gear. (see Fig. 3) Fig. 3: Torque transmission path of “1-Motor-Low” mode 2.2 …”

A. Nees Flexible Electro-hydraulic Actuation System for Multi-speed Electrified Drivetrains – Requirements and Concept S. 275-290

„… challenging requirements at low cost level. A gear shift must not be noticed by the driver in most cases. The …” „… implementation of an additional gear ratio can expand the range of efficient operation of the electric machine …” „… the traction machine and battery to lower system cost. Fig. 4 illustrates the impact of a second …”

G. Brudeli, B. Vestgård, S. Bjørkgård, L. Bjørkhaug Sustainable drivetrain architecture for hybrid and electric trucks S. 567-580

„… lower rear axle gear ratio and thereby a lower rpm in the highest gear, and driveability is maintained …” „… . This mode will be used for all low torque gearshift and nearly all higher gears; a significant …” „… for gears will be reduced, i.e. the cost-optimal number of gears will be lower (for all-electric …”

C. Schörghuber, M. Ortner, J. Pell, S. Pretsch Holistic system design and operation of a fuel cell truck based on an innovative energy management S. 685-700

„… losses and 3 % mechanic gear losses. 5 % of the consumed hydrogen energy is used for operation of the …” „… lower at maximum power, whereas the highest efficiency is achieved at relatively small power values …” „… operation with high temperatures, high dynamic load changes, low power operation (idle mode) and during …”

F. Müller-Deile Advanced design of electric machines for trailers with electric axles S. 653-668

„… . An induction machine (IM) has relatively low no load losses and a high efficiency at high speed but …” „… , Hannover Abstract Truck manufacturers are taking actions to lower the fuel consumption and the …” „… and reducing the losses of the drivetrain, reducing rolling resistance and air drag, predictive …”

S. Dussinger, T. Wiedemann, B. Harter, B. Wiedenmann Simulation of induced axial forces on planet gear bearings at example of ZF’s 8-speed automatic transmission S. 469-486

„… Simulation of induced axial forces on planet gear bearings at example of ZF’s 8-speed automatic …” „… aim of improving energy efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions, friction losses within driveline …” „… friction losses. The investigation is carried out using finite element simulations. Important influencing …”

B. Krüger, G. Filomeno, D. Dennin, P. Tenberge Holistic Design of All-Wheel Drive Electric Powertrains Using a Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm S. 377-394

„… BEVs towards maximum performance, performance reproducibility, high energy efficiency and low …” „… . Its position is indicated in Fig. 1, allowing to disconnect the differential gear from the …” „… maximum torque or minimal loss, resulting in a full load torque curve and a respective efficiency map …”

A. R. Lowis, R. Smith hofer H8-DCT-850 – High Performance Dual Clutch Transmission for transaxle application S. 179-190

„… select gears. It also required a high flow/low pressure cooling and lubrication supply, to underpin the …” „… Optimise Package To facilitate a dynamic vehicle handling experience, low mass and CoG are key …” „… development phases of the hofer H8-DCT-850, challenging attributes of low mass and CoG were highly regarded …”

F. Bayer, J. Tochtermann Development of a Heavy-Duty E-Axle S. 621-636

„… changes to the chassis. To avoid the losses of a bevel gear set, an e-axle topology with …” „… power from gear losses, as well as e-motor losses, was taken for a rough dimensioning using static load …” „… transmission with 2 shafts. Both e-motors are identical and both paths are connected to the gear wheel at the …”

P. Barve Gear Design Challenges of 2-speed-AMT High Torque E-Drives S. 499-516

„… . With the next iteration, a gear pair with a lower helix angle was designed to reduce gear mesh …” „… Gear Design Challenges of 2-speed-AMT High Torque E-Drives Pranav Barve, VCST Industrial …” „… Products (automotive branch of BMT Drive Solutions) is a recognized gears supplier from the automotive …”

E. Schneider, C. Danzer, E. Schreiterer Modular and highly functional Hybrid Platform for subcompact cars up to full-size SUV S. 191-206

„… power flow in the first speed for a low mechanical effort and a short gear set with only 3 gear set …” „… and superior performance. With lower levels of emission targets for 2030 in combination with a …” „… the relatively low efficiency of these power-to-gas/liquid generation paths of between 45% and 65 …”

R. Resch, C. Danzer, A. Poppitz, T. Pirkl Alternative drivetrains for sustainable commercial vehicles S. 669-684

„… compromise in this group. It has the lowest summarized mechanical and electrical losses. Fig. 13 …” „… first gear. The E-transmission realizes a total ratio range of 4.4. For a low energy consumption the …” „… volumes, thus enabling lower prices for these components. Depending on the vehicles load profile the EDU …”

D. Morgenweck, M. Großmann, W. Fakler, M. Lamke, F. Bitzer ZF E-Mobility Software Functions for Commercial Vehicles S. 703-718

„… . It is now understood that for low daily mileage applications, the electrification of BEV will become …” „… motor with 200 kW continuous power and a one-stage planetary gear set. SOP has been in 2020. There are …” „… local requirements. AxTrax AVE is the ZF electrical portal axle for low-floor buses where the …”

G. Herbillon Performances Validation of an electrically-commanded dog clutch system for multi-speed and disconnectable eDrives S. 255-274

„… (such as e-motor drag torque, bearings drag torque, gears churning losses, sealing losses), the …” „… disconnect the complete gear set from the wheels, and therefore get rid of gears churning losses, and …” „… branch of BMT Drive Solutions) is a recognized gears supplier from the automotive field, and relies on a …”

J. Nowack, G. Hellenbroich, A. Ghosh, V. Shapovalov, R. Fleuren Park by Wire System for current Electric Drive Units S. 291-302

„… elements of the vehicle and the Park lock system. The key elements are described below: Gear Lever …” „… due to loss of Park range in Fig. 4. Fig. 4: Overview of FEV HARA Process As step 1, the …” „… modifications Maximum parking slope: 30% Ratio park lock gear to wheels: >3 VDI-Berichte Nr. 2381 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… low drag losses, high actuation energy efficiency and integrated overload protection …” „… analyse gear shifts in electrified powertrains …” „… , K. Stahl, Gear Research Centre (FZG), Technical University of Munich, Garching; D. Kadach, AGCO …”

A. Ramsauer, A. Pujari Frontloading for (Hybrid-) Transmission Integration at BMW S. 101-116

„… low dynamics when compared to the base level, which is expressed by the type V shifts for low gears …” „… positions and low gears. By relying on the criteria derived in Fig. 5, the positioning in terms of comfort …” „… not limited to any specific driving events. However, as the progression of gear changes has a …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023815

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Drivetrain for Vehicles 2017

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Drivetrain for Vehicles 2017

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2313 2017

Results in this title

F. Roos, O. Flärdh The next generation active prediction based powertrain control strategies- Utilizing the vehicle's kinetic energy as energy storage S. 107-108

„… control system perspective, to lower these two losses are limited. On the other hand, the three remaining …” „… where in 2014 when eco-roll and gear selection strategies where added to the system. Now in 2017 it is …” „… losses (the last ¼ of the total energy consumption): engine friction, drivetrain friction and braking …”

T. Seidel, A. Lange, F. Küҫükay DHT concepts based on DCT design S. 21-22

„… and investigated. The EM is connected to the input shaft of the 4speed DCT trough a planetary gear set …” „… by removing one drive shaft with the gears 1, 2, 3 and 8. Since the EM and the PGS are utilized for …” „… focus on the mechanical transmission losses. To achieve this, a transmission loss calculation …”

C. Wirth, A. Garcia AT or DCT? MCT – The best of both worlds! Synthesis and functionalities of multi-clutch transmissions S. 9-10

„… GmbH entwickelte Getriebesyntheseprogramm "PlanGear" kann Mischformen aus Automatik- und …” „… „PlanGear“, developed by ZG GmbH, is able to generate mixed forms of automatic and double-clutch …” „… transmissions (AT) generally consist of a start-up element, multiple planetary gear stages and load-shift …”

M. Sannelius Disengageable retarder – The only way to completely avoid the slip Iosses S. 97-98

„… fuel economy reasons it is very important to keep those losses as low as possible. Traditional slip …” „… synchromesh parts as for the 1:st gear in the main gearbox. Fig. 1: Slip loss from retarders with …” „… Disengageable Retarder The only way to completely avoid the slip losses Dr. Mikael Sannelius …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023136

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - LAND.TECHNIK AgEng 2019

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

LAND.TECHNIK AgEng 2019

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2361 2019

Results in this title

D. Peitsmeyer Hydraulics in electrified machines – Electrification needs high efficiency S. 145-152

„… requirement. Current hydraulics have too high losses and a high noise level. With systems and components …” „… hydraulics. In this context, a novel, highly efficient and low-noise hydraulic pump is a key component for …” „… on a construction machine is difficult to imagine because the electric motor and gear are a fixed …”

A. Lajunen Development of a tire-soil interaction model for agricultural tractors S. 47-56

„… allows investigating the important energy losses between driving axle and tractive performance because …” „… the tire-soil interface may cause over 50% of the total losses. A validated and accurate tire model …” „… powertrain model consist of a reduction gear and three differential gears that deliver the engine torque to …”

S. Igl, G. Grommer, M. Auer, K. Grad Power Trains, Electric Drives and Mobile Hydraulics S. 135-144

„… . The increasing use of all-wheel drive even in low-power tractors as well as safety-critical driving …” „… different gear-set systems. This is the only way to systematically find the best gear-set structures …” „… tractor with the most significant increase in tractive force, apart from the rollout of low …”

M. Sax, R. Latsch, T. Anken, V. Moser, P. Krummenacher Automated site-specific overseeding of grassland S. 165-228

„… achieved and the vehicle speed loss was lower by 2 km/h. For other uphill gradients and lengths of slope …” „… germinate or are suppressed by the present plants. The costs of seed loss prevent farmers from overseeding …” „… considerable amount of seeds are suppressed by the existing vegetation [5]. These seed losses can reach up to …”

S. A. Duppong, M. Kuhl, O. Delvaux Production System Optimization with Electrified Powertrain S. 421-426

„… accomplish speeds up to 50 km/h while keeping engine speed low to improve overall vehicle efficiency and …” „… implement. Vehicle speed was reduced, which decreased drag losses between the soil and application tool …” „… disengage the distributed traction system. As soon as the tractor is placed in gear and moving the system …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023617

VDI Wissensform GmbH - Drivetrain Solutions for Commercial Vehicles

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VDI Wissensform GmbH (ed.)

Drivetrain Solutions for Commercial Vehicles

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2421 2023

Results in this title

A. Rozum, R. Uerlich, G. Witham, L. Eckstein Modular powertrains for heavy-duty electric vehicles – From concept to prototype S. 191-0

„… 6000 rpm input speed VDI-Berichte Nr. 2421, 2023 199The trade-off between bearing and gear pair losses …” „… load-independent losses (see [34]), which dominate in the range of low loads and especially high speeds. Summary …” „… geometries of gears were created. The same simulative approach was used to estimate power losses of relevant …”

L. Vassieux, A Diop Valeo hybrid solutions for Commercial Vehicle – 48V and HV hybrid solution S. 93-108

„… developed in two types of architectures: epicyclic gear set for compactness or layshaft gear set for …” „… for the ICE start. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2421, 202394 Fig. 4: Epicyclic gear (2 speeds) and layshaft …” „… -Volt module: ● The strategic P2.5 position optimizes the gear shifting speed management. For the …”

A. Arnberger, H. Wancura, M. Wieser, H. Zhou, W. Gruber, J. Pell, C. Schörghuber Hybrid powertrain with hydrogen-engine – Technical solutions for future commercial vehicle powertrains S. 79-92

„… + reduction of parasitic losses)  Powertrain: use of hybrid powertrain architecture Especially the third …” „… engine at a comparatively low-cost level. When combining such a hybrid architecture with a hydrogen …” „… is necessary to keep the NOx raw emissions low. However, a hybrid powertrain can compensate the …”

G. Wiche Voith Central Drive Concept for HD Trucks S. 181-190

„… consists of two planetary gearsets and one spur gear. This specific layout allows to absolve the typical …” „… System for HD appli-cations (VEDS HD+) is extremely silent, and has a low energy consumption, and high …” „… oil-water heat exchanger. The cooling system is designed to be highly efficient, with low noise and …”

J. Hohn, M. Fister, C. Spieker, A. Lemmer Optimisation of an unsynchronized transmission for commercial vehicles up to 7 tonnes S. 161-174

„… article presents the mechanical realisation and the gear shifting process. Motivation Electrification in …” „… combination of number of motors and gear ratios. In most all-electric passenger cars, the current state of the …” „… art is to use a single gear ratio which, due to the speed spread of the electric motor, makes it …”

M. Trahand Drivetrain architectures and vehicle integration: The evolution and advantages of in-wheel propulsion for heavy-duty commercial vehicles S. 123-134

„… in-wheel generators for assets and routes with lower energy needs. Confronting Challenges: Fleet …” „… lending to less power loss and greater efficiency in this central motor architecture. From the …” „… , reductions in power loss between the motor and wheel as well as slight im-provements to weight and packaging …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024218

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