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Matthias Schreiner - Bayesian Environment Representation, Prediction, and Criticality Assessment for Driver Assistance Systems

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Matthias Schreiner

Bayesian Environment Representation, Prediction, and Criticality Assessment for Driver Assistance Systems

Series: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik

Volume 797 2016

Results in this title

Grid Mapping in Dynamic Environments S. 67-102

„… taking the current sensor measurement as the new occupancy probability. Due to unconvincing results, the …” „… low process noise, also a too low assumed measurement noise results in inconsistent state estimates …” „… sufficiently low random motion mode probability, its actual occupancy probability is reinserted into the grid …”

Prediction and Criticality Assessment S. 132-191

„… behaviors. No explicit maneuver detections are performed. The result is a probability of collision for the …” „… reasonably included into the network in a way that it lowers the probability of an impending lane change for …” „… irrational approach to calculate the TTCCP. This probability can be low in every prediction time step and …”

Bayesian Inference for Nonlinear Filtering Tasks S. 18-66

„… higher mode probability for this model according to (3.70). 28This result can be seen by observing the …” „… calculation of the posterior probability density function (pdf) p(x0:k|z1:k), also called conditional …” „… ) p(z1:k)︸︷︷︸ Normalization . (3.1) The likelihood function2 determines the probability that the …”

Summary and Outlook S. 207-211

„… dynamic object map. The result is a dynamic object map with estimated state vectors of extended objects …” „… incorporate spatio-temporal smoothness constraints. Experimental results obtained from real-world driving …” „… drivers. Finally, the criticality time metric Time-To-Critical-Collision-Probability (TTCCP) has been …”

Environment Representations for ADAS S. 6-17

„… over low data rate busses or vehicle-to-vehicle communication interfaces. Moreover, grid-based …” „… environment models, several relations have to be kept in mind. The lower its abstraction level, the more …” „… precrash function is further demonstrated in [267]. 2D interval maps can be built quickly and require low …”

Parametric Free Space Maps S. 103-131

„… are highlighted before experimental results within real driving environments are shown. The chapter …” „… other after compensating for ego motion, which results in peaks in the difference image where obstacles …” „… classify free and occupied regions [137, 174]. This approach, however, results in many unconnected free …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186797124

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Fahrzeugsicherheit

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Fahrzeugsicherheit

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2426 2023

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L. F. A. de Oliveira, L. Schories Evaluation of the performance of an AEB system considering the reduction of injury severity in not-avoided cases using the injury risk function built with a logistic regression model and GIDAS Data S. 339-354

„… , potentially leading to lower AEB-P performance than presented here. Nevertheless, the results underscore the …” „… car-to-pedestrian collisions. An Injury Risk Function describes the probability of the injury severity occurring as …” „… injury severity in the not-avoided collisions using the injury risk function. The results indicate that …”

K. Reinprecht, B. Hristov Welche Gefahren nehmen E-ScooterfahrerInnen im urbanen Umfeld wahr? Sind Kreuzungen gefährlicher als die freie Fahrt auf der Straße? S. 355-0

„… accident has fatal consequences for e-scooter drivers. This high probability of death compared to motorized …” „… measured in every trip. The results show significant differences in attention allocation between the …” „… [1] they reported, „…over 80% of e-scooter rider deaths result from crashes that involve a heavier …”

H. Paul, I. Peschel, B. Hohage Gender discussion in vehicle safety - An overview of the consideration of subparts of the population in vehicle safety based on accident data analysis and current ATD development S. 37-54

„… German accident data is added. Results show that there is no general disadvantage for female occupants in …” „… selected studies is given. Results of an accident analysis using Destatis and GIDAS will be added and …” „… than for fatal injuries. For females, injuries to the lower extremities, thorax, abdomen, and whiplash …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024263

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - International Conference on Gears 2022

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

International Conference on Gears 2022

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2389 2022

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A. Sitzmann, T. Tobie, K. Stahl, S. Hoja, S. Schurer Deep nitriding – contact and bending strength of gears with increased nitriding hardening depth S. 875-890

„… strength (single test points and evaluated endurance strength for 50 % failure probability). The results …” „… in the material during nitriding, nitrided gears are characterized by low distortion, which is a …” „… , grinding after nitriding is usually not necessary. As a result, nitriding offers potential for cost savings …”

A. Alnahlaui, P. Tenberge Improved method for the determination of tooth root endurance strength S. 31-44

„… results from this method are plotted in a probability plot (Fig. 3). The failure probabilities are shown …” „… applications is driven by a continuous striving for increased functionality and power density at the lowest …” „… cycle. To obtain more robust gears with lower cost, two aspects have to be considered. On the one hand …”

F. Reinle, D. Mangherini, E. Morgano, A. Bongiovanni Combining improved gear efficiency and improved fatigue performance through mass finishing S. 609-620

„… lower end regarding surface quality. Increased wear in the combination of low viscosity oil and …” „… flank load carrying capacity and low roughness can be achieved. Power density is impacted negatively by …” „… the lack of combining high residual stress introduced by shot peening with low roughness targets into …”

E. Lothman, M. Hein, U. Steiner Increased load carrying capacity of gears through optimized steel performance, surface conditions and processes S. 637-650

„… probability for surface-initiated failures. Results show that the low cycle fatigue is affected by the steel …” „… lowest for the 159Q steel. This grade also showed a slightly higher Ca content which is the result of the …” „… evaluation of the test results regarding pitting for all investigated materials for a failure probability of …”

L. Bonaiti, F. Rosa, P. Mahendra Rao, C. Gorla, F. Concli Gear root bending strength: statistical treatment of single tooth bending fatigue tests results S. 15-30

„… Gear root bending strength: statistical treatment of Single Tooth Bending Fatigue tests results …” „… knee position ??? outer single contact diameter ? Profile shift ? ? Probability Density Function (PDF …” „… considered as one of the most dangerous gear failure mode because, typically, such kind of a failure results …”

J.-A. Meis, M. Walkowiak Influence of case hardness depth on tooth interior fatigue fracture S. 863-874

„… must not necessarily result in lower risk of flank fracture when tensile residual stresses are …” „… leads to additional damages on other gears or bearings, often with fatal results for the gearbox. Due to …” „… presented in ISO/TS 6336-4, an increased case hardness depth leads to lower degrees of utilization due to …”

S. Reitschuster, C. M. Illenberger, T. Tobie, K. Stahl Application of high performance polymer gears in light urban electric vehicle powertrains S. 1181-1196

„… /minLowMediumHighVDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 20221186well as the pressure on the tooth flank result in values that exceed the …” „… practice. The well-known advantages of ther-moplastics such as cost-efficient production and low density …” „… climate change, the low material density of polymers offers great lightweight con-struction potential …”

N. Blech, T. Tobie, K. Stahl, C. Guntner, S. Schurer Material influence on mechanical properties of gears with alternative microstructures S. 265-280

„… probability) The results of the tooth root bending strength for the 18CrNiMo7-6 variants confirm the former …” „… with low proportion of retained austenite, there were investigated material structures with differing …” „… properties in preceding research work. In a previous publication, the results of three variants made of the …”

S. A. Bohme, J. Keski-Rahkonen, T. Komssi A standardizable approach to tooth flank fracture S. 371-388

„… stress and fatigue predictions in the mean cross-section of gear teeth[2], the test results from …” „… result of the Hertzian contactbetween the meshing gear teeth. These Hertzian stresses are compressive in …” „… quenching media with high and low severity. Figure 5 plots an approximation ofxHV,max for the average …”

F. Mieth, C. Ulrich, B. Schlecht Stress calculation on bevel gears with FEM influence vectors S. 585-596

„… efficiency of the new calculation method and to compare the results to current state-of-the-art simulations …” „… . The influence numbers are representing the deformation at the location i as result of the load at …” „… under load and the curvature in face width direction. To achieve good pressure results with a commercial …”

I. Hong, Z. Teaford, A. Kahraman A comparison of gear tooth bending fatigue lives from single tooth bending and rotating gear tests S. 45-74

„… gears is tooth root bending fatigue. This failure mode is the result of two main operating principles …” „… studies had mixed results with multiple modes of failure and extensive damage to the gearbox upon tooth …” „… . There is a need to improve upon the understanding of how STBF test results compare to the expected life …”

T. Konig, M. Kley, F. Wagner, M. Liebschner Enhanced damage classification on transmissions by generating synthetic data with Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) S. 227-238

„… algorithms is preferred due to easierrepresentation of the result probability. In addition, a machine …” „… noise caused by other parts and components, for example, must also be kept as low as possible in order …” „… other. The probability distribution of the synthetic data should correspond as closely as possible to …”

A. Hessler, B. Neubauer NVH-performance versus Costs – Coherent R&D for gears, system and manufacturing S. 103-118

„… and even fewer will result in low NVH levels. The faces of the cube of production show the core …” „… for e-vehicles in a very short time with high focus on costs, durability and especially low noise …” „… in Europe and China. Schaeffler is focusing on compact and low weight coaxial designs, higher …”

H.-J. Dennig, L. Zumofen, A. Kirchheim, S. Winterberg, D. Stierli Increasing the safety against scuffing of additive manufactured gear wheels by internal cooling channels S. 1345-1364

„… . Wider teeth require higher torques. Lower speeds result in lower sliding speeds and a higher safety …” „… . The process stability and the quality of the results also closely depend on the geometry design …” „… normal force acting on the tooth flank travels along the line of action [4]. As a result, the tooth flank …”

M. Furst, J. Gotz, M. Otto, K. Stahl Automation of gearbox design S. 787-802

„… mixed integer nonlinear optimization problem results from the interdependence between these distinct …” „… established design program for gearbox systems. The algorithm uses the results drawn from an analytical …” „… specific machine elements are embedded in a systematic sequence. As a result, the model is capable to work …”

A. Zhang, J. Wei, M. Cao, B. Peng Dynamic modeling and accuracy evaluation method for complex irregular components of aviation transmission S. 573-584

„… the condensation results has been made. In contrast, gear-shafting modeling has received far more …” „… shafting dynamic modeling [11-13]. In order to overcome the disadvantages of low accuracy of the former …” „… the inertia terms, employ the second row of Eq. (2) and rearrange the results yields Eq. (3). T …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023891

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - International Conference on Gears 2023

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

International Conference on Gears 2023

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2422 2023

Results in this title

A. Alnahlaui, P. Tenberge Optimised statistical evaluation for the determination of tooth root endurance strength S. 19-32

„… = 1. This results in two new vectors of values F for density and 𝑃 for probability of failure. The …” „… robust gears with lower cost, three aspects have to be considered. The modelling, manufacturing and …” „… compare the test results of pulsator tests to test results of rotating gear tests or to compare them with …”

J. Sanchez-Espiga, A. Diez-Ibarbia, M. Iglesias, A. Fernandez-del-Rincon, F. Viadero, J. Calvo-Irisarri, A. Fernandez-Sison Statistical study of the mesh load factor of planetary gear transmissions affected by inherent manufacturing errors S. 139-156

„… . This means that the dispersion in the results is lower for the ESSP transmission. However, the number …” „… deeper analysis of the results proves that the values of probability obtained for the transmissions with …” „… to manufacturing errors is significantly lower. - The results for the ESSP transmissions show a lower …”

J. Lohmiller, F. Dobler, M. Wöppermann Investigating different nodular graphite irons for the application of gears – a step towards standardization by using reasonable quality criteria S. 1731-1748

„… (and higher levels). The result is displayed in the probability chart shown in Fehler! Verweisquelle …” „… microscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction. The results demonstrate the importance of fine nodular graphite …” „… lacking since no broad agreement has been reached on reasonable quality criteria. As a result, ADI is …”

L. Klee, T. Bergs, M. Solf, J. Brimmers Binder Jetting in Gears – Process Design and Tooth Bending Strength for Gears made of 17-4PH S. 1665-1680

„… density implies a lower shrinkage during sintering. This results in a reduction of the induced stresses …” „… the green density. A higher green density implies a lower shrinkage during sintering. This results in …” „… on the pulsator test rig. The results are summarized in a SN-curve. 1 Introduction and Motivation …”

L. Bonaiti, M. Monti, C. Gorla, M. Geitner, T. Tobie, K. Stahl The consequences of different methodologies for the elaboration of pulsator test results with respect to the load spectrum assessment of gears S. 33-52

„… referred to the gear, typically for 1% failure probability, starting from the experimental results provided …” „… The consequences of different methodologies for the elaboration of pulsator test results with …” „… results in a total failure of the transmission. Therefore, a crucial design aspect is an accurate …”

T. Schmidt, B. Neubauer, D. Merk White Etching Cracks (WECs) on gears of E-Axle applications S. 257-268

„… Abstract The occurrence of WECs on gears seems the result of a higher WEC-potential in modern eAxle …” „… to low viscosity in combination with friction modifying additives. Therefore, the Schaeffler derivate …” „… strength, see Fig. 1. This results in different subsequent damages and the depth of WEC initiation. In Fig …”

F. Mieth, D. Tazir Local load capacity analysis for the design of a balanced flank modification for cylindrical gears according to bevel gear procedures S. 927-944

„… of results. Contact pressure distribution from tilting of the tooth mesh and flank modifications are …” „… . Micro pitting is fatigue damage on the surface caused by mixed friction. It results in material removal …” „… determined with a failure probability of 1%, below which the tooth flank may fail. The contact stress H is …”

A. Drechsel, J. Pellkofer, K. Stahl Transferability of the scuffing load capacity of gear oils determined on spur gears to hypoid gears S. 881-896

„… oils close to their application, the test methods should be resource-saving, require low amounts of …” „… oils and whether the test results of a spur gear test method can be transferred to hypoid gears …” „… between results on simple testing machines and the behavior of the lubricants in tooth contact [5]. Thus …”

D. Meyering, C. Hussmann Smart Gearboxes for a Sustainable and Reliable Industry S. 645-658

„… gearbox components with CAE tools. The calculation results are influenced by the accuracy of the used …” „… often presumed based on low dynamic motor current measurements, occurred damages, or experiences of the …” „… compares specified and measured operating loads as well as dynamic behaviour. The investigated results will …”

B. Karba, N. Yildirim Backlash optimization via compatible gear couples on the assembly lines for planetary gearboxes S. 1147-1158

„… gears. As a result, lowest backlash configurations can be identified that way. [5]. In the fourth paper …” „… mention of methodology to get low backlash gearboxes [8]. Researchers and inventors have conducted …” „… operating conditions at design steps, probability of accuracy of machining and manufacturing methodology …”

J.-H. Park, B.-S. Kim, D. Im, D.-J. Moon, J.-H. Kim, Y.-J. Park Development of Damage-based Accelerated Life Test Code for Gearbox using Genetic Algorithm S. 329-340

„… the damage calculation results of gears and bearings. NSGA-III is an optimization algorithm that seeks …” „… 3 for the gearbox under study. From the calculated damage results, mechanical components with …” „… : Damage results in original duty cycle Parameters Damage [%] Sun gear(contact) 109.87 Sun gear(bending …”

G. Guimarães, L. Robatto, R. Rego, A. Faria, A. Borille, J. Mascheroni Surface integrity of 20MnCr5 pinion gears manufactured through laser powder bed fusion S. 1845-1858

„… scenario of electrification, the automotive sector's need for lightweight and low-noise mechanical …” „… final residual stress state cannot be overlooked [7]. As a result, to attain a satisfactory component at …” „… deviations in powder characteristics may result in non-uniform layer deposition, inconsistent bulk density …”

P. Romio Spur Gear Teeth Reconstruction via Direct Laser Deposition S. 1641-1664

„… has relatively many high peaks and low valleys [21]. iii. Visual inspection results In concordance …” „… lower tensile strength but a higher hardness and better wear resistance than the original tooth. After …” „… material-only tooth. The results show that the DLD teeth showed worse mechanical properties than the reference …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024225

Sascha Steyer - Grid-Based Object Tracking

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Sascha Steyer

Grid-Based Object Tracking

Series: Mess-, Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik

Volume 1272 2021

Results in this title

Object Extraction and Association S. 79-100

„… , so that a lower association probability requires a higher certainty that a cell is occupied in order …” „… results in a low cluster score and is thus excluded. Note that the selection of valid clusters is chosen …” „… thereby also enables a robust low-level tracking of the dynamic state of the occupied environment …”

Object State Estimation S. 101-126

„… the individual grid cells, but also the object extraction and association that both result in a set of …” „… of the length and width and hence to distinguish lower and upper bounds of the measurement box, also …” „… , low-level early-stage sensor fusion approaches with a late-stage object abstraction and tracking, as …”

Dynamic Grid Mapping and Particle Tracking S. 39-78

„… correspond with the measurement result in a high probability of being deleted, while each particle receives …” „… , which is not explicitly referenced in the following. Additional contribution results from evaluating …” „… discretized cell structure of occupancy grids enable a low-level sensor data fusion, without specific object …”

Measurement Grid Representation and Fusion S. 13-38

„… sensor-specific measurements in a uniform low-level representation by discretizing the local environment into grid …” „… representation, where the occupancy state of a grid cell is modeled using a Bayesian occupancy probability. It is …” „… representation, by the summation of the log-odds ratio of the occupancy probability and its counterpart. Overall …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… subsequently based on that generic low-level grid representation. Overall, this work results in a robust and …” „… lower and upper bounds of the interval p(·), p(· | ·) Probability density function p, with conditional …” „… thesis is the result of my research within the last years as a doctoral student at the Technical …”

Conclusion S. 165-168

„… are thereby fused and preprocessed by a low-level environment estimation based on the generic concept …” „… additional low-level dynamic grid estimation further enables a generic detection of arbitrary-shaped moving …” „… instances. Overall, the proposed strategy results in a highly robust and accurate multi-sensor environment …”

Evaluation S. 127-164

„… results from using only the static classification with the coefficient βcamera S , the lower row includes …” „… well as the subsequent object extraction and tracking. Thereby first qualitative results have been …” „… . Results of the object-level estimation and tracking are then subsequently presented in more detail in …”

Bibliography S. 170-186

„… and Lower Probabilities Induced by a Multivalued Mapping. Ann. Math. Statist., 38(2):325–339, Apr …” „… . Hoffmann-Jørgensen, J. Kuelbs, and M. B. Marcus, editors, Probability in Banach Spaces, 9, pages 31–36. Birkhäuser …” „… . IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 39(4):1333–1364, Oct. 2003. [72] D. Lowe. Object recognition from …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186272089

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