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Martin Ralf Münster - Systematic Derivation of Objective Requirements on Vehicle Steering System

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Martin Ralf Münster

Systematic Derivation of Objective Requirements on Vehicle Steering System

Series: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik

Volume 819 2023

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… available for test drives.Bibliographische Information der Deutschen BibliothekDie Deutsche Bibliothek …” „… ispredictable much earlier than vehicle prototypes are available for test drives.In a first stage, the vehicle …” „… Target-Driven Process of Basic Vehicle Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1.1 Virtual Development …”

Subsystem Analysis of the Steering S. 63-92

„… . e.,steering-wheel angle, which must remain under exclusive control of the driver. Particularlyat electric power …” „… drive-line.• At ω03 both the steering rack and the electric motor are nearly at rest while the steeringwheel …” „… RackYokeSteering Gear HousingBelt DriveElectric MotorECUBall-and-Nut GearRack Bearing PinionFigure 4.6: Basic …”

Introduction S. 1-12

„… variety and usage of electric power steering (EPS) at the BMW Group.On the other hand, the continuously …” „… features [5, 91]. However, compared to hydraulic power steering, the mechanics ofan electric steering …” „… years, which are often classified by the arrangement of theservo-assist drive-line according to the …”

Subsystem Analysis of the Front Axle S. 93-122

„… complete drive train including rear-axle drive and driveshafts. Owing to the numerous bodies of these …” „… completevehicle models are used, other subsystems such as vehicle body, drive train or rear axle areincluded in …” „… maneuversor ride comfort. For such purposes, all major components of drive-train and chassis of thevehicle are …”

Substructuring the Vehicle Steering S. 13-34

„… the steering rack, the assisting force ofthe electric motor is added according to a specific control …” „… flexible torsion bar (usedas torque-sensor device), the input shaft and the electric …” „… -mechanical servo-drive.Upper Steering Column Assembly, made up from of the intermediate shaft, two universaljoints, the upper …”

Resulting Subsystem Requirements S. 123-152

„… irritate the driver, there are many frictionalsources at an Electric Power Steering. Some of them are …” „… , as presented in [86]) and not bydesign changes of steering gear and servo-drive. Considering the low …” „… electric motor, as might be assumed. Note that the assisting torque is directly proportionalto the manual …”

Appendix 1 S. 205-224

„… configuration of the simplified steering model.St. Rack Upper St. Column Servo-Drive Eigenfrequenciesm2 3.62 kg …” „… theservo-assist drive-line.A.5 User Interface to Operate the Virtual Roller Test-Rig 2110 10 20 30 40 501001010 10 …” „… Factor [-] 2 10Electric MotorEMOT.inertia Inertia [kgm²] 1.86e-4 1.86e-4EMOT.friction.damping Damping …”

Deriving Requirements on Subsystem Level S. 35-62

„… direction to the human driver at the steering wheel.3536 3 Deriving Requirements on Subsystem LevelHere, the …” „… frequentlyexperienced situations is steady-state driving on the straight. In such situations, the driver isvery …” „… columnvibrations. Moreover, to avoid human influence, the driver keeps his hands off the steeringwheel during the …”

Requirement-Based Module Design Using Solution Spaces S. 153-188

„… FunctionInput Shaft St. Wheel…Stiffness Servo DriveFrictionInertia Steering Wheel…Stiffness BearingInstall …” „… ,• Electric Motor: Inertia, static friction, viscous damping, hysteretic friction,• Steering Rack: Coefficient …” „… suchas gear ratio or electric motor size are fixed already to meet other requirements on …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186819123

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - ELIV-MarketPlace 2022

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

ELIV-MarketPlace 2022

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2405 2022

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S. Alexander Real-time, Context-aware E-Mobility Services to Optimize Commercial Transportation Ecosystem – Optimized Battery Electric Fleet Operations: Maximize utilization, Minimize electricity costs, Simplify o... S. 381-394

„… electric vehicles into their fleets. The primary drivers to this fleet transition are government …” „… Optimized Battery Electric Fleet Operations: Maximize utilization, Minimize electricity costs, Simplify …” „… infrastructure. Typical strategy for Fleet Transition to Electric The typical strategy of fleet electrification …”

S. Suo Future of Electrified Powertrain in the era of Software Defined Vehicles and Service Oriented Architecture S. 79-84

„… ). With continuous advancements in battery, e-drive, and charging technology and equipped with …” „… everchanging connectivity technology, the electric vehicle (EV) becomes a mobile power plant and mobile data …” „… electric vehicles. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2405, 2022 79Future of Electrified Powertrain in the era of Software …”

D. Dudic Sustainable Trucking S. 339-348

„… of CO2-neutral drives –we’re focusing onELECTRIC BATTERIES &HYDROGEN8Cyan Magenta Yellow …” „… productsHigh product cost driven by technology & volume ramp-upBuild up of public charging …” „… FLEETSin the triad markets paved our ground for electric trucksTens of million kilometers covered by …”

M. Raimann New GaN based DC-DC converter concept for future fuel cell and charging applications S. 331-338

„… passenger cars high power density requirements and low cost are a major driver for innovation. For …” „… EMC-FilterCoupled inductorDC-link capacitorSiC power module(not visible)Cooling in-and outletDriver boardDC …” „… Deep Dive 9Assumptions • Baseline: typical truck route with 10 kW electric auxiliaries (air cond …”

A. Berger An Advanced High-Efficiency Inverter with High Switching Frequencies to Improve Powertrain Efficiency and Performance S. 85-98

„… inverter and application levels, such as the electric machine. [1 …” „… ] https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/fast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions [2] G. L. Brase, ‘‘What would it take to get you into an electric car? Consumer perceptions and …” „… decision making about electric vehicles,’’ J. Psychol., vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 214–236, Feb. 2019. [3] A …”

R. Weller, S. Manzinger Autonomous Driving @ MAN & Traton S. 395-402

„… supply chains in the light of driver shortage and increased freight demand. This talk presents how MAN …” „… transportation. We show that the centralized electrical/electronic architecture of MAN electric trucks serves as …” „… InterfaceMirror replacementFully connected – OTA….Electric Truck with Ready for AutomationVDI-Berichte Nr. 2405 …”

S. Poledna, L. Antonia Zaza Bringing together major stakeholders to shape the future of autonomous operation. Can this also be done for the offhighway industry? S. 447-460

„… Drivers & TrendsTrends in Off-HighwayOctober 11, 2022VDI-Berichte Nr. 2405, 2022 449Drivers in the …” „… automotive industryNew era of mobilityAutonomousConnectedElectricSharedsoftware development efforts into …” „… milestonesVehicle releases drive the electronic development12Electronic platformSOP vehicles12Release 1 Release 2 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… – Approaching parameter uncertainties for traction drive systems and DC/DC-converters in automotive HV …” „… � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 133 I. Woyna, W. Shang, Ansys Germany GmbH, Darmstadt f Simulation for Automated Driving and Driver …” „… Components – Automotive SPAD detector IC and high performance laser driver …”

F. Klebert NDS – The Development and Use of a Worldwide Standard for Map Data S. 315-324

„… fruitful collaboration in a competitive environment. Finally, we show how NDS and OpenDRIVE maps are used …” „… ), engine types (electric vs. fuel)POI (OEM brand specific) EV charging station avail.Dynamic speed limits …” „… SimulationNDS.Live Strategy on Simulation not finalizedNDS.Live OpenDrive converterNDS.Live Lanelet2 converterNo …”

M. Tanimou, T. Stumpf Centralized Architecture in Commercial Vehicles and its impact on Software defined Architecture S. 403-412

„… , the broad spectrum in commercial vehicle models drives many variants and requires flexible functional …” „… Electric/electronical architecturesE/E architectureSolutions for future E/E architecture1Commercial Vehicles and …” „… Gateway, CU: Control Unit, DA/AD: Driver Assistance/Autonomous Driving, Info: Infotainment,MIP: Motion …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024058

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - ELIV-MarketPlace 2018

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

ELIV-MarketPlace 2018

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2338 2018

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M. Weber Premium 48-Volt-System – Integration of the 12V and 48V powernet S. 175-182

„… availability Living powernet Remote services Long-term parking + PreDrive functions S-Class 2013 12V …” „… S-Class 2017 12V + 48V x2 Installed electric capacity VDI-Berichte Nr. 2338, 2018 179 Power increase …” „… with the future 48V powernet Electric Driving Electric Range Improved Boost Improved CO2 48V12V HV …”

M. Paal, K. Graner Electrical Drives in mobile machines – Current trends & drivers, resulting requirements and considerations on their implementation S. 289-300

„… . Abstract As already presented during previous VDI-Conferences, electric drive trains offer various …” „… Electrical Drives in mobile machines Current trends & drivers, resulting requirements and …” „… new driver for electrification: "zero emission". The theses is put forward, that also communal and …”

A. Lapp, C. Bohne, O. Koller, T. Thiel, C. Boesig, R. Oberfell, W. Appel Journey to a scalable & fail-operational E/E-architecture for Highly Automated Commercial Vehicles S. 209-222

„… discussed. 2. Motivation Connectivity, automated driving functions, enhanced driver orientation and …” „… electric power supply system so that a redundant power supply is available to ensure that the braking and …” „… powertrain components like electric motor, traction battery and non-safety relevant high voltage loads. The …”

D. Dörr, P. Ukas Training and Validation of Neural Networks in Virtual Environments S. 17-28

„… development of autonomous driving functions and advanced driver assistance systems. Both OEMs and industry …” „… Automated driving Digitization/ connectivity Driving safety Electric mobility Mobility as a service …” „… Training Phase Approach for annotated video data – Current approach DRIVE collect data ANNOTATE objects …”

P. Obergfell, M. Traub, F. Oszwald, E. Sax Agiles Automotive E/E-Systems Engineering S. 47-58

„… ax , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe; A b s tract The Electric …” „… . Following this, the graphic below depicts one option in line with the Electric Electronic Analysis Design …” „… by the end users, e.g. a new driver assistance system. 2. The functional/software architecture …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023389

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

ELIV 2023

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2423 2023

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T. Hackl, L. Roslaniec Multi-level GaN inverter for highest HV EV performance and efficiency – comparison of 2-level and 3-level inverter topology S. 247-252

„… electric drivetrains, these advantages become valuable for automotive main traction drives, too. The …” „… gearbox. Based on this electric drive system the different effects were investigated in great detail …” „… requirements for the electric drive or can be considered as a degree of freedom to reduce efforts within EMC …”

J. Hansson, L. Henderson, M. Sadeghi Kati, D. Möller, S. Ray, S. Schoutissen Safe and efficient regenerative braking strategies for BEV heavy vehicle combinations S. 91-102

„… , including Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), provides the ability to recuperate energy by braking with the …” „… electric machine. It is common to have the tractor configured with propulsion on the rear axle group, and …” „… all axles. When maximizing the electric braking, the rear axle group takes a higher proportion of the …”

L. Li, M. Schlecker, T. Zipper AI-Based Energy Management of Next Generation Architectures S. 391-404

„… driver usage patterns and preferences. By understanding these patterns, the energy distribution becomes …” „… adaptive, aligning with the driver's unique requirements and ultimately contributing to improved energy …” „… is to coordinate the energy supply for the electric consumers and optimize the energy distribution to …”

M. Wegener, R. Savelsberg, A. Alberti, G. Cechini, L. Schäfers, K. Badalian, S. Pischinger A Cloud-based Self-Learning Digital Twin Solution for Increasingly Accurate Range Prediction in Battery Electric Vehicles S. 103-112

„… . Fig. 3: Data-Driven Thermal System Model For electric vehicles environmental conditions such as …” „… Battery Electric Vehicles Marius Wegener, Rene Savelsberg, FEV Europe GmbH, Aachen; Andrea Alberti …” „… University Abstract Accurate range prediction strategies for battery electric vehicles can make an …”

S. Miller, L. Nicoletti A Holistic Approach for Designing a Battery Electric Vehicle Thermal Management System S. 77-90

„… mid-size sedan with rear-wheel drive and comprises four subsystems: Electric Powertrain & Driveline …” „… ) and continues charging until the desired SOC is reached. The electric motor is driven by the HV …” „… A Holistic Approach for Designing a Battery Electric Vehicle Thermal Management System With a …”

N. Pfullmann Electrified commercial vehicle trailers – how to turn a conventional trailer into a hybrid vehicle S. 703-710

„… improvements to the truck alone. The next step is the shift towards battery electric and fuel cell trucks …” „… cities from 2025 onwards. The next level of electrification is then an electric drivetrain for traction …” „… battery electric vehicles as well as fuel cell trucks. This then paves the way for long-haul zero-emission …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… , 2023 in Bonn, Germany21st International Congress and ExhibitionELIV 2023Electric / Electronics for …” „… 210 mmContent Automated Driving – SystemsCriticality driven data acquisition in autonomous driving …” „… – Appearance drives Emotionalization 61C. Wilks, J. Roslak, HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA, Lippstadt E Vehicle …”

P. Fietkau, L. Diebolder Challenges in the Synchronous Development of Software, Hardware and Mechanics for Drive Systems S. 559-572

„… systems are increasing exponentially. Interactions using the example of an electric drive system are shown …” „… example of this using an electric 2-speed drive axle. A virtual model of the axis itself and of the shift …” „… Challenges in the Synchronous Development of Software, Hardware and Mechanics for Drive Systems …”

S. Spitzer, S. Wahl Hydrogen – A Game Changer in the Automotive Industry ... and Beyond S. 689-702

„… Electric Vehicle CARB California Air Resources Board CV Commercial Vehicle CDrV Component Driver CUBAS …” „… . While the passenger car (PC) segment focuses on Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Plug-In Hybrid …” „… Electric Vehicles (PHEV), this will not be the preferred solution in the Commercial Vehicle (CV) and …”

S. Choi An evolutionary approach to commercializing autonomous vehicles S. 673-676

„… factory-installed Nikola electric trucks integrated with PlusDrive by the end of 2024. Additionally, PlusDrive …” „… company has released a Level 2 ++ driver assistance technology solution for the trucking industry that …” „… development of a fully validated driver-out autonomous driving system. Trucking industry headwinds The …”

N. Kechler, E. Sax, N. Venkatesh Key Factors of a robust and safe Automated Driving Function – Transferable Insights of City-Bus Platooning in Munich S. 677-688

„… validation cycles, future driver assistance systems will face unknown scenarios and interactions in daily …” „… use by the driver should be as simple and intuitive as possible. Due to the high similarity of systems …” „… components. For example, this was the case for the necessary electric steering and its further subcomponents …”

B. Budaker Modular High Power DC/DC Platform for FC-Applications S. 711-0

„… (total cost of owner ship) for new solutions like battery electric or hydrogen electric drivetrains. As …” „… 140’000 km/a compared to Diesel or even battery electric trucks, starting in the year 2027 and gaining …” „… market and the product / technology development, which we continuously drive forward, internally. As …”

L. Heinrich, M. Springer, D. Schütz, J. Pannek A Holistic Approach for a Universal Vehicle-to-Robot (V2R) Communication Interface S. 365-378

„… the primary driving task, secondary tasks such as servicing stay a liability for the driver. Such …” „… conducted by the driver himself or an expensive service by a car wash or workshop is purchased. To address …” „… from driver to consumer, who does not own a car but orders mobility services on demand.[2] Combining …”

D. Nardo, G. Aiello, F. Gennaro Analysis of WBG based hybrid semiconductors approach for bidirectional PFC in On-board charger applications S. 223-234

„… electric vehicles available and the reduction of the charging time make the design of On-board chargers …” „… efficiency requirements are the design driver factors. As the power level of the OBC increases while …” „… electric vehicles together with the associated power, there is the trend to use vehicles, in vehicle to …”

F. Kraemer Development and Testing Autonomous Vehicles (AV) at Scale S. 149-158

„… or even entire systems in the field of driver assistance and automated driving, it is essential to …” „… between NVIDIA GPUs using GPUDirect RDMA Using GPUDirect RDMA [5], network adapters and storage drives can …” „… ]. Why choose the IBM Storage Scale System? Businesses are being challenged to optimise IT and drive …”

A. Beyfuß, M. Wirtz, T. Hein, J. Feng, P. Crowther, O. Forrest QuietComfort Road Noise Control – Helping Carmakers Design Better Cars S. 39-60

„… future, lighter cars and electric powertrains mean that road noise could become even more noticeable …” „… unique and immersive in-cabin experiences for drivers and passengers, meeting the expectations of …” „… on things like fuel economy and electric vehicle range. QuietComfort RNC is based on over 30 years of …”

A. Kraus, R. Lokner Virtual Homologation – new opportunities for the automotive industry to enable more efficient development processes and improving safety and quality of vehicles for high scaling software updates S. 437-442

„… organizations and research institutions will help to drive the development of innovative solutions to the …” „… in formats including a software-driven compliance platform. FEV.io, an integrated provider of …” „… development of connected, autonomous and electric vehicles. www.dspace.com [4] About FEV.io: FEV.io is one of …”

D. Cotterle, M. Hofmann How to Improve EV Battery Cell Quality – Making Test a Competitive Advantage S. 211-222

„… only drives speed and quality, but also pays dividends. Gartner’s research revealed that organizations …” „… inner workings of a cell, prevent defects from being introduced, and drive improved battery performance …” „… . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2423, 2023 221 Turn Test into a Strategic Advantage The evolution of electric vehicles and …”

S. K S, Tata Elxsi, N. Velinov Software-Defined Vehicle: Combining Real-Time Safety Critical Functions with Cloud Connectivity S. 543-558

„… consolidated in central high-performance Electric Control Units (ECU). This consolidation is a prerequisite for …” „… safety-critical real-time Driver Monitoring System (DMS) with cloud-based non-critical applications. It explains …” „… safety, like advanced driver assistance or autonomy, have high computational requirements. This means …”

O. Meyer, B. Böhlen Mastering the software update complexity of modern vehicles S. 199-210

„… systems and hierarchical part numbering schemes have been derived for them. The numbering scheme drives …” „… determines most of the functionality provided to the driver, it makes sense to develop and sell that software …” „… sake of the example the electric subsystem shall be OTA capable. Electric Engineering still releases …”

F. Mayer, J. Apelt, R. Münzenberger, F. Kraft, C. Winkler Event-Chain-Focused Development of System Architectures Makes Complex Systems Manageable S. 645-662

„… design methodology has been identified to be one of the most prominent drivers for this …” „… productivity-complexity gap [2], [3]. 1.1 Drivers of Complexity for Automotive Systems In the context of this study, the …” „… following two drivers of complexity were considered:: 1. Combinatorial explosion. After combining many …”

A. Matarage A leap in innovation – What European OEMs can learn from Chinese OEMs in terms of User Experience S. 503-518

„… NIO or XPeng), advanced driver assistance systems (for instance developed by Huawei or Baidu Apollo …” „… commands have been voiced by the driver or the passenger have become common, but Li Auto for instance …” „… experience in Europe is mostly driven by need, in China we rather see discovery driven eCommerce. This can be …”

A. Heise Plug & Play High-Performance Computer (HPC) and Fluid Cooling Solution S. 159-168

„… traction battery, and the electric motor require fluid cooling to dissipate heat losses. So, the good news …” „… drivers. This reduces the amount of cabling and accelerates the data flow across domains/between HPCs. At …”

G. Shirasat, T. Dannemann Snapdragon Ride Flex SoC: The central compute solution that’s bringing the SDV vision to reality S. 253-266

„… going through a fundamental disruption with the rise of electric vehicles (EV), changes to the …” „… infotainment (IVI), advance driver assistance systems (ADAS)/automated driving (AD), and Domain Control …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024232

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - International Conference on Gears 2023

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

International Conference on Gears 2023

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2422 2023

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… , 2023 | 15:31:04 | 148 mm x 210 mm Planetary gears: NVHVibration reduction of planetary gear drive using …” „… Industries (CETIM), Senlis, FranceForward Performance-driven Design of Gear Parameters 211S. Chen, C. Liu, D …” „… gear drives for better transmission performances 537S.-J. Tsai, Q.-Y. Zhuang, L.-C. Chang, National …”

A. Wallinger, R. Vonderschmidt, S. Vonderschmidt Lubricant Free Transmissions for the food industry – A Comparison S. 715-726

„… design of the drives, especially the electric motors, this leads to a reduced transmissible torque for …” „… torque corresponds to the nominal torque of the reference drive and is given by the electric motor. The …” „… permanent torque of the drive is given by the electric motor. The rated torque of the drive is not reduced …”

H. Jia, D. Qin, G. Hu, X. Xu, W. Bai Electromechanical Coupling Modeling and Torsional Vibration Analysis of Helicopter Electric Propulsion System S. 675-688

„… 2.1 Permanent magnet synchronous motor modelThe electric helicopter is driven by a permanent magnet …” „… Electromechanical Coupling Modeling and Torsional Vibration Analysis of Helicopter Electric …” „… , Chongqing University, Chongqing, China AbstractThe electric powered helicopter has the benefits of energy …”

G. Devaraj Vibration reduction of planetary gear drive using mesh phasing: modelling and experimental validation S. 157-174

„… and Planet-Ring meshes and maximizing the overall NVH performance of electric drive units by virtual …” „… validated in a bench test. 3. Application case: Electric drive unit for passenger car 3.1. Application case …” „… The electric drive unit is a two-stage reduction transmission : a planetary helical gear set and a …”

M. Werner, S. Graf, M. Oehler, O. Koch Investigation of the electrical behavior of a spur gear stage pair by means of impedance measurements S. 67-80

„… Kaiserslautern-Landau Kaiserslautern AbstractIn electric drive trains, an undesirable current flow can occur over its …” „… hydrogen drives by means of a fuel cell, electric and hybrid drive systems play a decisive role in the …” „… variability of electric motors in various drive trains. As a consequence of using this type of frequency …”

I. Gonzalez-Perez, A. Fuentes-Aznar Improvement of the transmission efficiency in electric vehicles by using double staggered helical gears with shortened teeth S. 1083-1090

„… Improvement of the transmission efficiency in electric vehicles by using double staggered helical …” „… in electric vehicles. The staggered helical gears are designed with short addendum and dedendum as …” „… Electric vehicles require transmissions with high efficiency, low levels of noise and vibration and high …”

O. Harris, C. Poyser, R. Patel, O. Shires Developing CAE solutions for Robotics gears: Cycloidal and Strain Wave Gear Drives S. 1111-1124

„… from the driver, an electric motor, to the slower end-interface motion. Two different solutions …” „… Developing CAE solutions for Robotics gears: Cycloidal and Strain Wave Gear DrivesLeveraging more …” „… commonly used in the robotics industry for high ratios are Cycloidal and Strain Wave Gearing drives. The …”

T. König, L. Cadau, L. Steidle, M. Kley, D. Cansu Güney, J. Albrecht, K. Weber A concept for comparison of new and aged lubricants in transmissions of electric vehicles and a method of oil aging on a test rig S. 1195-1206

„… A concept for comparison of new and aged lubricants in transmissions of electric vehicles and a …” „… , Lukas Steidle, Markus Kley, Institute of Drive Technology Aalen IAA, Aalen University, Didem Cansu Güney …” „… Abstract Currently, the demand for electric vehicles is growing. In order to make them even more …”

L. Binanzer, L. Merkle, M. Dazer, A. Nicola Pitting Detection for Prognostics and Health Management in Gearbox Applications S. 97-108

„… set up as an inline concept (2 motor concept). An electric drive motor controls the transmis-sion …” „… designed as electrical load unit consisting of two electric motors. The tooth flanks of the test gears are …” „… . Introduction Gear drives are important machine components for adjusting speed and torque in many mobile and …”

I. Hong, D. Talbot Tooth Bending Strain Rate Analysis in a Counter Shaft Drivetrain and Implications on Fatigue Strength S. 53-66

„… literature and provides an analysis on an example countershaft electric vehicle drive unit to explore what …” „… which is driven by strain rate dependent plasticity behaviors. This study combs through current …” „… 55material where ferritic microstructures will be located. Pitting failures are driven by surface …”

M. Yilmaz, M. Ayar, F. Zerulli, K. Humm, J. König, B. Schwarz Gearbox efficiency of eDrives: correlation between measurement and calculation of load-dependent torque losses S. 985-994

„… Gearbox efficiency of eDrives: correlation between measurement and calculation of load-dependent …” „… , these approaches are also used for the calculation of the load-dependent torque losses of eDrives …” „… the eDrive gearbox are determined at a motor-generator test rig. The necessary lubricant factors for …”

L. Bonaiti, M. Brambilla, P. Chiariotti, A. Cigada, C. Gorla, G. Boni, P. Codeluppi The effect of pinion axial positioning on noise and transmission error of face hobbed and face milled bevel gears S. 839-852

„… comes to e-drive – powered vehicles, where it is not possible anymore to rely on the masking effect …” „… experimental campaign conducted on FH and FM gear pairs. The pair has been developed for an electric industrial …” „… , the test rig consists of an AC electric motor and two eddy current brakes, which can be arranged in …”

B. Abert, D. Werner The Influence of Wheel Body Design on Airborne Noise S. 357-366

„… detailed analysis of the relevant eigenvalues and eigenmodes.Introduction In recent years, electric drives …” „… high-torque e-machines are larger and more expensive, and therefore lean and compact high-speed drives are …” „… the other hand, this also offers the opportunity to influence the acoustics of the drive through the …”

M. Vivet, A. Rezayat, J. Verhoogen, K. Kucukcoskun, S. Donders Numerical analysis of bevel gear transmission acoustic emission using a 3D gear contact force model within a multibody system dynamics simulation environment S. 689-702

„… electric drives?”.NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) performance is seen as a key differentiator since …” „… of the ICE, which otherwise would mask any undesirable noise sources, the electric drivetrain’s …”

P. E. Schnetzer, J. Pellkofer, K. Stahl Calculation method for wear of steel-bronze rolling-sliding contacts relating to worm gears S. 907-926

„… represent the test specimens and are driven independently of each other by means of an electric motor. Thus …” „… gear drives are a type of gearbox that are suitable for certain applications due to the possibility of …” „… those used in worm gear drives. The analogy by means of two disks was already used by Weber and Niemann …”

D. Krüger Reuse S. 3-12

„… for sustainable air travel might be satisfied by full-electric, hybrid-electric or hydrogen …” „… challenges. For engine manufactures, it ranges from full-electric and hybrid-electric flights for urban as …” „… hybrid-electric concepts are introduced, eVTOL are seen to move even into longer-ranging intercity markets. In …”

J. Zhang, B. Shaw, A. Hammer, I. Sewell Effects of Surface Engineering on the Efficiency of Involute Helical Gears – An Experimental Investigation S. 995-1016

„… value to the design of in-wheel drive systems that are used by electric vehicles where space is limited …” „… systems seen in electric vehicle and aviation industries. In this experimental investigation, a mechanical …” „… a slave gearbox positioned close to the drive motor; and all test gears were spur. In addition …”

M. Reichl, P. Lenz, A. Oliva Challenges and possibilities of virtual development of e-axle transmissions S. 485-498

„… Lösung diskutiert.Abstract The need to develop compact electric drivelines imposes special requirements …” „… , the oil distribution of a reducer gearbox of an electric axle is investigated by means of a novel CFD …” „… , which must be managed and optimized. In addition, the efficiency of the drive system plays a major role …”

J. Zheng, D. Qin, C. Liu A Novel Dynamic Modeling Method of High-Speed Thin-Rimmed Gear Transmission S. 1279-1286

„… have been widely used in electric vehicles, wind power, and aircraft engines. However, in the process …” „… reduced-order FEMDriving torque(Tdriving)Driven torque (Tdriven)Angular displacementangular velocityangular …” „… . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422, 2023 1281Drive motor Load motorSpeed‐torque sensorsVibration acceleration …”

T. Schmidt, B. Neubauer, D. Merk White Etching Cracks (WECs) on gears of E-Axle applications S. 257-268

„… influences on WEC-risk are electric current, the combination mixed friction and high sliding speed, Hertzian …” „… test was driven further with full load but failed with WEC induced pitting and breakage after a very …” „… friction energy. Together with this measure, the electric current passage was reduced from 0,4A and 4V to …”

A. Carvalho, R. Rego, N. Fukumasu, D. Tamayo, F. Nascimento, I. Machado PVD Deposition of Nb-MoS2 Coatings on Gear Carburized Steel S. 1071-1082

„… the electric motor brings with it a set of new challenging requirements for the transmission system …” „… e-mobility and the continuous drive for higher efficiency in these systems, there arises a need for advanced …” „… superfinishing, trends in electric mobility [11]. The deposition of the Nb:MoS2 coating was carried out using …”

A. Beinstingel, F. Haringer, W. Sigmund, M. Heider, B. Pinnekamp, S. Marburg Investigation of Sound and Vibration Behavior of Cylindrical Gears S. 599-618

„… Munich, GermanyAbstractAs technology progresses, the demands placed on drive trains are continuously …” „… when electric motors are used for propulsion and thus masking by an internal combustion engine or a …” „… industry, the marine industry is also experiencing an increase in the application of electric motors. As a …”

K. Suzuki, K. Sakai, K. Sakai, T. Hara Considerations on Lubrication of High-Speed Rotating Gear (First Report) S. 741-752

„… have been working out policies for electrification, mainly focusing on electric vehicles (hereafter BEV …” „… - production of powertrain component and drive unit. This paper introduces some of the considerations regarding …” „… controlPlanetary gear arrangementTraction driveHigh rotation support Tooth Damage PreventionTribologyTooth surface …”

T. Inoue, D. Iba, N. Fujita, A. Nishikawa, M. Ishii, J. Hu, H. Shimasaki, N. Miura, A. Masuda, I. Moriwaki, J. Hongu Effect of Load Cycles on Return Loss and Resistance of Sensor and Antenna Circuits Printed on Plastic Gears S. 659-674

„… electric circuit sensors on the tooth surface using the sputtering method and measuring the resistance …” „… electric circuits on machine elements and to monitor the state of the elements by observing changes in …” „… arbitrarily shaped electric circuits on the surface of gears by sintering conductive ink [13]. Thanks to this …”

K. Yanagisawa, K. Kamoshida, A. Domon Prediction of Gear Fatigue Life Considering Glass Fiber Orientation S. 1351-1360

„… reinforced materials are used for gears that are used under high load conditions (e.g. gear for electric …” „… width Pressure angleMetal gear(Driving) 0.8 17 8.00 20Plastic gear(Driven) 0.8 22 5.99 20The fatigue …” „… Temperature : 120degCThe gear fatigue test apparatus has the configuration shown in FIG. 4. A drive motor is …”

J. Hongu, S. Hattori, J. Kato, T. Koide Gear friction coefficient estimation using directional parameter under ATF lubricated condition S. 753-762

„… . Introduction Recently, the trend of EV shift in the automobile industry has been increasing. The motor drive …” „… utilization of electric power in the low-high speed range. Further, gearboxes are primarily used as speed …” „… barreled (B) gears). Table 1: Dimensions of test gears Parameter Drive (DV) Driven (DVN) Number of teeth 25 …”

P. Fischmann, A. Hilligardt, V. Schulze Tooth Root Burnishing in the Kinematics of Gear Skiving S. 1829-1844

„… generate low load-dependent gear power losses, they are particularly suitable for modern drive systems. As …” „… the root fillet of small-modulus gears in modern drive systems limits the media size for shot peening …” „… properties.Introduction New mobility solutions require increasingly powerful drive units with favorable vibroacoustic …”

A. Drechsel, J. Pellkofer, K. Stahl Transferability of the scuffing load capacity of gear oils determined on spur gears to hypoid gears S. 881-896

„… , Reichert-Friction wear scale, Four-Ball-Fig. 1: Scuffing marks at the drive flank of a hypoid gear [4] VDI-Berichte …” „… mounted on the torsional shafts. The electric motor only injects the power losses induced by the …” „… test rig is used as test device. The coast flank is the active tooth flank and the wheel drives the …”

C. Kunik, J. Kunert Wetting and oil flow analysis of planetary gearboxes using oil flow simulations S. 467-484

„… is one of the most significant factor for every product in drive technology. Therefore, the …” „… specific questions in drive technology. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422, 2023 4671. Introduction Quality and …” „… in the automotive industry, e.g. in electric cars, but also as industrial gear units in various …”

S. Sepp, A. Wenig, M. Otto, K. Stahl Acoustical behavior of periodic flank modifications under dynamic operating conditions S. 341-356

„… need for lightweight powertrains in electric vehicles is addressed by the use of high-speed electric …” „… while maintaining the same output power. However, as the operating speeds of battery electric vehicles …” „… Research Association for Drive Technology e.V. (FVA); supported partly by the FVA and through the German …”

J. Vorgerd, P. Tenberge, M. Steinrötter Scuffing load carrying capacity of high-speed gears with an isotropic superfinished surface S. 227-242

„… a closed power loop between a test and a slave gearbox. The power loop is driven by an electric …” „… and sustainable drive systems with a high degree of material utilization, it is necessary to quantify …”

T. Kleiber, B. Neubauer Advancing to The Next Level – Cost Efficient Roll-Inspection: Back from End-of-Line NVH to Skiving Process S. 1591-1606

„… increase in sales for electric vehicles with their rise in popularity. The changes in the industry have …” „… , is a key driver for technical solutions. Therefore, planetary gear sets have advantage of power …”

I. Criscuolo, F. Carneiro, G. Guimarães, R. Rego, J. Mascheroni Indirect Selective Laser Sintering: Modeling and analysis of surface densification by shot peening S. 1681-1698

„… concentration points, and the presence of pores can further drive crack nucleation and propagation. Powder …” „… densification. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422, 2023 1695References [1] Du, J. et al.: Prospects for Chinese electric …” „… eDrive applications, Düsseldorf: VDI Verlag, 2017, p. 119–131. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422, 20231696[14] Frech …”

S. Landler, M. Trübswetter, M. Otto, K. Stahl Parameter Based Definition of Eccentric Cycloid Gearings S. 1207-1228

„… difference between the tangential velocity of the driving (vdriving,t) and driven (vdriven,t) gear …” „… Association for Drive Technology e.V. (FVA) supported by the German Federation of Industrial Research …” „… cycloid helical gear drive. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 31 (2017) 9, pp. 4329–4336 [10 …”

C. Westphal, J. Brimmers, C. Brecher Influence of Axis Misalignments in Stepped Planetary Gear Stages on the Excitation Behavior – Test Rig Development and Simulative Analysis S. 175-190

„… challenges in drive technology. Advantages include in particular the short axial length in conjunction with a …” „… Optimization of Gear Mesh Efficiency in Stepped Planetary Gear Stages for Electric Vehicles. In: AGMA, American …” „… the Operational Behavior of a High-Speed Planetary Gear Stage for Electric Heavy-Duty Trucks in …”

M. Willecke, J. Brimmers, C. Brecher Experimental Investigation of the load carrying capacity of beveloid gears with optimized flank topography S. 125-138

„… Beveloid gears satisfy the relevant need in drive train technology to connect two shafts that are …” „… friction losses within the system during operation, an electric motor is employed, ensuring a constant …”

F. Concli, M. N. Mastrone Latest advancements in the lubrication simulations of geared systems: a technology ready for industrial applications S. 499-518

„… ]), hypoid gears (Peng et al. [70, 71]), and orthogonal face gear drive (Dai et al. [72]) were simulated with …” „… CFD,” in Volume 1: Aircraft Engine; Ceramics; Coal, Biomass and Alternative Fuels; Education; Electric …” „… optimization of the oil jet lubrication performance for orthogonal face gear drive: Modelling, simulation and …”

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