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VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Fahrerassistenzsysteme und automatisiertes Fahren 2018

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Fahrerassistenzsysteme und automatisiertes Fahren 2018

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2335 2018

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A. Löffler, T. Gisder Synthetic Aperture Radar as Automotive Application – Improving angular resolution of radar sensors by means of coherent integration S. 17-24

„… in the field of graphical processing units (GPUs), enables the application of vehicle-based SAR …” „… GPU-driven system for the SAR image calculation. 1. Fundamental Operating Principle A side-looking fast …” „… chirp-based radar sensor delivers pure A/D data. A processing unit maps the radar ramps (chirps) to the …”

D. Krökel, S. Hachfeld, M. du Bois, M. Pfitzer, S. Hegemann Camera Based Lost Cargo Detection for Automated Driving S. 55-62

„… Camera The telephoto satellite camera equipped with a high resolution imager can support an angular …” „… high resolution imager can support an angular resolution of more than 100 pixel per degree. This …” „… around 10cm high in 100m distance. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2335, 2018 55 Figure 3: Images of lost …”

M. Simon, S. Milz Echtzeit 3D Objekterkennung mit Punktwolken S. 125-136

„… , Image, and Signal Processing, 1994 [26] N. Dalal and B. Triggs. Histograms of oriented gradients for …” „… ., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. CoRR abs/1512.03385 (2015 …” „… . Monrocq, and Y. LeCun. Original approach for the localisation of objects in images. IEE Proc. on Vision …”

D. Schneider, B. Schick, B. Huber, H. Lategahn Measuring method of function and quality of automated lateral control based on high-precision digital ”Ground Truth” maps S. 3-16

„… the ego vehicle in the lane in post-processing as well as online, a description format (CRO, Curved …” „… points are assigned to a high-precision GPS position via stereo camera. This processing step allows to …” „… to assure perfectly time synchronized datasets. Note that the image stream alone is used from the …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023358

Matthias Reso - Temporally Consistent Superpixels

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Matthias Reso

Temporally Consistent Superpixels

Series: Informatik/ Kommunikation

Volume 861 2018

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Introduction S. 1-9

„… devices the presence of digital image processing has become ubiquitous in the past years. As these devices …” „… ], image parsing [77], and semantic segmentation [39, 67]. In particular applications processing video data …” „… structure and organize the image data for subsequent processing stages, its execution should be as efficient …”

Conclusions S. 105-108

„… 105 Chapter 6Conclusions The huge amount of pixel data that needs to be handled when processing …” „… video material has made it a common preprocessing step, in todays video processing pipelines, to create …” „… into larger image primitives often referred to as superpixels or supervoxels. Thereby, the number of …”

Bibliography S. 109-122

„… International Conference on Image Processing, volume 2, pages 168–172, November 1994. [16] A. Y. C. Chen and J …” „… Western New York Image Processing Workshop, pages 14–17, Novmber 2010. [17] Y. Cheng. Mean shift, mode …” „… Conference on Image Processing, pages 2184–2188, 2015. [29] K. Fukunaga and L. Hostetler. The estimation of …”

Experimental Results S. 64-104

„… interest how exhaustively the temporal connections between the image regions inherent in the video volume …” „… superpixel flow should be consistent with the underlying image movement. To assess these segmentation …” „… 5.1.1 Benchmark Metrics The standard metric used to evaluate a binary image or video segmentation is the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XII

„… early stage video preprocessing in order to improve and accelerate subsequent processing steps like …” „… less image primitives than the voxelgrid. The proposed energy-minimization-based approach utilizes a …” „… ensure the consistency of the superpixel flow with the image movement while considering visual occlusion …”

Fundamentals S. 10-33

„… computational burden of downstream image processing algorithms, they provide the possibility to create content …” „… different techniques for image segmentation. This includes graph-based image segmentation utilizing Markov …” „… consecutive frames will be described. 2.1 Image Segmentation In this thesis, image segmentation is seen as the …”

Superpixels with Temporal Consistency S. 34-45

„… inherent in the proposed framework. But on the other hand, the window enables the processing of arbitrary …” „… , its segmentation needs to be initialized. As image regions can move significantly from frame to frame …” „… disocclusion of image regions that is used in the further cluster analysis to terminate and create new …”

Superpixel Propagation and Handling of Structural Changes S. 46-63

„… initialized. In the frame-by-frame processing approach of [82], the initialization is achieved by copying over …” „… the segmentation of the previous frame. But as image regions can move significantly from one frame to …” „… superpixel holds its position, while the corresponding image region moves more than the edge length of the …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186861108

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - LAND.TECHNIK 2022

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

LAND.TECHNIK 2022

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2395 2022

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J. P. Fulton, R. Colley III, S. A. Shearer, E. M. Hawkins Generating High-Definition As-Applied Maps for Pneumatic Fertilizer Application Equipment S. 265-272

„… prototype sensing system included 3 sub-systems capable of: (1) image acquisition, (2) image processing …” „… acquisition (IMAQ) unit and the image processing unit connected by a high-speed (~5 Gb/s) USB 3.0 connection …” „… image processing sub-system. These images were VDI-Berichte Nr. 2395, 2022266 processed to obtain the …”

J. S. Stansell, J. D. Luck, T. G. Smith, H. Yu, D. R. Rudnick, B. T. Krienke N-Time: An Automated Decision Support System for Sensor-Based Fertigation Management S. 259-264

„… from the collection platform. Image processing included development of a single orthomosaic …” „… recommendation deduction, and fertigation prescription generation. Image processing was partially automated by …” „… (e.g. crop type); metadata and processing status information for image data and fertilizer application …”

P. Riegler-Nurscher, J. Prankl, D. Schauer Stereo camera-based method for grassland yield estimation S. 301-308

„… grass/legumes ratio estimated from RGB images using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The data from the …” „… distinguishes clover and grasses in RGB images by using semantic segmentation. 3. Stereo camera based plant …” „… determined. When taking an image directly at the cutting edge (Figure 1 left), it is possible to measure …”

M. Wesle-Zehetmair, C. Engelhart, C. Marbach, C. Engelhart Innovative surround sensing conquers the agricultural market! Vision System – a pioneering sensor system for diverse use S. 171-176

„… before further processing and provides a detailed image of the machine’s surroundings.[3] [1] Source …” „… the live images supplied by the multi-camera system. With this, manufacturers of agricultural …” „… control unit for sensor data processing. By interlinking all of the vehicle’s surround sensors, a …”

F. Martin, G. Lohrmann, A. Stoll Selective weed control in grassland using high-pressure water jets S. 105-110

„… . 1: Process flow of the image processing for the creation of application maps [5] For this purpose …” „… developed for this purpose. First, images of the field were acquired with a drone. Then, an image analysis …” „… autumnale. Based on a developed image analysis [4], small scale robots or tractor-mounted implements can be …”

A. Hecker, B. Striller, N. Franchi Private mobile ad hoc communications and the application in LANDNETZ S. 251-258

„… data sources and processing units for a variety of agricultural applications [1]–[4]. Currently …” „… can be generated in advance to the application, based on satellite data or high-resolution images …” „… transfer and local data processing as shown in Fig. 2. The concept is based on flying over the …”

C. J. Lee, S. Schatzle, S. A. Lang Evaluation of perception sensors for safety of highly automated machine operations S. 163-170

„… distance and should be faster than 100 ms. According to the observed level of image detail defined in EN …” „… solution to capture visible cues like human perception. They provide high-resolution colour images and are …” „… suitable for surveillance or object/feature type classification. However, the quality of the image is …”

C. Krause, N. Iqbal, J. Hertzberg, M. Hollmann, J. Martinez, D. Nieberg, A. Ruckelshausen, S. Stiene, S. Rottgermann, M. Muter, A. Berghaus, J. Herbers, S. Menke Concept of a Test Environment for the Automated Evaluation of Algorithms for Robust and Reliable Environment Perception S. 177-184

„… . Classifiers were developed to interpret the meaning of the data. If an image contains multiple objects …” „… , object detection algorithms like YOLO [2] are used to identify and classify regions in the image data …” „… . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2395, 2022 181 test area with a high-resolution laser scanner as well as orthography images …”

M. Abdipourchenarestansofla, H. P. Piepho Yield observation outlier detection with unsupervised machine learning in harvest machines S. 343-348

„… processing operations to be applied on the data. The first data cleaning operation is done by setting …” „… three Vegetation Indices (VI) called “NDVI”, “NDRE”, and “LAI” derived from Sentinel-2 images. The …” „… deal with complex and large dataset. Our main objective is to develop an automated processing pipeline …”

A. Leenknegt, T. Mahieu, G. Nerinckx, B. Lenaerts, B. Missotten Automatic residue spreading control based on radar sensing technology on a combine harvester S. 87-96

„… light up the full scene, with active lighting. From a sensor processing perspective, there is also the …” „… wind/noise very good very good very good poor VDI-Berichte Nr. 2395, 2022 91 Sensor processing The …” „… is used. An orthomosaic of a harvested field is created, using a drone. From these images, the …”

B. Adams Validation Principles of Agricultural Machine Multibody Dynamics Models S. 219-226

„… and completion of experimental testing, and pre-processing of physical and virtual time series …” „… negative linear relationship, which indicates that the physical and virtual time series are mirror images …” „… should be of limited concern if time-syncing was properly completed during pre-processing of the …”

A. Christ, O. Schmittmann, P. Schulze Lammers Dual use sensor array for crop management in arable farming by CIELab color space – detection of N supply and plant discrimination S. 97-104

„… levels for the investigated BBCH stages. Due to implemented components with fast signal processing, the …” „… determination COD. For this purpose, b channel and plant cover from image recordings of winter barley in the …” „… . M.; Chan, T.-H.; Gillis, N.; Gader, P.; Plaza, A. J. (2014). A Signal Processing Perspective on …”

F. Kraatz Farming 4.0 ready telematics unit for basic, non-intelligent agricultural machines S. 413-418

„… relevant information for the farmer. Based on the continuous transfer of this information, a digital image …” „… format to realize an efficient data exchange on the mobile connection. For further processing in other …”

C. Scholz, B. Pamornnak, S. Becker, A. Ruckelshausen Practice of autonomous field robotics compared to a tractor-implement-combination for the example of mechanical weed control S. 111-116

„… errors. The interpretation of the generated robot maps and drone images as well as the field with …” „… .) and their transfer to the robot, ensures the use and enables consistent processing in case of error …”

M. Bruck Lost, but reconnected virtually – AEF ISOBUS Plugfest is back and better than ever S. 405-412

„… distance-independent electrical signal propagation time including the processing time in intermediate stations …” „… slot. Within the meetings, the own camera image or screen could be shared, the chat could be used or …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023952

Malte Oeljeklaus - An Integrated Approach for Traffic Scene Understanding from Monocular Cameras

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Malte Oeljeklaus

An Integrated Approach for Traffic Scene Understanding from Monocular Cameras

Series: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik

Volume 815 2021

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Experimental Setup and Data Acquisition S. 20-27

„… lated to signal and image processing through massive parallelization. In fact, several manufacturers …” „… generalizability of the developed image processing models towards altered operating conditions. 4Intelligente …” „… mobile and a static test platform to record the traffic scene images for the experimental investigations …”

„… environment perception in the automotive context, image processing continues to arouse a high level of …” „… image processing The current great interest in CNNs for image processing in research and industry began …” „… addition to the image processing methods, how the traffic scene is represented internally in an environment …”

Network Architecture for Multi-task Feature Sharing S. 28-37

„… solution are at the core of any image processing or general machine learning system. This immediately …” „… image processing should have a hierarchical structure. In fact, this corresponds well to the outlined …” „… discussed inherent hierarchical structure of useful and expressive features in image processing. The …”

Introduction S. 1-7

„… , provides all image processing capabilities for a basic automotive environment model in one combined CNN is …” „… monocular camera images. To this end, the focus is on automotive applications in the context of the future …” „… due to the advance in the technological development of image sensors but also due to the economies of …”

Summary, Conclusion, and Outlook S. 97-99

„… realistic embedded processing hardware. Regarding this, especially the existence of common, shareable image …” „… topology is realized as general image recognition. In addition, the perception of the drivable road area is …” „… implemented as image segmentation. To this end, an approach based on the FCN architecture [She+17] is adapted …”

Road Users from Bounding Box Detection S. 64-83

„… when processing different image resolutions. Moreover, the regression of the size of the bounding boxes …” „… 7 Road Users from Bounding Box Detection Object detection aims to locate objects in an image by …” „… fact that subsequent processing steps require a reconstruction of the 3D parameters that describe the …”

Bibliography S. 115-142

„… International Conference on Image Processing. IEEE. Taipei, Taiwan, 2019, pp. 61–65. [Nic+08] J. Nickolls, I …” „… . Binder, M. Kawanabe, and U. Brefeld. “Efficient Classification of Images with Taxonomies”. In …” „… . Torralba. “Notes on image annotation”. In: arXiv preprint arXiv:1210.3448 (2012). [Car93] R. Caruana …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XIV

„… Fundamental Background 8 2.1 Advances in CNN architectures for image processing . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2 …” „… approach. In particular, the effects of shareable image features for the perception of the individual …” „… from image space measurements . . . . . . . . . . 24 4 Network Architecture for Multi-task Feature …”

Drivable Road Area from Semantic Image Segmentation S. 50-63

„… 6 Drivable Road Area from Semantic Image Segmentation Semantic segmentation identifies regions in …” „… the image that correspond to specific object categories. More precisely, it consists of assigning a …” „… of the most relevant applications of image segmentation in the automotive field. Figure 6.1 shows an …”

Global Road Topology from Scene Context Recognition S. 38-49

„… to an architecture with one continuous processing path from the recorded input image to the final …” „… describes a particular region in the image. The following section discusses how the global context can be …” „… driving functions and how the corresponding image recognition can be implemented in a practical model …”

Appendix S. 100-114

„… ≤ 1 % 11The ratio between the difference of the ideal and distorted image diagonals to the ideal image …” „… processing hardware specifications model Nvidia Jetson TX2 co re s CPU 2 × ARM A57 GPU 256 × GP10B (Pascal …” „… selected images. desktop GPU Jetson TX2 Rec 22.4 ± 1.3 ms 167.1 ± 1.4 ms Seg 19.8 ± 1.1 ms 145.2 ± 1.6 ms …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186815125

Thorsten Laude - Konturbasierte multidirektionale Intra-Prädiktion für die Videocodierung

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Thorsten Laude

Konturbasierte multidirektionale Intra-Prädiktion für die Videocodierung

Series: Informatik/ Kommunikation

Volume 871 2021

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Literatur S. 123-146

„… HEVC“. In: 2013 Visual Communications and Image Processing (VCIP). IEEE, Nov. 2013, S. 1–6. isbn …” „… “. In: Applications of Digital Image Processing XXXIX. Hrsg. von Andrew G. Tescher. San Francisco, CA …” „… IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. IEEE, Sep. 2010, S. 969– 972. isbn …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XIV

„… Trainingspunkte f⇤ Beobachtungen für Testpunkte I Bild, engl. Image VI formelzeichen s Blockgröße …” „… Neural Network CPU Central Processing Unit CTB Coding Tree Block CTC Common Test Conditions CTU Coding …” „… Graphics Processing Unit HDF5 Hierarchical Data Format 5 HEVC High Efficiency Video Coding HLS High-level …”

Experimentelle Untersuchung und Bewertung S. 84-118

„… Videosignale. Die Encoderlaufzeit wird als Prozessor-, engl. Central Processing Unit (CPU)-, Zeit4 gemessen …” „… Datenbanken, die häufig für die Evaluierung von Bildcodierungsverfahren verwendet werden: die Kodak Image …” „… Dataset (KODIM) und die University of Southern California - Signal and Information Processing Institute …”

Grundlagen S. 10-52

„… aktiviert, engl. Wavefront Parallel Processing (WPP), so erfolgt eine Zurücksetzung 25 grundlagen des …” „… den letzten Jahren des Wettbewerbs ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC) [103 …” „… Hyperparameter-Optimierung für mehrere Wochen auf 800 Grafikprozessoren, engl. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), gleichzeitig …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186871107

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