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VDI Wissensforum GmbH - PIAE EUROPE 2021

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

PIAE EUROPE 2021

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2385 2021

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P. Helmke, B. Pfeiffer Lightweight plastic construction with visible surface as examplified by the Volkswagen ID.3 tailgate S. 29-38

„… Lightweight plastic construction with visible surface as examplified by the Volkswagen ID.3 …” „… producing structural components with visible surfaces. For bright colors, Celanese has also developed an …” „… is a visible part in the color of the vehicle interior. The surface was to be given a new graining …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-X

„… in the front end • VW ID3 tailgate: lightweight plastic construction with visible surface • MAN …” „… construction with visible surface as examplified by the Volkswagen ID 3 tailgate …” „… 19 L. Reifenstein, B. Nießen, Ford Werke GmbH, Cologne f Surfaces/Oberflächen Lightweight plastic …”

Daniel Kugele, Sebastan Mönnich, Cigdem Belgeli Development and validation of a simulation methodology for the prediction of surface defects for plastic components with metallic effect pigments S. 89-100

„… problem presentation In automotive engineering, various surface-finishing processes (electroplating …” „… Development and validation of a simulation methodology for the prediction of surface defects for …” „… surface can be produced by the injection-molding process. The use of such materials in the vehicle offers …”

J. Horn, S. Pirl, M. Gehringer, F. Förster Interior parts with a focus on climate – A pleasant feel thanks to thermoplastic foam S. 129-144

„… Structuring visible surfaces Thermal separation layers Coating in the cavity: Orange peel effect Minor …” „… the project has shown that soft visible surfaces can be realized with TPE. It became clear that the …” „… , Burgbernheim Abstract Soft surfaces for trim parts in automotive interiors have long been standard in …”

T. Köppl, F. Dresel, N. Grohnmeier Breakthrough in producing soft and sustainable interior surfaces by injection moulding of TPE S. 49-60

„… Breakthrough in producing soft and sustainable interior surfaces by injection moulding of TPE …” „… Several processing methods and materials exist to produce soft-touch interior surfaces like instrument …” „… surfaces by injection moulding of the new high-flow thermoplastic elastomers Dryflex® HiF. TPE are already …”

A. Schmitz The all-new MAN high-roof cab – epoxy sandwich RTM – simulated using FEM and crashed under real conditions S. 61-74

„… TG series. The surfaces of the outer and inner shells when unfolded come to an area of about 6.2 km …” „… more storage space and reduced heat input into the cab have increased and the large window surfaces …” „… measures 2326 x 2016 x 770 mm, which corresponds to a total laminate surface of 17.25 m². The weight of …”

H. Lehmann Sorting technologies: the key to quality products in a circular economy S. 161-172

„… high resolution Spectroscopy in the visible range (VIS) Use of specific spectral properties …” „… (reflection) of polymers in the visible wavelength range X-ray transmission (XRT) Determination of atomic …” „… density regardless of surface condition and sample thickness Infrared transmission (IRT) Density …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023853

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Plastics in Automotive Engineering PIAE EUROPE

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Plastics in Automotive Engineering PIAE EUROPE

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2343 2019

Results in this title

M. Schneider, A. Cordella Antimicrobial treatment of textiles and decorative materials for passenger transport and car-sharing concepts S. 29-42

„… as MRSA. 1. General comments Those surfaces in vehicles that are visible and in direct contact …” „… kg. Although these textiles are not all processed in the visible interior surfaces (car mats, side …” „… these droplets are deposited on the visible surfaces of a vehicle and then can cause a contact …”

S. Bürger, A. Kaplangiray, K.-U. Lichi Automotive interior decorative bezels in the 2K reverse grain overmolding manufacturing process S. 373-388

„… automotive applications are usually designed with paint-system surfaces as in-mold laminated components (IML …” „… , FIM) or as in-mold decorated components (IMD). Paint-system surfaces have …” „… IML decorative surface Fig. 1.2 High-gloss painted decorative surface VDI-Berichte Nr. 2343 …”

J. Beck, S. Hofmann, R. Kupfer, A. Liebsch, M. Gude Multi-Material-Design für die automobile Großserie – Faserverbund-Hohlprofile und Spritzgieß-Knotenstrukturen in einem Prozess S. 163-184

„… pressing, surface RTM, which are mature and reliable, production cycle time can be controlled within 2-5 …” „… language skills, a big gap between the skills of Germans or Europeans and Chinese people is visible. The …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023433

Thorsten Lajewski - Friction Potential Estimation for Autonomous Driving

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Thorsten Lajewski

Friction Potential Estimation for Autonomous Driving

Series: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik

Volume 816 2022

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Development of a Friction Potential Measurement Method S. 55-80

„… SurfaceThe measurements on the brake testing surfaces already showed, that the road surfacecan have a …” „… was to get ten repeated measurements on each surface.Due to technical problems during some …” „… of possiblefriction potential values is covered by the surfaces.In section 1.2.2, it was found that …”

Grip Map S. 81-103

„… reason could be due to the small number (74) of tested surfaces,which were by chance all in good …” „… , in-formation about the road surface needs to be available. The SWB method discussedin the previous chapter only …” „… between the friction potential values was foundon wet surfaces. Friction potential related accidents on …”

Remaining Risk of Overestimating the Friction Potential S. 127-135

„… above 0.3 g more often than safedrivers. This is especially visible in the braking frequency. The …” „… ofdriving has been conducted on surfaces with a high friction potential. In order to ex-clude snow or ice …” „… availablefriction potential on these surfaces is usually lower than the maximal friction (µpot <0.4) required for …”

Fundamentals of Tyre Friction and its Effect in Tyre Models S. 36-54

„… over the surface.µ =FhFz=Fhyst + Fadh + Fcohesion + FvisFz(2.1)In the following sections, the relevant …” „… prominently featured in the accident statistics.2.1.1 Road SurfaceRoad surfaces are commonly made of asphalt …” „… heating in the surface,which limits the generated friction potential. In addition, this theory provides an …”

Conclusions S. 136-138

„… used tyre, intermediate layer and road surface was found.Indications of an additional influence of the …” „… surface temperature on the measured fric-tion potential have been found. This influence varied between …” „… effects or road polishing effects were visible duringthe measurement period.Therefore, it was decided to …”

Introduction S. 1-35

„… road surface/road condition cat-egories based on the data of [9]; box: lower quartile, median, upper …” „… cobblestone surfacesshows that the surface properties of the road also have a significant influence on …” „… (FAT) project measured for the asphalt surfaces.The differences in the available friction potential are …”

Appendix S. 139-154

„… , thecobblestone surface did not dry. Figure B.1 shows the measured tyre curves and fittedtyre models. Figure B.2 …” „… displays the measured accelerations during the full brakingmeasurements on the seven different surface and …” „… results reported in FAT but the trend in the measuredfriction potential is the same. It is also visible …”

Intermediate Layer Classification S. 104-126

„… valuesdepend on the wiper position. If the wiper is just in front of the rain sensor surface,an increased water …” „… temperature is normally measuredin 2 m height. A surface temperature and up to three underground temperatures …” „… evaluated methods focus on the five inputs airtemperature, dew point temperature, humidity, surface …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XX

„… influencing factors, the road surface and the intermediate layer, via external data sources. To determine the …” „… influence of the road surface, friction measure-ment methods established in road construction are compared …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.1.1 Road Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372.1.2 Tyre …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186816122

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - International Conference on Gears 2022

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

International Conference on Gears 2022

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2389 2022

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R. Jaeger, C. Koplin, B. Schluter Lubricated polymer-steel-systems: influence of the surface and interfacial energies of frictional partners on their tribological performance S. 1223-1236

„… systems where no detectable mass uptake was observed. Wsolv is possibly an indicator for surface-near …” „… Lubricated Polymer-Steel-Systems Influence of the Surface and Interfacial Energies of Frictional …” „… coefficient of friction (COF) at low gliding velocities, the surface hardness and the wear rate. The study …”

A. Sitzmann, T. Tobie, K. Stahl, S. Hoja, S. Schurer Deep nitriding – contact and bending strength of gears with increased nitriding hardening depth S. 875-890

„… 18203:2016-12(en): Steel - Determination of the thickness of surface-hardened layers. [19] DIN 3962:1978-08 …” „… capacity of highly loaded gears by means of surface hardening. In some cases, nitrided gears are comparable …” „… directly on the surface. The thickness of the compound layer is only a few micrometers, followed by a …”

S. Bill Efficiency improvement and surface protection by using particle-based phyllosilicate-additive S. 935-942

„… Efficiency Improvement and Surface Protection by Using Particle-based Phyllosilicate-Additive …” „… Croda Int Plc and developer and manufacturer of an innovative phyllosilicate-based surface treatment …” „… and build through their adsorption a protective phyllosilicate-based coating on the surface. The …”

F. Lagier, A. Bischofberger, K. Bause, S. Ott Suitability of additive manufactured PEEK gears as a means of gear sampling for automotive high-speed gearboxes S. 1045-1060

„… positive effect of grease lubrication and steel gear surface on the lifetime of the PEEK gear, and states …” „… the starting points of cracks. The surface roughness ranges in the mi-crometer scale. The high surface …” „… addition, pene-tration of fluids into the part can occur from this surface roughness. As the print is being …”

D. Sackmann, T. Husemann, B. Karpuschewski The effect of a multi-stage grinding process on the barkhausen noise signal S. 695-706

„… finishing, but gets closer to the newly generated surface due to the removed finish allowance as visible in …” „… grinding processes can lead to a negatively influenced surface integrity, e.g., residual tensile stresses …” „… and tempering zones. For inspection of ground surfaces, the analysis of the Barkhausen noise is …”

T. Arndt, J. Klose, M. Gerstenmeyer, V. Schulze Tool wear development in gear skiving process of quenched and tempered internal gears S. 1331-1344

„… lubricant strategy are varied in order to investi-gate the influence on tool life and surface quality in the …” „… investigations the influence of the concentricity of the tools used on the surface quality produced. A …” „… influence of different cooling lubrication methods on the surface roughness during milling of 50CrMnMo and …”

J. Vorgerd, P. Tenberge, M. Joop Scuffing of cylindrical gears with pitch line velocities up to 100 m/s S. 903-914

„… damage location and the surface condition. Based on the experimental results, a simulation approach with …” „… tribologically highly stressed and tend to scuff. Scuffed surfaces are heavily roughened with worse frictional …” „… approaches. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022 9032. Scuffing Scuffing is a spontaneously occurring surface damage …”

T. Ohno, R. Greschert, J. Brimmers The influence of material roughness, hardness and lubricant additives on micropitting behaviour of gears S. 621-636

„… , lots of μm pitting was visible on the smooth surfaces. Lubricant A gears had less pitting than …” „… occur under conditions where the oil film thickness is smaller than the surface roughness, the effects …” „… study, gears of FZG C-GF type with varying surface roughness and hardness values were machined, and …”

P. Tenberge, J. Vorgerd, L. Gondecki 2-disc tribometer for various tests on sliding/rolling contacts with tribological loads such as in tooth flank contacts S. 145-156

„… . The grinding marks are still clearly visible in both cases.Fig. 10: Microscopic images of the surfaces …” „… clearly visible. The characteristic surface parameters are again very similar on both test specimens and …” „… of materials, heat treatments and surface designs as well as lubricants and the entire tribological …”

D. Zorko, Z. Bergant, B. Černe Potential of woven carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite gears S. 1071-1082

„… speed of 1400 rpm. All tests were conducted in unlubricated conditions. The nominal gear surface …” „… superfinish to smooth the surfaces and remove the sharp edges left after cutting [10]. The surface roughness …” „… on the tooth flanks was measured on a Tesa Rugosurf 90G profilometer before the test. The surface …”

F. Reinle, D. Mangherini, E. Morgano, A. Bongiovanni Combining improved gear efficiency and improved fatigue performance through mass finishing S. 609-620

„… frictional energy input. The finished surface is a combination of improved roughness, compressive stress and …” „… seen improvements of the surface properties in classical sliding operations like in ICE or even for …” „… lower end regarding surface quality. Increased wear in the combination of low viscosity oil and …”

J. Koenig, D. Kehle, K.-P. Heinzle Investigation of the failure mechanisms of plastic materials with and without fiber reinforcement S. 1269-1280

„… focus on the surface condition and the severity of wear. Also, the resulting damages were categorized …” „… distinguishes between the mean body temperature and the mean surface temperature. The mean body temperature is …” „… responsible for tooth root fracture and deformation, while the mean surface temperature is responsible for …”

H.-J. Dennig, L. Zumofen, A. Kirchheim, S. Winterberg, D. Stierli Increasing the safety against scuffing of additive manufactured gear wheels by internal cooling channels S. 1345-1364

„… surface and the tooth root are subjected to time-dependent loads. The latter is not discussed further in …” „… kinematic movements [8]. In the process, various types of damage can occur on the flank, such as surface …” „… independent. Therefore, the time to scuffing remains unknown. The gear material, lubricant, surface condition …”

S. Sklenak, J. Brimmers, C. Brecher Analysis of local wear within the dry lubricated rolling- sliding contact of coated surfaces S. 305-316

„… that, compared with the initial state (t = 0 min), a clearly visible running surface of approx. b = 8 …” „… Analysis of Local Wear within the Dry Lubricated Rolling-Sliding Contact of Coated Surfaces …” „… behavior and wear. The wear analysis of the contact surface on the test shaft shows that heavy wear has …”

B. Legrady, M. Taesch, G. Tschirschnitz, C. F. Mieth Prediction of churning losses in an industrial gear box with spiral bevel gears using the smoothed particle hydrodynamic method S. 651-664

„… experiment when surface tension models are included. To reproduce the qualitative trends of the experiments …” „… components are always required to deliver the power generated by an engine to the road surface. Current …” „… from the native handling of multi-phase and free surfaces flows, SPH has also proven to provide …”

A. Wedmann, M. Stein, K. Kniel Gear calibration in tactile scanning mode on CMMs S. 1539-1552

„… scanning speeds undesired smoothing of the surface can occur. As a result, the form deviations may be …” „… surface condition of the test piece, the ball diameter and the probing force. One way to avoid such wear …” „… . Either two circular measurements or the measurement of a plane surface and a circle on the gear standard …”

P. Roth, M. Hein, K. Stahl Scuffing load capacity calculation of worm gears S. 811-824

„… . 2.1 Scuffing Scuffing of gears is understood to be the instantaneous welding of flank surfaces under …” „… surface, where worm and worm wheel are in contact, is considered as the contact area (orange in fig. 3 …” „… of the surface or rather contact temperatures in the contact area and of the temperatures below the …”

J.-A. Meis, M. Walkowiak Influence of case hardness depth on tooth interior fatigue fracture S. 863-874

„… guarantied. It can be seen that the increase in CHD creates lower surface compression stresses and at the …” „… critical zone is completely located below the surface. For CHDs from 0.075 to 0.175 times module we see a …” „… the surface. Fig. 10: CHD influence on TFF risk of the wind gearbox gear design Similarly to figure …”

Y. Marchesse, M. Ruzek, F. Ville, P. Velex On windage power loss reduction achieved by flanges S. 665-676

„… with respect to the pinion. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2389, 2022 665on modifications of the pinion surface …” „… nodes located on the gear tooth surfaces and periodic conditions are applied to the radial edges at the …” „… zero, an opening condition is imposed to the radial surface and a nil velocity to the nodes located in …”

A. Baumann, B. Bertsche Coefficient of friction behavior of gear oils and significance for the meshing process of spur gears S. 745-762

„… device to study the frictional behavior of a mineral base oil by varying surface roughness, SRR, rolling …” „… roughness of the contact surfaces. At the contact points there are mixed friction conditions created by …” „… flanks are completely separated by an oil film. Under load, there are high surface pressures on the …”

J. Gotz, F. Siglmuller, M. Furst, M. Otto, K. Stahl Experimental investigation of the dynamic load sharing of planetary gearboxes S. 409-420

„… geometries with a high surface quality. One of the five planet gears shows slightly poorer gear qualities …” „… machined into the outer surface of the planet pin to provide sufficient room and protect the strain gauge …” „… sampling rate of 30 kHz the impact of the gear mesh is also clearly visible. The planet pin forces …”

W. Wagner, S. Schumann, B. Schlecht Enhanced loaded tooth contact analysis of hypoid gears within a multi-body-system simulation S. 357-370

„… surfaces must be figured out. With this penetration, the load distribution must be computed. As those …” „… positions over one pitch (Fig. 3, left, blue graph), this effect is neither visible nor of importance. Only …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023891

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - PIAE Europe 2023

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

PIAE Europe 2023

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2418 2023

Results in this title

B. Pesche, R. Vollet-Binet Renault MEGANE e-Tech plastic tailgate – Lightweight and sustainability as DNA S. 73-82

„… concept lightweight construction, structural components with visible surfaces can be produced in injection …” „… structural components with visible surfaces (class A appearance) in injection molding. Therefore CELSTRAN …” „… integration. Visible areas for the customer are directly imaged with the PP long glass fiber materials without …”

H. Häberle Use of plastic in the new MAN truck – sustainable solutions, also through the use of recyclates S. 83-92

„… company and could theoretically be returned to the same component application. ‐ The surface of the …” „… transparent). On account of the high surface requirements, this is produced in a clean room. This sheet is …” „… , blue, red, green or differently colored paint particles were visible in the component. Fig. 4: F2000 …”

H.P.C. van Heerbeek LNP™ SLX Resins for Exterior (Lighted) Auto Grill Designs S. 135-148

„… of a photogenerated UV absorber (UVA) on the surface of a part. The photo-generated UVA has been …” „… the renewable version SLX resins. Introduction Visual appearance and surface aesthetics are crucial …” „… resistance, dimensional stability, and excellent surface appearance (gloss and color) along with the …”

T. Köppl, Florian Dresel Reducing the carbon footprint of materials and processes for soft-touch applications S. 149-158

„… interior surfaces, with many different materials which are often used in combination with other materials …” „… without recycled content. New TPE developments with a focus on surface performance like scratch, abrasion …” „… surfaces, polyurethane coatings, and acrylic soft lacquers. As surface materials are usually processed in …”

Polycarbonatbasierte Karosseriebauteile mit Funktionsintegration Polycarbonate-based body components with functional integration S. 553-584

„… resin or a semi-transparent print on the film surface enable hidden-until-lit capability. The assembly …” „… allows for greater design freedom in combination with excellent surface protection and the opportunity to …” „… be seamlessly hidden in the future. At least in the case of lidar, very high surface qualities …”

F. Wazula, H. Tattko, A. Sumfleth Star panel of the Mercedes Benz EQS – New design meets new challenges S. 33-46

„… homogeneous temperature distribution over the entire component surface, thus forming the basic prerequisite …” „… ; see Fig. 4.2. The black topcoat, applied over the entire surface on the back of the component in the …” „… surfaces thus become transparent again, acquire their final appearance in the subsequent process of …”

C. Salles Addressing the sustainability challenges of Automotive: Everminds – a Holistic approach from a PO industry leading producer S. 289-300

„… content for visible interior grade with class A surface aspect, low emissions and perfect colour match …” „… visible progress as of now. Chain of Custody models can help move us forward by increasing the proportions …”

M. Däbritz, K. Scherer Halving the CO2 footprint through process integration in the production of coated plastic parts S. 239-256

„… plastic injection-molded parts are often subjected to additional surface finishing. This can provide …” „… adjusted within certain limits via melt coloring and via the surface structure without the need for …” „… requirements and thus the visible interactions between the two processes are becoming ever greater. For this …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024188

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