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VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Dritev – Drivetrain For Vehicles 2018

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Dritev – Drivetrain For Vehicles 2018

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2328 2018

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M. Paal, K. Graner Electrical drives in mobile machines – Current trends & drivers, resulting requirements and considerations on their implementation

„… Electrical Drives in mobile machines Current trends & drivers, resulting requirements and …” „… . Abstract As already presented during previous VDI-Conferences, electric drive trains offer various …” „… new driver for electrification: "zero emission". The theses is put forward, that also communal and …”

T. Woopen, A. Gronewold, S. Hammes Realization of marketable electric drive train concepts for tractors

„… Realization of marketable electric drive train concepts for tractors M.Sc. T. Woopen …” „… drives are already state-of-the-art in the automotive industry, internal combustion engine drives are …” „… electric drives on the way to the fully electric tractor. It is advantageous, as in VDI-Berichte Nr. 2328 …”

R. Heckmann Fully automated EOL E-drive testing – Automation and modularity for efficient testing solutions

„… Fully automated EOL E-Drive Testing Automation and modularity for efficient testing solutions …” „… Abstract E-Drives are a challenge in automated EOL testing. Where a test bench in the past was primarily …” „… a means of measuring noise, its main components today for E-Drives are much more complex, such as …”

J.-M. Veith, B. Krüger, A. Albers, M. Behrendt Torque prediction in vehicle drive trains based on bus signals using artificial neural networks

„… Torque Prediction in Vehicle Drive Trains based on Bus Signals using Artificial Neural Networks …” „… the example of a virtual torque sensor development and validated with test drive data …” „… . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2328, 2018 413 1 Introduction All-wheel-drive vehicles produced by Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche …”

T. Gemassmer Approaches to increase efficiency and dynamics of ipmsm traction drives by optimization of control strategies

„… Approaches to increase Efficiency and Dynamics of IPMSM Traction Drives by Optimization of Control …” „… magnet traction drives to increase both efficiency and dynamics. Starting with a short derivation of …” „… saturation characteristics of highly utilized drives and their impact on the dynamics of the current control …”

M. Hofstetter, D. Lechleitner, M. Hirz, M. Gintzel, A. Schmidhofer Multi-objective gearbox design optimization for xEV-axle drives under consideration of package restrictions

„… Multi-Objective Gearbox Design Optimization for xEV-Axle Drives under Consideration of Package …” „… system, the gearbox represents a linking element between the electric machine and drive shafts to the …” „… , two-stage helical gearbox with an integrated differential drive, which represents a common gearbox topology …”

F. Mühlfeld, M. Hochrein, N. Schmidt-Winkel, J. Buhl Electrified automated manual transmission (eAMT) – Synergies by combining an electric drive with an automated transmission

„… Electrified automated manual transmission (eAMT) Synergies by combining an electric drive with …” „… automated manual transmission and the electric drive. The automated transmission thus receives full hybrid …” „… electric drive is able to compensate the system-related traction interruptions during gearshift of the …”

T. Nishikawa, Tomoo Kubo The development of a low friction and low viscosity final drive oil

„… The Development of a Low friction and Low viscosity Final Drive Oil Tadashi Nishikawa, Tomoo …” „… lubricants for Engine, Transmission and Final Drive (F/D). However, as low viscosity lubricants have a …”

G. Hellenbroich, I. Steinberg, J. Ogrzewalla Powershift capable 2-Speed Electric Drive Unit for Light – Commercial Vehicles with Short Time to Market

„… Powershift capable 2-Speed Electric Drive Unit for Light Commercial Vehicles with Short Time to …” „… either power or torque capacity). As a result, FEV has built a 2-speed electric drive unit based on dual …” „… shift strategy software are integrated into the inverter, which serves as the master in the drive …”

T. Högnäs, G. Beldie 48 volt torque vectoring electric rear drive module (eRDM) – Excellent driving dynamics with significant CO2 savings

„… 48 Volt Torque Vectoring Electric Rear Drive Module (eRDM) Excellent driving dynamics with …” „… . Drivers for emergence of the 48V architectures range from reduction of CO2 emission to meet future …” „… constitute the traditional means for driveline power management in performance oriented All-Wheel Drive (AWD …”

R. Buchberger, O. Grieshofer, K. Puchner, R. Sereinig System optimization of electric drives in terms of lightweight design, acoustics and efficiency by means of modern transmission simulation methods

„… System optimization of electric drives in terms of lightweight design, acoustics and efficiency …” „… among the main conflicting engineering targets within developments of electric drive transmissions …” „… structure borne noise has been developed and successfully used for MPT's eDrive developments. For …”

A. Schmidt, H.-P. Fleischmann Enhancement of a dual clutch transmission kit – AUDI S tronic – Version for All-Wheel Drive, Increase of Torque and HV Electrification

„… Enhancement of a Dual Clutch Transmission Kit – AUDI S tronic Version for All-Wheel Drive …” „… 2014, the first derivative of this kit, designed for torques of up to 400 Nm and front-wheel drive …” „… with a classic quattro all-wheel drive with self-locking center differential, and the efficient …”

A. Viehmann, R. König, S. Rinderknecht Investigation of gear shifts in a parallel-series hybrid powertrain with dog clutches in a demonstrator vehicle (two-drive-transmission with range-extender, DE-REX)

„… Demonstrator Vehicle (Two-Drive-Transmission with Range-Extender, DE-REX) Performing mode changes using …” „… Schaltzeitreduktion und Schaltkomfortsteigerung gegeben. Abstract The „Two-Drive-Transmission with Range-Extender …” „… transmission with the drive shafts of the vehicle. Simulation based investigations have shown, that the …”

J.-E. Moseberg, J. Kohlhoff, S. Hekeler Electric all-wheel drive: enhancing vehicle dynamics and driving safety by wheel-individual torque distribution – How to make use of the over-actuation of electrified vehicles

„… Electric all-wheel drive: enhancing vehicle dynamics and driving safety by wheel-individual torque …” „… driver himself is able to intuitively adjust by only a handful of parameters. Following this, the …” „… can have up to four electric drive units situated on the driveshaft, close to the wheel, or even in …”

W. van Harselaar, M. Brouwer, T. Hofman A generic transmission model for hybrid electric drives – Integration of the dynamic behavior of all conventional-, electric-, and hybrid-transmission mode types in a single model

„… A Generic Transmission Model for Hybrid Electric Drives Integration of the dynamic behavior of …” „… individually, a generic transmission model for hybrid electric drives is developed. The developed model …” „… transmission housing. The component wheels represents all driven wheels without distinguishing between front …”

H. Neurath, L. Frerichs Holistic method to find suitable drivetrain technology and architecture – How available information can be used to reduce development complexity

„… requirements regarding functionality, efficiency, and emissions. Mechanical and hydraulic drive components are …” „… still the most used drive technologies in mobile applications, due to their power density. Despite the …” „… known drawbacks in this regard, electric drives are used in various machines (e.g. forklifts, dumpers …”

M. Kneißler, R. Welter, M. Baumann Entry hybridization of manual transmission drivetrains – A review of P0/P1 structures with an automated clutch

„… and just allow to compete with a manual transmission driver that chooses the gear economically under …” „… drive mode already, the focus will be to optimize the coast mode on a system level. The idea is to …” „… automate the clutch. Of course, a driver could open the clutch to allow coasting with the engine turned …”

C. Schmahl, W. Hildebrandt, D. Reith The impact of efficiency enhanced drivetrain components on the energy consumption of electric and conventional vehicles

„… optimization on energy consumption for various types of vehicle and drive systems, the effect of a 1 …” „… ]). The results showed that - efficiency improvement in different drive cycles had a varying effect on …” „… some cases. In earlier publications, a basic explanation has already been given why the drive cycle …”

D. Engelmann, S. Herr Validierung neuer Funktionen eines mechanischen Antriebsstrangs für mobile Arbeitsmaschinen mit radindividueller Steuerung

„… drive trains to power the driving and working tasks. There are continuous efforts to optimize both …” „… drive trains. In terms of the traction drive, this means increased efficiency, improved traction and …” „… optimum adaptation to the vehicle task. This often leads to a conflict of objectives. A mechanical drive …”

K. Bennewitz, A. Mann Powertrain electrification exemplified by the VW Golf

„… electrification. It features an electric drive developed as well as produced in-house. In combination with a …” „… basis for a global high-volume application, the Modular Electric Drive Kit (German: “Modularer …” „… entire chain from fuel production to the driven wheel (well-to-wheel), alternative fuels are suitable …”

Y. Endo Development of new torque converter lockup control for new generation of infiniti QX50

„… capacity, and often produces an unfavorable feeling due to the inconsistency between the driver’s …” „… control of the gear ratio at all times in response to the driver’s demands. This works to optimize power …” „… high power engines. The chain-driven variator changes the gear ratio seamlessly, enabling quick …”

A. Dietrich, H. Klampfl “Friction Stir Welding” – Lightweight through manufacturing technology – The path from a concept to revolutionary gearbox manufacturing

„… VDI-Berichte Nr. 2328, 2018 385 Abstract Those who consider buying an all-wheel-drive vehicle usually …” „… additional consumption as low as possible. Therefore, major priority in the development of all-wheel-drive …” „… reduction in axle drive is the implementation of Friction Stir Welding technology. This special …”

R. Savelsberg, P. Griefnow, G. Birmes, A. Sehr Advanced powertrain functions of 48 V hybrid vehicles – Efficient powertrains does not exclude driving pleasure

„… assist by belt-driven starter generators (BSG). FEV Europe GmbH has designed a full-featured 48 V mild …” „… in the belt drive system of the combustion engine (P0 architecture). In addition, a 6.5 kW electrical …” „… boosting with the belt-driven starter generator and the electric compressor. Especially, the drive mode …”

J. van der Meer, G. Hangen, J. Uhlig The new plug-in hybrid module as an addition to the AUDI S tronic gearbox family – Design, layout and manufacture

„… drive train electrification at the AUDI AG. The highest priority during development of the hybrid …” „… module was given to the optimisation of efficiency. For the electric drive motor, a new production …” „… installation space it is possible to house the electric drive motor with internal rotor in one cooling unit …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… – AUDI S tronic – Version for All-Wheel Drive, Increase of Torque and HV Electrification …” „… � � � � � � � � � � � � � �147 T. Smejkal, C. Wirth, ZG GmbH, Eching A generic transmission model for hybrid electric drives …” „… automated manual transmission (eAMT) – Synergies by combining an electric drive with an automated …”

D. Güth, J. Haupt, T. Gassmann Seamless-shift two-speed eAxle with torque vectoring

„… , disconnecting the electric drive is less of an option. As a logical consequence, there is an increasing demand …” „… developed the eTwinsterX, a new type of very compact electrical drive unit that features a two-speed gearbox …” „… consistently promotes the development of eDrive systems that are both more efficient and increasingly powerful …”

M. Bahne, U. Frey, G. Schlager Transmission technology contribution to CO2 roadmap – a benchmark

„… AWD e-Drive as a P4 hybrid. In this context, Magna and GETRAG have focused on the analysis of …” „… . However, market data suggests that the transition from combustion engines to electrical drives will take …” „… drive technologies are further improved, and that hybrid technologies are fast-tracked. Figure 2 …”

M. Werra, A. Ringleb, C. Sieg, F. Küçükay Thermal behavior of 48 V hybrid systems

„… . After that, three different hybrid topologies with front wheel drive (P1, P2 and P3) with an …” „… , the gearbox model calculates all possible operating point combinations as well as drive modes. The …” „… PE. Parameter variation In this paper, three different hybrid topologies with front wheel drive …”

L. Dedeleit, M. Ayeb, L. Brabetz Short circuit calculation of permanent magnet synchronous machines with comsol multiphysics

„… drive of electric vehicles. In order to ensure the functional safety of the drive system in case of …” „… evaluated towards the driving dynamics in the context of the drive development. Furthermore, due to the …” „… be avoided to prevent functional degradation or even damage of the drive system. In the following …”

G. Bednarek, K. Geratz, H. Chariou The all-new 8-speed AT for the Opel Grandland X

„… two Diesel engines in front wheel drive configuration. They are the first applications with the new …” „… material reduce heat generation and accompanying losses. A chain driven off-axis low loss oil pump, dynamic …” „… speeds. The integrated mechanical off-axis oil pump is driven by a chain. Its main benefits are a compact …”

B. Chamberlin, E. Gold HEV P2 module concepts for different transmission architectures clutch and e-motor options

„… purchase vehicles with just one conventional drive (gasoline or diesel driven engines), the share of HEVs …” „… and BEVs, driven by government regulations to improve emissions, expected shortage of conventional …” „… and E-motor Options Brad Chamberlin, BorgWarner Power Drive Systems, USA; Eckart Gold, BorgWarner …”

F. Leonardi, A. Munoz, L. Guo, F. Liang, M. Degner Electric machine design approaches for electrified powertrains

„… as the weight of the vehicle directly impacts its fuel economy. As most traction drives are packaged …” „… drive cycle. For vehicle applications the range of torque and speeds at which the machine operates …” „… varies widely with the drive cycle making the optimization a significant challenge that involves …”

C. Pelger, G. Jacobs, H.-D. Schneider Potentials of power-split CVTs for small mobile machines

„… Abstract Power split transmissions represent the dominant drive technology for agricultural tractors …” „… . There are numerous concepts from various manufacturers, which mainly use hydrostatic drives for the …” „… significantly. To improve the efficiency of power-split drives, the Institute for Machine Elements and System …”

G. van Spijk, A. Klaassen, A. van der Leest, A. Brandsma, M. Tweehuysen CVT: dedicated to hybrid solutions – Setting the benchmark on all KPI’s

„… drive modes, specifications and requirements for the components are explained. 3. The DH-CVT …” „… reverse, the battery will need some charging time to enable reverse drive off. The vehicle can be …” „… drive unit. The study has also shown that the design is feasible within the defined engine bay …”

B. Arnold, B. Lecointre Shift simulator for shift feel and quality development of manual transmissions

„… driver directly to the vehicle. Therefore, shift quality and shift feel is still an important factor for …” „… global market in the future [1],]2]. Driver environment and Human Machine Interface (HMI) is under a …” „… driver environment it is by implication also increasing the customer expectations on the last remaining …”

M. Roßhuber, G. Schromm, K. Kranz The new BMW automatic transmission – Challenges in development

„… technical effort. The possibilities of achieving further progress in the conventional drive with the …” „… automatic transmission and the networking of the drive components have become even more important in recent …” „… tight cluster of production starts and also the increasing demands in the field of drive performance …”

S. Prebeck, M. Hiemer Requirements for agricultural and construction machinery drivetrains derived from “autonomous driving”

„… Konsequenz daraus rückt jetzt die Automatisierung immer mehr in den Vordergrund. Drive …” „… . Drive-by-wire, steer-by-wire, brake-by-wire are technologies that were continuously further developed in the …” „… trained driver as “sensor” for malfunctions is missing in an autonomous working system. Therefore …”

P. Maurel, N. Termenon, Philippe Kraemer, I. Sogoba Efficient hybrid clutch actuator

„… functions to the driver: Associating automation of the main transmission clutch with a 12V IBSG enables …” „… to transition from electric drive to thermal drive. A P0 e-machine coupled with another one P4 …” „… position can offer also the possibility to give access to a four wheels drive mode at low speed …”

N. Dudin, S. Ott, A. Albers, R. Misch, T. Rochlitzer Virtualizing validation processes of electrified powertrain generations

„… software-driven ones with an ever growing share of inhouse developed software code [Stadler 2017]. As a result …” „… on driver inputs, restrictions, environmental conditions and situation-dependant optimization …” „… VDI-Berichte Nr. 2328, 201848 (BAT) and the vehicle’s driven wheels with the aim of minimizing energy …”

B. Reick, M. Wechs, K. Grad, M. Geimer Automated gearbox synthesis and evaluation of electric power-split transmissions

„… driver’s needs and the upcoming work-task. Therefore those transmissions are very popular for tractors …” „… linked toolchain. Interfaces can be driven wheels, the PTO-transmission or an electric interface for …”

T. Smejkal, C. Wirth Innovative transmission topologies using the example of a P2-hybridtransmission for front-transverse applications

„… increasing prevalence of automated transmissions in the area of compact, front-driven vehicles. The …” „… a smoother driving experience without the need of changing gears manually and assist the driver in …” „… ratio of every gear including the final drive stage and the last column shows the ratio step between …”

R. Stehr, A. Götz, M. Ciesek, S. Köpfler, M. Finsterbusch, R. Willeke Future Schaeffler CVT concepts with an innovative actuation system

„… mechanically driven hydraulic pump is responsible for around 40 % of the transmission losses during the WLTC …” „… valve drivers plus sensor input channels allow for dynamic and highly accurate differential or absolute …” „… shifting actuator can be greatly reduced, making it possible to use the same parts for the drive motors …”

C. Körtgen, G. Morandi, G. Jacobs, Achim Kramer Efficient development by means of automated calibration of tractor control units

„… repeated for every significant change of the drive train (e.g. introduction of a new engine generation …” „… ). New engines are being developed on a regular basis driven by stricter international laws regarding …”

S. Rinderknecht, A. Esser, P. Jardin Relevance of multidimensional real-driving optimization for the development of a battery-electric vehicle 5.0

„… for individual drivers or for a specific field of application allows the evaluation and development …” „… respect to the average driver based on standardized driving cycles. These one-dimensional cycles …” „… flow must be modelled differently. The required tractive force at the driven wheels can be divided …”

I. Andrasec, B. Jeitler AVL’s future hybrid X mode – A modular transmission family concept

„… share of purely electrically driven vehicles is subject to discussion, but a sudden increase is …” „… gear is the output of the transmission and it meshes with a differential via a final drive idler. The …” „… .; Teuschl, G.: Modular Low Cost 48V P4 System for Front- and 4- Wheel-Drive Architectures – A Customer …”

T. Grasshoff, P. Beckedahl Power module packaging technologies for silicon and silicon carbide in automotive applications – challenges and solutions

„… . Today, the electric drive train uses silicon based IGBT power modules. Different assembly technologies …” „… increase the power cycling lifetime by a factor of 25 as a rule of thumb. For an automotive drive train …” „… optimizations will be done to drive down the costs. For an automotive drive train application the lifetime of …”

M. Hein, T. Tobie, K. Stahl Holistic approach for fatigue life design of vehicle transmissions

„… running tests [11, 26, 28] and typically occur on the driven partner of case-carburized gears but have …” „… derived from an analysis of costumer-near test drives. For a realistic evaluation of decisive load …” „… spectra, it is recommended to perform various costumer-near test drives with different drivers, different …”

R. Bredtmann, M. Beck, O. Mühlfeld, K. Olesen, O. Shajarati Robust multi-chip power module for effective integration to automotive powertrains – Danfoss DCM™1000 meets future automotive requirements

„… electric traction drives. Its robust bonding- and joining technology enables cost-effective semiconductor …” „… disruptive development of drivetrains is an integration of electric traction drives, that cover power …” „… a scalable platform of power modules, that integrate with a wide range of traction drives. The …”

D. Bauer, M. Alexander Loss-optimized design of a high performance electrical machine for electric and hybrid cars

„… evaluate the range of an electrical car, certain driving cycles are used to map the driver’s behaviour …” „… drive cycle relevant area fit very well. Based on the presented detailed loss models and the highly …”

U. Reichert, F. Busch, S. Ott, K. Bause Potential of lightweight design of a vehicle transmission by usage of high strength steels

„… )) essentially consists of two planetary gears with a common ring gear, which drives the differential via an …” „… intermediate shaft. The internal combustion engine drives the bridge of the planetary gear 1. The two electric …” „… components in a very small space in comparison to the other two transmissions in pre-drive design. For this …”

M. Mileti, H. Pflaum, K. Stahl TorqueLINE cone clutch: Thermo-mechanical stability of cone clutches for ATs

„… were designed in collaboration with the project partner HOERBIGER Drive Technology Holding GmbH and …” „… between HOERBIGER Drive Technology Holding GmbH and FZG. The main advantage of TorqueLINE Cone Clutch is …” „… . Acknowledgement The present paper is an extract of the joint research project between HOERBIGER Drive Technology …”

W. Guo, M. Jordan, X. Xu The application of fast and efficient clutch coordination control in a P2 hybrid automatic transmission

„… controlled according to the requirement of the hybrid drive mode. Because the system should support vehicle …” „… vehicle test data Fig.9 shows vehicle test results during a power-off upshift. The driver quickly …” „… result with continuous multistep downshift. The driver accelerates the vehicle with full pedal at gear 7 …”

M. Gebauer Caterpillar – Making progress possible

„… driven by their “clean energy” status. As developing nations establish electric infrastructure, this …”

E. Schnur, S. Krieger, M. Brenninger Development of a CVT transaxle with differential steering for a tracked tractor around 300 kW

„… differential steering was integrated in the TA300T drive line. The development effort was reduced to a minimum …”

R. J. Stirnimann Modern tractor transmission concepts – an overview

„… drives which play an important role. Furthermore, globally active manufacturers have to meet all kind of …”

C. Braykoff, B. Zornek, K. Johann Moser, C. Wirth Modular drivetrain concept for electrical commercial vehicles

„… all types of driven axles regardless of the designated application. This paper shows the …”

C. Danzer, T. Voigt, T. Günther, R. Tröger From fleet requirements to optimized Dedicated Hybrid Powertrains

„… , presents a subsequently derived drive strategy based on a combustion engine as the basic concept in …” „… conventional and electrical driven charging units. For every single ICE-technology configuration the impact in …”

K.-P. Fritsch Industry 4.0 in the automatic transmission production

„… automatic transmission (standard, four wheel driven, hybrid, plug in hybrid), ZF benefits from a globally …” „… ", the proof should be started that I4.0-driven changes are controllable and formable for the involved …”

M. Behzad, V. Saxena, M. Schaefer Thermal-hydrodynamic optimization of grooves in a wet clutch

„… provision for drive torque," Journal of Tribology, vol. 123, pp. 313-323, 2001. [6] M. M. Razzaque and T …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023280

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Gießtechnik im Motorenbau 2017

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Gießtechnik im Motorenbau 2017

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2304 2017

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C. Heiselbetz, F. J. Feikus, L. Kniewallner, M. Rafetzeder, R. Fernandez, M. Speicher, D. Schnubel, G. Stalec Herausforderungen E-Drive Komponenten – Gießtechnische Lösungen S. 29-40

„… Herausforderungen E-Drive Komponenten – Gießtechnische Lösungen Challenges E-Drive Components …” „… werden die Herausforderungen von E-Drive Komponenten aus Aluminium unter Berücksichtigung potentieller …”

H. Rottengruber, S. Zeilinga, E. Todsen Konzepte für E-Antriebe und deren Relevanz für die Gießereitechnik S. 3-14

„… electrified drive is currently being massively propagated by many stakeholders. This paper is intended to …” „… give a current status of the short- and medium-term alternatives to the ICE driven car. A fundamental …” „… Electric Traction Drives for Vehicles, Workshop University Lund, Sweden, 20.3.2014 [6 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… , Herausforderungen E-Drive Komponenten – 29 F. J. Feikus, Gießtechnische Lösungen L. Kniewallner, M. Rafetzeder …”

D. Schnubel, M. Speicher, L. Kniewallner, F. J. Feikus Aluminium-Motorblöcke der neuesten Generation im CPS®-Verfahren S. 189-204

„… Vierzylinder-Dieselmotors von BMW“; MTZ 69 (2008); Nr. 6; S. 518– 524 [13] C. Heiselbetz et al.: „Herausforderung E-Drive …”

R. Richter Eigenspannungsoptimierung von Zylinderköpfen mithilfe der Simulation S. 107-122

„… Temperaturfeldern und Spannungen im Zylinderkopf. Abstract The desire for efficient drive concepts and …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181023044

VDI Wissensform GmbH - Drivetrain Solutions for Commercial Vehicles

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VDI Wissensform GmbH (ed.)

Drivetrain Solutions for Commercial Vehicles

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2421 2023

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G. Wiche Voith Central Drive Concept for HD Trucks S. 181-190

„… Voith Central Drive Concept for HD Trucks Dr. Gregor Wiche, J.M. Voith SE & Co. KG (VTA …” „… Portfolio anbieten zu können. Das VEDS HD+ (Voith Electrical Drive System für Heavy- Duty Trucks) ist mit …” „… driven portfolio to the market. The VEDS HD+ (Voith Electrical Drive System for HD Trucks) is appli-cable …”

M. Eisele, M. Kohler Modular Electric Driveline Platform for Commercial Vehicles – Central Drives and Electric Axles Built up From Standardized and Scalable Components S. 37-46

„… Modular Electric Driveline Platform for Commercial Vehicles Central Drives and Electric Axles …” „… central drives and electric axles. Both types have their individual benefits and disadvantages. We will …” „… drive technologies make a significant contribution to reducing emissions, especially electrification. In …”

J. Hohn, M. Fister, C. Spieker, A. Lemmer Optimisation of an unsynchronized transmission for commercial vehicles up to 7 tonnes S. 161-174

„… powered purely by internal combustion engines. This problem is the motivation for the Scale-e-Drive …” „… on low-cost electric drives from the passenger car segment and use them in the commercial vehicle …” „… of mobility. [1] [2] Fig. 1: Approach of the Scale-e-Drive project [3] VDI-Berichte Nr. 2421 …”

I. Gonzalez, C. Reisinger Electrifying trucks and commercial vehicles without compromise S. 59-66

„… , and a small portion of Class 4 to 6. This wide range requires a portfolio of e-drives that fulfills …” „… transport vehicles like cargo vans however, the eBeam drive should not interfere with the loading area and …” „… be small enough to allow competitive floor height. Both require solutions with no drive obtrusion in …”

B. Wunderlich Development of an heavy duty eAxle for worldwide application within Daimler Truck portfolio S. 175-180

„… . The target was to develop a compact, powerful and efficient drive, carrying over as many existing …” „… carrier represents the compact electric drive unit, including 2 eMachines, an automated 2-speed gearbox …” „… and a final drive. Finally, an overview of the worldwide vehicle applications and derivatives of the …”

B. Meurer The next level of an improved Truck-Trailer connection and interaction – Examples for Electrification and Automated Driving S. 29-36

„… level is the use of an electric drive train for traction support on conventional semi-trailers. In 2018 …” „… : Illustration of the semi-trailer with electric drive train on the central axle (@ ZF …” „… via the standardized ISO 11992 CAN interface. No special activation from the driver is thus necessary …”

A. Arnberger, H. Wancura, M. Wieser, H. Zhou, W. Gruber, J. Pell, C. Schörghuber Hybrid powertrain with hydrogen-engine – Technical solutions for future commercial vehicle powertrains S. 79-92

„… drive for highway operation will be needed. Thus, the challenge is to define a hybrid transmission …” „… location of the e-motor:  P0: starter generator driven via engine belt  P1: starter generator mounted on …” „… : electric axle, all-wheel drive possible Fig. 3: Overview of parallel hybrid configurations With respect …”

C. Braykoff CAM – Common Axle Module – The TRATON Common Axle Module for conventional and electric powertrain S. 67-74

„… the direction of long ratios. The aim is to generate further efficiency advantages for the drive train …” „… by reducing the engine speed. Compared to the existing axle drives in the group, the new design not …” „… every customer application. The new axle drive generation should be lighter and more efficient as the …”

H. Heimes, A. Kampker, M. Kehrer, S. Hagedorn, P. Euchner Packaging concepts for fuel cell commercial vehicles – From practical to application-oriented designs S. 13-28

„… mounted at the rear of the vehicle and connected to the wheels by a chain drive, Fig. 1. [1] Fig. 1: The …” „… are placed in the former engine space. The gearing and two electric drives are integrated in the …” „… units. The battery is placed in the middle of the drive train, between the fuel tanks. [7] VDI-Berichte …”

T. Jonsson, S. Balaji, G. Sivaraman, V. Ravindran, J. Engström Effects of PWM on losses and comparison of calculation approaches S. 47-58

„… drives have gained a lot of focus in recent times, especially due to their impact in increasing the iron …” „… voltage drives harmonic currents and associated fluxes in the electric machine, leading to higher losses …” „… straightforward since conventional finite element simulation uses sinusoidal current-driven approach for fast …”

C. Schmidt Fault analysis of truck drivelines using big data methods S. 149-160

„… data driven fault analysis process with focus on driveline topics is described. The fault elimination …” „… . VDI-Berichte Nr. 2421, 2023 1513. Data-driven fault elimination at MAN MAN Truck & Bus SE follows a data-driven …” „… ). Fig. 2: Data-driven fault elimination based on various corporate data in a data lake 4. Anomaly …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Electric Driveline Platform for Commercial Vehicles – Central Drives and Electric Axles Built up From …” „… . Authier, J. Boudin, Valeo Powertrain System Driveline, Amiens, France Challenges on the electric drive …” „… , Daimler Truck AG, StuttgartVoith Central Drive Concept for HD Trucks 181G. Wiche, J.M. Voith SE & Co. KG …”

M. Trahand Drivetrain architectures and vehicle integration: The evolution and advantages of in-wheel propulsion for heavy-duty commercial vehicles S. 123-134

„… maintenance, regulatory compliance, driver VDI-Berichte Nr. 2421, 2023 125retention from a healthier work …” „… and noise.  They allow drivers to plug in everyday personal devices like phones, microwaves, and …” „… lost to all the components of the drivetrain engaged along the way to the wheels, from the drive shaft …”

A. Rozum, R. Uerlich, G. Witham, L. Eckstein Modular powertrains for heavy-duty electric vehicles – From concept to prototype S. 191-0

„… project of Concept ELV2 (funded by BMWi), a novel electrically driven axle (e-axle) is developed together …” „… from significantly lower noise emissions of electric drives as the propulsion noise of conventional …” „… prototype is built and thus to minimise the total development costs. 2. Development of electric drives at …”

L. Vassieux, A Diop Valeo hybrid solutions for Commercial Vehicle – 48V and HV hybrid solution S. 93-108

„… & inverter Motor type Drive Motor Generator Max 25kW 48V Inverter type Integrated inverter Winding type 2x3 …” „… , including battery and e-drive 3 in 1, the TCO gain needs to be calculated. The calculation is based on the …” „… hybrid module is a plug-in solution with the capacity to drive in zero emission until 45kph. Fig.e …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024218

VDI Wissensforum GmbH - Fahrzeugsicherheit

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VDI Wissensforum GmbH (ed.)

Fahrzeugsicherheit

Series: VDI-Berichte

Volume 2426 2023

Results in this title

A. Trumpp, A.-M. Zuehlsdorff, Y. Radunz, S. Lehnert Potentials and Limitations in Driver Health Monitoring S. 67-82

„… Potentials and Limitations in Driver Health Monitoring Möglichkeiten und Grenzen im …” „… defining factor for driver monitoring in the last years. This trend is driven by guidelines and regulations …” „… evaluation found that the latter one is the most promising candidate for assessing the driver’s health due to …”

M. Witt, F. Raisch, J. Mejia Hernandez Sicherheitsorientierter Entwicklungsprozess Human Factors für Level 2 Systeme S. 303-312

„… Sicherheitsorientierter Entwicklungsprozess Human Factors für Level 2 Systeme Safety-driven …” „… for safety-driven development of Level 2 systems which considers potential benefits and inherent risks …” „… of those complex systems and describes how with adequate measures safety consequences of driver …”

P. Laufer, R. Konhäuser Camera-Based Gender Estimation of Vehicle Occupants with Virtual Testing Using Synthetic Data S. 99-112

„… propose a CNN-based approach implemented in a driver monitoring camera to classify the gender of the …” „… driver and investigate the model's applicability to an occupant monitoring camera mounted in the rearview …” „… , all created with Unreal Engine 5. 1. Interaction between AI and interior camera The driver monitoring …”

C. Siebke, G. Prokop DReaM – Ein Fahrerverhaltensmodell für die virtuelle Sicherheitsbewertung von Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS) und Highly Automated Driving (HAD) S. 177-188

„… modelling the human driver, it is possible to simulate and predict future accident constellations and …” „… DReaM (Driver Reaction Model), a driver behavior model developed to simulate realistic traffic for the …” „… prospective safety assessment of ADAS and HAD. The functionality that a driver behavior model must provide in …”

K. Reinprecht, B. Hristov Welche Gefahren nehmen E-ScooterfahrerInnen im urbanen Umfeld wahr? Sind Kreuzungen gefährlicher als die freie Fahrt auf der Straße? S. 355-0

„… accident has fatal consequences for e-scooter drivers. This high probability of death compared to motorized …” „… the behavior of e-scooter drivers in order to determine and analyze possible sources of error in the …” „… look which lateral distances e-scooter drivers keep when driving in an urban environment. Together with …”

B. Holz, R. Brüning, T. Ewender, T. Klaehn, S. Löw, R. Petersen Kompakte 3D-Weitwinkel-Kamera zur Fahrzeuginnenraumüberwachung S. 83-98

„… Zusammenfassung Während Driver-Monitoring-Systeme teilweise Einzug in aktuelle Fahrzeugmodelle gehalten haben …” „… the driver's readiness to drive, hand-on-steering-wheel detection, passenger detection, child seat …”

G. Weller Sustainability: New Requirements for Passive Safety S. 1-14

„… finally weight. Following this, a driver airbag (DAB) was chosen to illustrate how the life cycle …” „… internal combustion engine (ICV) and those with purely electric drive (battery electric vehicles, BEV) [12 …” „… As outlined in the introduction, the development of an LCA process is based on a driver airbag (DAB …”

S. Roka Integrated Active and Passive Safety Protocol – A Feasibility Study with Human Body Models and Volunteers S. 55-66

„… Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) technologies. While these technologies were considered relatively rare a …” „… the safety and comfort feelings. EGO vehicle with volunteer positioned on the passenger seat is driven …” „… braking pulse diagram To achieve consistent deceleration values, the test vehicle's driver has practiced …”

M. Kühn, M. Lindenau, J. Hoch, J. Müller, L. Sardina, R. Strzeletz Unfälle durch Falschfahrer auf Autobahnen – Unfallmuster und Maßnahmen S. 189-206

„… health condition of the driver involved in the accident. All these findings lead to a clearer picture of …” „… accidents. For example, traffic sign recognition with a corresponding warning to the driver is already on …” „… the market. But even driver assistance systems do not reach all WWD, as the number of deliberate WWD …”

L. F. A. de Oliveira, L. Schories Evaluation of the performance of an AEB system considering the reduction of injury severity in not-avoided cases using the injury risk function built with a logistic regression model and GIDAS Data S. 339-354

„… in conflict situations by braking the car (depending on the system only after the driver has started …” „… road approaching from the right, from the driver's perspective. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2426, 2023 345 Table 2 …” „… , without requiring driver intervention. Two distinct approaches were employed to determine the critical TTC …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Insassenklassifizierung und -zustandserkennungPotentials and Limitations in Driver Health Monitoring 67A. Trumpp, A.-M …”

S. Schilling, B. Eickhoff Occupant classification and crash severity detection enable individualized shoulder belt forces and improve NCAP ratings on rear seat S. 113-124

„… driven by current and upcoming global consumer ratings, due care tests, and legal requirements. A …” „… seatbelt load limiter restraint systems for rear seat occupants in the load case matrix driven by current …”

H. Liers, S. Babisch, T. Unger Analyse des Realunfallgeschehens zur Ableitung von Sicherheitsanforderungen an Fahrzeuge einer Fahrzeugklasse M0 S. 125-140

„… . In addition to other aspects such as drive technology, acceptance, the potential use and vehicle …” „… upstream, data-driven approach appears to be appropriate. The VDI Technical Advisory Board for Automotive …”

A. Eggers, M. Schießler, J. Ott, M. Lebarbé, F. López Valdésc Manuel Valdano, P. Petit, W. Marshall, P. Lemmen, M. Östling, M. Masuda, O. Richard, P. Beillas The ENOP project (Enable New Occupant Seating Positions) S. 159-176

„… seat back angles, which are not possible for the driver in current vehicles during driving mode. The …” „… enable automated driving vehicles. Such vehicles will allow the driver to engage in non-driving …”

A. Malczyk, M. Kühn, R. Rößler Kleintransporter im Unfallgeschehen – Gefahr oder gefährdet? S. 141-158

„… frequent, but less severe, on average. Observation of LCV’s in traffic and interviews with LCV drivers did …” „… offences indicate that some drivers overestimate their own capabilities and the controllability of their …”

M. Graf, D. Vriesman, T. Brandmeier Testmethodik zur Untersuchung, Validierung und Absicherung von Störeinflüssen auf Umfeldsensoren durch Witterung unter reproduzierbaren Bedingungen S. 231-248

„… ] Mercedes-Benz Group AG, Merceds-Benz DRIVE PILOT. [Online]. Verfügbar unter …” „… : https://www.mercedes-benz.de/passengercars/technology/drive-pilot.html (Zugriff am: 27. Juli 2023). [7] H. Atasayar, M. Deublein, J. Zimmermann und F. Schneider …”

H. Paul, I. Peschel, B. Hohage Gender discussion in vehicle safety - An overview of the consideration of subparts of the population in vehicle safety based on accident data analysis and current ATD development S. 37-54

„… due to the COVID 19 crisis leading to a reduction of driven road kilometers. The evaluation also shows …” „… Sciene Reviews, 2019 [11] J. R. Crandall et. al.: Foot and ankle injury: The roles of driver …”

M. Wisch, J. Gail, A. Seeck, T. Lich, M. Düring, P. Lewerenz, A. Schäuble Datengrundlage zur Beantwortung der Verkehrssicherheitsfragen von morgen – GIDAS 4.0 S. 207-230

„… ) [10] vermehrt auch auf offene Standards wie openDRIVE [11] und openSCENARIO [12] zu setzen, um eine …” „… Research", 2016 VDI-Berichte Nr. 2426, 2023 229 [11] ASAM OpenDRIVE …”

T. Herwig, M. Sprenger, C. Fischer, L. Kübler Advanced Seat Belt Actuator Technology enabling next Level Occupant Safety S. 15-36

„… SPECIFICATION 0 46’733 Involved passenger cars in reconstructed cases 1 45’162 With a driver present 2 41’422 …” „… Only drivers and right front passengers with known horizontal and vertical seat adjustment The chosen …”

M. Rees, S. Peldschus, P. Wernicke Sensitivität verschiedener Menschmodelle auf ein Submarining-Auftreten bei Variation ihrer vorderen Beckenkamm-Geometrie auf Basis von CT-Bilddaten – Unter Zuhilfenahme mehrerer, objektiver Submarinin... S. 269-284

„… of this specific anatomical region is driven by its decisive role in interacting with the lap belt …”

A. Leich, R. Lüdtke, J. Schindler, A. Wodtke, S. Knake-Langhorst, F. Scherer, M. Hesse Erhöhung der Sicherheit im Straßenverkehr durch infrastrukturgestützte Umfeldwahrnehmung – Anwendungsfälle, Potentiale und Ansätze zur Erprobung S. 285-302

„… recognized by the driver or a vehicle sensor system. All data is analyzed and sent to the road users via …”

F. Neumann, L. Rieger, C. Vieler, S. Schilling, A. Soni, B. Eickhoff, B. Pipkorn, M. Morlock Sensitivitätsanalyse der anthropometrischen Wirbelsäulenpositionen bezüglich Frakturrisiken in Komfortsitzpositionen in frontalen Crashsituationen S. 249-268

„… after the onset of crash. The simulation excluded a driver airbag and no contact with the car …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783181024263

Matthias Schreiner - Bayesian Environment Representation, Prediction, and Criticality Assessment for Driver Assistance Systems

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Matthias Schreiner

Bayesian Environment Representation, Prediction, and Criticality Assessment for Driver Assistance Systems

Series: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik

Volume 797 2016

Results in this title

PRORETA 3: An Integrated Driver Assistance System S. 192-206

„… 192 7 PRORETA 3: An Integrated Driver Assistance System The present chapter presents the integrated …” „… driver assistance system PRORETA 3, which employs the methods introduced in this thesis. After a short …” „… difficulties but also makes it harder for the driver to understand and handle all functions properly. PRORETA 3 …”

Prediction and Criticality Assessment S. 132-191

„… indication, e.g. by observing driver-eye-gaze behavior [176], are not considered as they cannot be realized …” „… uncertainty can be identified: • Uncertainty in state estimates. • Uncertainty in driver intentions. 6.1 …” „… a lane change. Human drivers take these different scene evolutions into account, an automatic system …”

Summary and Outlook S. 207-211

„… accident-free driving. Since most accidents are caused by human error, adequate assistance of the driver is an …” „… drivers. Finally, the criticality time metric Time-To-Critical-Collision-Probability (TTCCP) has been …” „… developing the holistic driver assistance system PRORETA 3, which has been presented in the subsequent …”

Bibliography S. 221-254

„… , USA, second edition, 1985. [28] H. Berndt and K. Dietmayer. Driver Intention Inference with Vehicle …” „… Situation Assessment in Advanced Driver Assistance System for Complex Multi-Objects Traffic Situations. In …” „… . Bouzouraa and U. Hofmann. Fusion of Occupancy Grid Mapping and Model Based Object Tracking for Driver …”

Publications and Supervisions S. 217-220

„… . Adamy, M. Pfromm, R. Bruder, S. Lüke, and S. Cieler. PRORETA 3: Comprehensive Driver Assistance by …” „… Safety Corridor and Cooperative Automation. In Handbook of Driver Assistance Systems. Basic Information …” „… . Adamy. Bayesian, Maneuver-Based, Long-Term Trajectory Prediction and Criticality Assessment for Driver …”

Introduction S. 1-5

„… [248]. This fact clearly motivates the need of driver assistance systems to turn the Vision Zero into …” „… proprioceptive sensors. Environment knowledge is not taken into account. Therefore, so-called Advanced Driver …” „… on an experimental vehicle. They are part of the holistic driver assistance system PRORETA 3 [25, 56 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… / Fahrzeugtechnik Reihe 12 Bayesian Environment Representation, Prediction, and Critical ity Assessment for Driver …” „… Bayesian Environment Representation, Prediction, and Criticality Assessment for Driver Assistance Systems …” „… , and Criticality Assessment for Driver Assistance Systems M.Sc. Matthias Schreier, Darmstadt …”

Environment Representations for ADAS S. 6-17

„… some future ADAS functions for which a 2D representation is not sufficient, e.g. for driver warnings if …”

Parametric Free Space Maps S. 103-131

„… , so that the ego vehicle could drive around them. This is in contrast to the obstacles further ahead …” „… would bend around the dynamic object corruptions and might falsely trigger driver warnings or …”

Bayesian Inference for Nonlinear Filtering Tasks S. 18-66

„… preceding prewhitening system so that the combination of the original and the prewhitening system is driven …”

doi.org/10.51202/9783186797124

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