Zusammenfassung
Foreword The International Conference on Gears in Garching near Munich, Germany, is an established platform for researchers on and manufacturers of gears and transmission systems. At the 10th issue of the conference in September of 2023, gear experts discussed the latest developments and research results from the powertrain industry and academia. Given the increasing challenges of climate change and its impacts, acting in compliance with the UN Sustainable Development Goals is mandatory for all engineers today. Gear engineers must consider these objectives in their research and development activities and provide solutions that meet the technical requirements and contribute to achieving the UN goals. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is a primary driver for climate change. Reducing GHG emissions should be an urgent action for the combat against climate change. Therefore, the research on efficiency is assigned a key role. Several contributions in this report discuss the possibilities for further improvement in efficiency from different points of view, like gear design or lubrication. Other subjects of the conferences are Responsible Consumption and Production. H...
Schlagworte
verlustarme Getriebe Risswachstum Stirnrad Planeten Getriebe Lebensdauer Vorhersage Maschenweite Synchronisierung Reibungskoeffizient Lastverteilung Schmierung Ölfluss Simulation schlaues Getriebe Re-X low-loss-gears tooth root load fatigue strenght spur gear crack groth root life prediction model planetary gear mesh phasing friction coefficient ISO 6336 E-Axle applications load distribution NVH multi stage gear trains lubrication planetary gearbox meshing contact oil flow simulation CFD smart gear- 1–2 Foreword 1–2
- 67–108 Damage detection 67–108
- 109–156 Load capacity 109–156
- 157–190 Planetary gears: NVH 157–190
- 301–340 Load capacity 301–340
- 341–382 NVH: Impacts 341–382
- 383–428 Asymmetric gear geometry 383–428
- 485–536 CFD: Applications 485–536
- 537–582 Planetary gears: Design 537–582
- 583–632 NVH: Analysis 583–632
- 633–674 Smart gears 633–674
- 675–714 NVH 675–714
- 715–752 Lubrication 715–752
- 753–784 Efficiency and friction 753–784
- 785–828 Efficiency: Gearbox 785–828
- 829–880 Bevel and hypoid gears 829–880
- 927–974 Design geometry 927–974
- 975–1016 Efficiency & friction 975–1016
- 1039–1286 Poster Exhibition 1039–1286
- 1287–1300 Sustainability 1287–1300
- 1301–1350 Tooth root strength 1301–1350
- 1351–1388 Fibre reinforcement 1351–1388
- 1389–1434 NVH 1389–1434
- 1469–1514 Gear geometry and calculation 1469–1514
- 1547–1580 Tribology and thermal behavior 1547–1580
- 1581–1858 Gear Production 2023 1581–1858
- 1581–1606 Innovations in gear production 1581–1606
- 1607–1640 Software in gear production 1607–1640
- 1641–1698 Additive manufacturing 1641–1698
- 1699–1748 Materials in gear production 1699–1748
- 1787–1828 Gear metrology 1787–1828
- 1803–1820 Large gear metrology at PTB 1803–1820
- 1859–1876 Manufacturing processes 1859–1876
134 Treffer gefunden
- „... cylindrical and worm gears, it includes guidelines for selecting characteristic material values of different ...” „... . However, it needs to be stressed that both prime failure mechanisms, fatigue and wear, often go hand in ...” „... 19th century and since then it was a subject of continuous research [11]. Nowadays there are two main ...”
- „... applied to a fiber-reinforced composite material, it is transferred both by the fibres and the matrix ...” „... tooth matrix. It is crucial that the pin diameter is larger than a minimum value to ensure that no fibre ...” „... the fibre tensile modulus and strength as well as the fibre diameter. It can be shown that for an ...”
- „... . It employs the surface microstructure as a unique identifier. The results of feasibility studies for ...” „... means of image processing, because it can be shifted due to handling inaccuracy. This is typically done ...” „... symmetrical part is less compressed than the fingerprint of an object with a rectangular ROI, because it has ...”
- „... thick high-speed airflows collide. As a result, it was observed that the injected oil curved its ...” „... that time. In this study, it was attempted to visualize the flow of air and oil around the gear during ...” „... an e-Axle. It aims to find new Low Fluid loss Low Lubricant agitation lossPower consumption Low ...”
- „... contrast, collects all oil that leaves the radial bore, distributes it along its outer diameter, and makes ...” „... through the spline, it becomes apparent why insufficient oil wetting occurs. The volume flow through the ...” „... making it possible to visualize the flow and uncover secluded features important to guide the oil ...”
- „... optimizing the transmission error, it is possible to reduce the structural excitation and, consequently, the ...” „... airborne noise.Outside of laboratory conditions, it is not possible to operate gears without any noise ...” „... excitation. Although it is known that periodic modifications can limit the excitation for a single load [1 ...”
- „... define it proportionally to the gear module m, so its density would follow the rule n N ∙ m. Here, n ...” „... it is given in Table 1 based on a C14 standard spur gear geometry [10]. The test samples were created ...” „... rack tooth (11), it was created support (13) that would fix it by using an adjustable dovetail fixing ...”
- „... short history of high-performance polymer gears, it is not surprising that calculation standards ...” „... it possible to create non-involute gear teeth, but even when working with involute teeth it is ...” „... for injection moulded polymer gears begs the question: What if it were possible to use ISO 6336-3:2019 ...”
- „... and a non-equally-spaced three-planet planetary, it has been shown clearly that the mesh phasing ...” „... transmission systems, controlling it via mesh phasing in such a way to improve NVH performance is crucial. In ...” „... phase difference and another with no meshing phase difference (in-phase planetary). It was concluded ...”
- „... of the main failure modes in gears, and it is important to predict the fatigue life. Glass fiber ...” „... fracture.It is said that fatigue is more than 70% of the causes of damage to mechanical equipment[1] as shown ...” „... in FIG. 1.It is important to predict fatigue life and design so that fatigue does not occur Fig.1 ...”
- „... generation of the planetary gear set are very sensitive to its macro-geometry, it is difficult to change the ...” „... macro-geometry in the gear design improvement stage. Therefore, it is important to select the optimal ...” „... . However, to ensure optimal performance and efficiency, it is crucial to meticulously design the gear ...”
- „... edge whereas the plane is fixed along the vertical direction on its lower side, as it can be seen in ...” „... possi-ble. This increases the number of degrees of freedom and the computational cost along with it. This ...” „... tooth flanks. Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) is a recent alternative to the FEA. It uses B-Splines, a ...”
- „... . Since this type of modification is not commonly used, its geometric limitations it was investigated. To ...” „... the study, a modification was applied only on the gear wheel and it was aimed to make the gear pair ...” „... capacity to determine gear spring characteristics and load sharing along the contact line. It is also ...”
- „... the mechanical properties of metal materials are much higher than for plastic gears it is necessary to ...” „... understand how to design plastic/metal gearboxes it is necessary to first understand the properties of the ...” „... medium and outer forces. Knowing this fact and the dynamics in a gear mesh it becomes obvious, that for ...”
- „... last several weeks. The message is not, its not worth it, the message is you have to consider the ...” „... cases. Thanks to the further development of gear skiving to the point where it is ready for series ...” „... production, it has been possible for some years now to implement a productive gear manufacturing process on ...”
- „... Abstract It is undeniable that, aided by the increasing electrification of machines, the gear community is ...” „... more and more interested and (or) concerned about the gearbox noise subject. However, it is also an ...” „... contact area is no more the ideal one. In any case, as it is one of the most controllable parameters in ...”
- „... quality result regardless of the production sources and locations, whether it comes from within the ...” „... functionality. Standardization To establish an effective quality management system, it is essential to ensure ...” „... complexity of the gear geometry, it is often beneficial to define the specifications of the soft-state and ...”
- „... possible. This makes it possible to generate hypoid gears with ratios of 100[1] and more, so-called high ...” „... numbers of teeth, it must be investigated whether pinion deflection and twisting have a decisive influence ...” „... Dresden. In future, it is expected that HRH gearing will also be reliably calculated and, in particular ...”
- „... gears is very important for the proper operation of the gear pair. With large gear pairs, it is very ...” „... thermal imaging camera. However, even when the appearance of a misalignment is observed, it is very ...” „... when the appearance of a misalignment is observed, it is very difficult to determine how much ...”
- „... on the material utilization, which can be described as a tensor on its own, it is essential to ...” „... initial crack. Starting from that failure, the crack slowly grows until it reaches the surface in an 40-50 ...” „... . It starts on the surface and growth in to deeper material depth until it reaches the primary one ...”
- „... approach was developed to such an extent that it can be linked with the tooth root stress calculation of ...” „... force application which defines the length of the lever arm in relation to the tooth root. It is ...” „... and the anisotropic elastic material behavior. Furthermore, it is shown how this method can be linked ...”
- „... classified them to gain an overview of the definitions of gear loading definitions. It is important to note ...” „... second (AGMA, HENRIOT, NIEMANN with a different symbol, DUDLEY) defines it at the operating pitch ...” „... . - This force is applied at two different contact points depending on whether we view it from the ...”
- „... and retains its mechanical properties for a long period of time at high temperatures. Therefor it is a ...” „... modelling with fundamental polymer gear insights. It has shown that this allows for quantitative predictions ...” „... during impact. However, it is also commonly known that manufacturing accuracy plays a large role in gear ...”
- „... stiffness that is comparable or even higher to glass fiber reinforced plastics [15, 20]. It’s important to ...” „... via lower fuel consumption. But in other market segments, it has to be taken into consideration that ...” „... ; especially regarding waste with higher carbon content, landfill is not viable and in the future it will be ...”
- „... teeth and to a particularly high surface quality. It is important to detect micro waviness on the gear ...” „... the risk of tool breakage. Dressing too early reduces tool life and lowers production output. It is ...” „... production processes When it comes to monitoring production processes, the heterogeneity in the machine fleet ...”
- „... future. It is based on the withdrawn ISO/TR 13989-1 [7], which was applicable not only to cylindrical ...” „... temperature. If no further information is available, it can be estimated acc. to ISO/TS 6336-20:2022 [1 ...” „... ], method C as following: It can be seen that the coefficient of friction depends on the transverse unit ...”
- „... which considers the complete gearbox and all drive train elements. It is shown that the system ...” „... Nr. 2422, 2023282The PHH concept was used for power classes in the range of 1-2 MW. Later it was ...” „... capable gearbox model. After setting up the gearbox model it is implemented into the test rig environment ...”
- „... transmission of motion and the one actually achieved. It is proven that TE is the principal source of vibration ...” „... . It is proven that TE is the principal source of vibration through several previous studies[1-4]. Gear ...” „... , it is crucial to accurately represent the tooth shape of the gear. This necessitates information on ...”
- „... ° with increasing torque, it also detaches itself more visibly from this level in the direction of -90 ...” „... equivalent circuit diagrams, it is then possible to map the mechanical drive train as an electrical circuit ...” „... dielectric properties. In [11] it could be shown, that the phenomenon of flutings can also occur on a tooth ...”
- „... density. When it comes to manufacturability, external gears are easier to manufacture in comparison to ...” „... in production occur. It is important to monitor production changes at an early stage, to prevent ...” „... “Type A” and “Type B”. It is important to include that not even the ratio between A and B is not known ...”
- „... stiffness. Being the overlap ratio the central parameter for the design of these new gears, it is relevant ...” „... to evaluate how the gears’ mesh stiffness, dynamic behavior and noise level are affected by it ...” „... displayed in Table 3 ordered by increasing total number of teeth. It can be verified that the power loss is ...”
- „... condition for vibration characteristics of a light-loaded spur gear pair was presented in [2]. It was ...” „... presence of viscous gear meshing damping is demanded in dynamic models with plastic gears. It is well known ...” „... it can be useful at the design phase and during the measurement or investigation of a real problem ...”
- „... to the accelerated life test code of the gearbox, it is expected that the life of mechanical ...” „... getting shorter, but the reliability required for mechanical parts is getting higher and higher. Since it ...” „... damage in this study is shown in Fig. As shown in 1, it is a single-stage planetary gear set, power is ...”
- „... % slope. The 7 speed gear box provides a good comfort to the biker as it can be used whether in automated ...” „... troublesome as it sounds “dirty”. It is easy noticeable as it is a succession of shock happening between gears ...” „... oscillations. It has been decided to apply a simulation based diagnosis. The model (see Figure n°3) is based on ...”
- „... scuffing on its face, indicated by the yellow arrow. It can be 1 2 3 3 2 1 9 10 R T R T R T R T R T R T R T ...” „... cycles under different load stages (K1 to K9), functionally resisting until 215.6 Nm torque, although it ...” „... limit and affects tooth geometry. At some point, it becomes impossible to repair the gear while keeping ...”
- „... challenges regarding low densities and mechanical strength is essential, as it is directly linked to the ...” „... locally. Some studies on PM show that by surface densification it is possible to obtain the similar flank ...” „... allow reaching higher levels of technological maturity. Therefore, it is important to understand how SP ...”
- „... Modifikationsamplituden zunimmt. Abstract It has been previously demonstrated both experimentally and numerically that ...” „... via these tooth modifications but an optimal size has been found beyond which it is not profitable to ...” „... research on WPL, different techniques were developed in order to mitigate this source of power loss. It was ...”
- „... reused, which is not very sustainable, not beneficial for quality by using it as regrinds and also not ...” „... strategy it is very important to be able to correct every tooth separately but without any geometrical ...” „... our technology it is possible to be much more cost and time efficient for our customers. VDI-Berichte ...”
- „... cities also enables the flow of capital, technology, people and ideas. However, it is important to ...” „... size. Consequently, it is much more demanding for large aircraft types. Another example is Munich ...” „... challenges. For engine manufactures, it ranges from full-electric and hybrid-electric flights for urban as ...”
- „... gearbox housing. It is shown in the previous work that artificial tooth flank damage can be detected in a ...” „... fluctuations of the meshing gears. The signal differs from a real sine. It has a M-W-structure, which indicates ...” „... frequency spectrum as it is a phase and amplitude excitation by the GMF and the revolution speed. It will ...”
- „... have been described by its continuous measurement on spur gears [6, 7]. In this context, it is ...” „... years by measuring it discontinuously on spur and helical gears [8, 9]. It is described that the ...” „... . It can be clearly seen that the absolute value of the impedance fluctuates between 0 and approx ...”
- „... transmission technologies for robotics, several purpose-made gearboxes have been developed. In this paper, it ...” „... wolfrom-based topology, to examine the established mathematical model analytically and then to move it to the ...” „... understanding the behavior of GBD and determining for which systems it is suitable to be used is understood from ...”
- „... 's modulus [14]. It provides insight into the coating's resistance to deformation and its ability to ...” „... the electric motor brings with it a set of new challenging requirements for the transmission system ...” „... conductivities, which would result in varied thermal inputs to the surfaces. As a consequence, it is expected ...”
- „... its directions, thereby significantly reducing the optimization time. It is important to note, however ...” „... conditions. Kolivand et al. [4] started from the same EHL friction model and improved it to also account for ...” „... precise estimations of the lubricant’s entraining velocity, often relying instead on calculating it as the ...”
- „... guideline 563 I [31] defines it as a recommended procedure to evaluate pulsator test data. Its validity and ...” „... failure modes. It may cause a sudden interruption of the power flow within the gearbox and typically ...” „... test cases, it is necessary to elaborate the test results. Here, several models for the definition of ...”
- „... increase in load-carrying capacity compared to uncoated gearings. However, it is not known how the ...” „... investigations on the dry rolling-sliding contact on the Disk-on-Disk test rig, it has been shown that edge ...” „... . Based on the contact area, it can be seen that the tooth flank on the tooth tip area does not carry due ...”
- „... determined with a control parameter. This control parameter should have the following properties so that it ...” „... of the two gears. If two numbers of teeth are specified, it is no longer possible to switch between ...” „... , especially in the development of special gears, as the example in the next section shows. It is initially ...”
- „... it, the full process of loading of the central tooth and its adjacent one is considered to assure ...” „... planet gear and its shaft on the fillet stresses through photoelastic tests. It is illustrated that the ...” „... fact that compressive stresses increase more than tensile stresses in a free rim. It was shown that the ...”
- „... in bevel gear manufacturing. It is state of the art to use an identical cutter head for multiple ...” „... consideration of cutter geometries. The Magic Cutter At MAN it is a state of the art to use consolidated cutter ...” „... design of particular gear ratio. After the final development of the mean gear size (it can be also a ...”
- „... define the calculation of asymmetric gears. In addition, it should be essential to employ a high-fidelity ...” „... most of the loading cycles in general [4]. It is hard to find investigations that explain the combined ...” „... ), efficiency, and transmission errors to draw optimal gear teeth under system deflections. For this, it is ...”
- „... gear quality for internal generating gear grinding It is possible to see that the deviation in profile ...” „... and lead direction was below the class IT3 of the ISO system for cylindrical gears tolerance ...” „... IT5 was defined for the classification of a good quality in the part. The surface roughness was ...”
- „... the type of lubricant and its viscosity on the durability of the surface. It is therefore a global ...” „... is present in the tooth mesh, it can only be taken into account by means of a local consideration ...” „... wedge-shaped material outbreaks. Scuffing is a sudden local welding due to temperature and contact pressure. It ...”
- „... volume. It was found that a fine and nodular graphite structure is the key to high fatigue strength for ...” „... cast irons, turning our attention to the application of gears. It is focused on the tooth-root bending ...” „... . presents the unetched micrographs of all materials. It can be seen that the graphite structure strongly ...”
- „... [14,15], however it was not yet systematically evaluated. An alternative methodology VDI-Berichte Nr ...” „... . 2422, 20231324was used to study these effects. It was assumed that in tests with a higher load, the ...” „... testing interval. The goal was to supplement the VDI 2736 root temperature calculation model so that it ...”
- „... . In the latter two studies, a variable face load factor was found, however it is not mentioned whether ...” „... in dependency of the carrier rotational position are scarce. However, it is essential to address this ...” „... effect as early as the preliminary design phase of the gearbox since it affects the load carrying ...”
- „... . This paper gives an overview of the knowledge gained up to now in large gear metrology at PTB. It is ...” „... standard with external and internal teeth (d = 2 m)It embodies three external and three internal gear ...” „... and manufactured at PTB especially for the large gear ring standard. It has one fixed support and five ...”
- „... corresponding gear is subjected to negative specific sliding only. It can be assumed that the lifetime regarding ...” „... into account e.g. the load carrying capacity reserves for different material pairings. It is to be ...” „... adequate positioning of the pitch point C, it is assumed that the flank load carrying capacity of gears can ...”
- „... other. It can thus be said that the shape of the tool piece can be described as an envelope of the work ...” „... can be found in such a polygonal shape and it can be thought as a tooth of a gear. Consequently, a ...” „... machinery elements production since it greatly contributes to make the mass-production of precise and ...”
- „... gear contact and showed a WEC-potential, which correlates with the observations in this case. It seems ...” „... or on test rigs with harsh test conditions over a long period. Therefore, it is possible that WECs in ...” „... short time of testing and therefore it can be concluded that WECs grow already in the low-load test and ...”
- „... detect gear root cracks wirelessly. It has been confirmed that the system's frequency response changed ...” „... information from the sensor measured on the rotating gear to the external system.It is currently possible to ...” „... value.Fig. 8: Return loss. (0-60 min)From this figure, it can be confirmed that the smart gear has ...”
- „... surfaces could also improve the efficiency for un-coated gears. It was found that the input power of the ...” „... test rig was linked with the surface condition of meshing gears, if monitored, making it possible to ...” „... various applied loads/torques, and it can be determined while the applied load is zero (𝑃 ). I.e.: 𝑃 𝑃 ...”
- „... questions then are what materials is it significant for and how much? The purpose of this research is to ...” „... 126 s-1VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422, 202354and 0.063 s-1. It was found that although dynamic stress ...” „... the material is not altered leaving it in most cases as a ferritic structure. In all processes the ...”
- „... numerical viewpoint, it is found that numerical convergence on gear body stresses at high speeds requires ...” „... approach and make it possible to clarify some of the characteristics of vibrations in gears with highly ...” „... ) between the teeth. In the context of thin-rimmed gears operating at high speeds, it is crucial to have ...”
- „... modifications, all relevant structural components as well as simplified bearing models. It allows to build ...” „... addition, such simplification makes it possible to parameterize and automate the modeling process. If the ...” „... geometry of the structural parts is defined as a function of the gear geometry of the planetary stages, it ...”
- „... the study, it was informed in case of possible errors in the working condition of beveloid gears ...” „... produced from plastic with a 3D printer. According to a spur gear, it is the parameter cone angle deviation ...” „... . Motivation of study With the increasing use of plastic gears in the industry, it has been researched the ...”
- „... outputshaft (here between sun and carrier) is only I ~ 4. Here it can be shown that the losses in the gearmesh ...” „... transmission inside. With a common carrier for both transmission and only one sun and two inner gears it is ...” „... configuration of the Wolfrom transmission. It can be seen that the efficiency for the plus-transmission III will ...”
- „... and modules around 9. All the gearsets have no hypoid offset. The hydraulic load control makes it ...” „... possible to start the test rig without a load, making it possible to have complex testing sequences that ...” „... literature, and it seems to be especially hard to reproduce with most testing setups. While multiaxial ...”
- „... both-sided TiCg coated case is shown in Fig. 3. It can be clearly seen that the temperature increase is more ...” „... It can also be seen that in the uncoated case, some of the frictional heat can dissipate into the ...” „... convective heat transport of the respective layer and the ability of heat dissipation. In Fig. 6, it can be ...”
- „... the efficiency is the reduction of oil amount, where it is even more important to know more about the ...” „... is used, see Fig. 1. It is characterized by a wide variety of transmission ratios and nominal torques ...” „... about the wetting of components, the power losses [2 - 4] and the heat dissipation of gear units, it is ...”
- „... be calculated by given axial position of pinion sb,P, and it is equal to the tooth width rotation ...” „... adapting the calculation model, it is possible to address conforming contact problems where the contact ...” „... matrix of lever arm, which is obtained by assuming a mesh grid area and multiplying it by the cross ...”
- „... type which is as stiff as possible in radial direction can be used, because it does not have to take an ...” „... of the network therefore is able to at least replicate the data it was trained with. To validate the ...” „... characteristics is shown in Fig. 6. It therefore can be assumed to predict the tooth contact analysis results good ...”
- „... . In 2020, road traffic was responsible for 29 % of European CO emissions. [1] Therefore, it makes ...” „... electric vehicles [8]. For this reason, it is imperative to employ special lubricants capable of enduring ...” „... compares it with a sustainable synthetic ester-based lubricant and a polyalkylene glycol-containing ...”
- „... given. Setting the -component of the helix function equal to zero yields equation (2). It VDI-Berichte ...” „... root ellipses are clearly visible in figure 7. In addition, it is evident that the theoretical normal ...” „... . Thus, it is not necessary to generate a complete FE-mesh for each gear, but only those teeth that can ...”
- „... size of this waviness directly influences the resulting profile form deviation. It is logical that ...” „... waviness on the tooth flank is, or can be, the cause of vibration [4]. On the other hand, it has also been ...” „... , z = 43, α = 19°, β = 33°2 Check of the impact of manufacturing deviations by software It would be ...”
- „... , ItalyAbstractEnergy efficiency represents an important aspect of mechanical design. Despite their long history, gears ...” „... model according to Terekhov can be probably considered the first quasi-complete model, it does not ...” „... discretized with a very high number of elementary volumes (cells of the mesh). For each cell it is possible to ...”
- „... needs for single stage planetary gearbox. It contains its own algorithm that is open to improvement ...” „... gear mesh performance. It is inevitable due to operational needs, manufacturing errors and installation ...” „... . Backlash is inevitable due to manufacturing and installation acts, and it is purposely used to provide ...”
- „... temperature is not possible. On the other hand, an application to the load stage number itself, as it was also ...” „... ensure safe operation, highly additivated gear oils are generally used in hypoid transmissions. Since it ...” „... , usually highly additivated gear oils of the API GL-5 classification are used. Since it is generally ...”
- „... assumption of this approach is the mathematical consideration of the tool as a conical gear, while it is ...” „... tooth meshing on the working pitch circles, it follows that the tooth thickness on the working pitch ...” „... the rake face it can be deduced that the contact points lie within the rake face if the scalar product ...”
- „... erreichbaren Verzahnungsqualität auf IT5-6 mit einer Flankenliniengesamtabweichungen von bis zu 10 µm. Darüber ...” „... improvement of achievable gear quality to IT5-6 with a total helix deviation of up to 10 µm. Furthermore, the ...” „... significant contribution. However, because many people still depend on the car, it is not enough to avoid ...”
- „... which correspond to the VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422, 2023 1499law of gearing, it is assumed that the pitch ...” „... the one on the plastic gear is preferably considered because it is the subject with higher stress ...” „... area around the pitch points, whereas it increases at the start of contact. For the sliding path on the ...”
- „... applied loads. Furthermore, it is possible to evaluate the gear wear across the entire active tooth ...” „... of recent research. To this end, it was crucial to develop a suitable algorithm, capable of analyzing ...” „... to the continuous rotational motion of the gear, it was necessary to separate the ...”
- „... design gained in importance. Today it is a common and effective way to design structural and kinematic ...” „... past. As compensation of less accurate load case presumptions, it is a common approach to select higher ...” „... . To transform the load spectrum, it is assumed that each tooth on one gear will see approximately the ...”
- „... voxel-based point cloud [2,3,4]. It can be exported in a surface-based STL data format, representing the ...” „... of all kinds of work pieces where the surface is represented by a point cloud. It includes computed ...” „... standardized definitions. In addition to that, it is recommended to use validated gear algorithms [11]. These ...”
- „... and parameters describing the geometry are not commonly defined. Thus, it is not possible to ...” „... characteristics. With the parametric description shown and the variation of the geometry possible with it ...” „... can be calculated using the position of the center of the arc profile OA. Therefore, it results using ...”
- „... is 18C rN iMo7 -6 and case carburize d and hardened CC . Then it was nish-cut with a C blade cutter ...” „... calculat-ed by gear geometry theory. It is although not easy to recognize , how bad does this polygon from ...” „... hard case of C C H tooth. This is a trigger of a failure of peeling-o of the tooth surface and it ...”
- „... ISO 6336-3 [17], it is assumed that exceeding the permissible bending stress results in damage of the ...” „... to be operated safely with SF being equal to or greater than SFmin. In DIN 3990-1 [18] it is ...” „... with the Finite Element Method (FEM). Since this procedure is usually very time-consuming, it can only ...”
- „... it comes to geared motors, to detect in good time any leaking lubricants due to seals damaged during ...” „... , the planetary gears - is made of a plastic. This design makes it possible to dispense with further ...” „... integrated geared motors. The motor is controlled by a servo drive and a torque is applied to it on a power ...”
- „... goals as well as the scope of the analysis by setting the system boundaries. In detail this means, it ...” „... better than product B for a certain indicator it is rated by +1; if it is worse, then it is rated by -1 ...” „... are equally weighted. To enable an individual weighting of the rating, it is proposed to refine the ...”
- „... and flexibility in order to make it adaptable for a large variety of geometries, materials, use cases ...” „... final geometry will always fit inside the baseline geometry, but it might not use the whole volume. The ...” „... the queue. When the CAD system regains a working state, it will start processing any orders that were ...”
- „... approach is the high accuracy of the dynamic analysis, as it can consider the full system including ...” „... , a sample transmission is used, as it is typically applied in EV transmissions. It consists of an ...” „... eigen-frequency (3rd) [Hz] 3158 3193 13058 7668 15406 13588 Comparing the values in table 3, it shows that the ...”
- „... influenced by the geometrical parameters. It is therefore convenient to know the influence of these ...” „... values of the tool tip radius and pressure angle, considering dedendum coefficient 1.25. It can be ...” „... to be greater than 0: 0 (30) It can be checked that the tip parameter increases as the difference of ...”
- „... , which has a negative impact on kinetic energy and therefore the depth effect. Additionally, it yields in ...” „... last 15 years. It combines ah high productivity with a very high degree of flexibility, while at the ...” „... it for mechanical tooth root treatment. Since the tool has to compensate for geometrical deviations ...”
- „... normal distribution is open at the edges, i.e. it is defined according to equation (1) between - and ...” „... + . Nevertheless, for a very good approximation, it can be limited to +/-4 in the numerical calculations. Whereby ...” „... deviate from the values determined from the simulation. To explain this outcome, it should be noted that ...”
- „... describing the vibro-acoustic behavior, it is not only necessary to validate the dynamic behavior of the ...” „... simplicity, it is assumed in this paper that the structural damping can be represented using Rayleigh ...” „... previous experiments, the sub-assembly is suspended using soft springs to isolate it from surrounding ...”
- „... , the melt pool consolidates and the material tends to contract, but it is restricted by the ...” „... the end of the production line, it is necessary not only to gain a deeper understanding of the L-PBF ...” „... part built, it is imperative to ascertain the diverse powder attributes that guarantee consistent ...”
- „... housings and considering the nature of possible degradation and failure mechanisms of such systems, it ...” „... triggers a dedicated bit in the control unit, which alerts the flight crew of the undesired event. It is ...” „... campaign aimed to assess the chip detection system behaviour. It is often assumed that RCF leads firstly to ...”
- „... introducing the directivity of machining marks on the tooth surfaces (directional parameter), and it was ...” „... equation for estimating the gear friction coefficient is the Matsumoto equation because it uses D-value ...” „... friction, but analyzed it with- out considering the directivity of the tooth surface. Based on this ...”
- „... @ R&D” project at ZF plays an important role here, as it provides these platform capabilities internally ...” „... available to the designer the same way public standards are. On the other hand, it must be assured that this ...” „... . The development process then must be adjusted to utilize this model whenever it is beneficial in terms ...”
- „... added to the previously existing relative position deviations . In the first iteration it applies that ...” „... gearing and thus create a link between the experimental and simulation data, it is necessary to measure ...” „... calibration. To derive it from the measurement image, fiducial markers are needed whose coordinates are given ...”
- „... wear-resistant due operation condition. It is necessary to explore the influences of gearing parameters on ...” „... coefficient method [9]. It will be further modified from simple planetary gear set to CSPG set. The effects of ...” „... model used in the paper is that it can simulate the three-dimensional tooth surface contact under ...”
- „... transmission, and this values are directly added to the overlap calculation, as shown in [10]. This way it is ...” „... 2, therefore, it does not modify the mounting distance and the pressure angle, which is something ...” „... this case the mentioned manufacturing errors. However, for this method to work appropriately, it is ...”
- „... . The inner diameter of the pinion is fixed so that it can rotate to introduce a torque into the system ...” „... loads at high torques are above the yield stress and, thus, in the range of plastic deformation. It is ...” „... , although it is much smaller due to the already high initial contact ratios. For both gearings, tooth root ...”
- „... Management (PHM). It is also the objective to evaluate different sensor concepts for data acquisition ...” „... of an adaptive operating strategy [1]. By smart intervention in the control of the plant it is ...” „... the variation is then adapted to the weakest tooth so that it receives the minimum torque with each ...”
- „... two-dimensional Hertzian formulation. The Hertzian formulism used is detailed in the work of Tripp [3], where it ...” „... distribution and direction of the loads around the disc can be seen in Fig. 4 and it can be noted that these ...” „... actual manufactured drivetrain. To allow for assembly and lubrication of a cycloidal drive it is ...”
- „... Figure 1.a., it is possible to follow, for a particular angular zone, the number of teeth in contact and ...” „... not very high, on the results. However, it should be considered that the range of centre distances ...” „... materials) are totally different. If a structure is excited at the eigenfrequency, or near it, the amplitude ...”
- „... optimal holder rotation speed. It is likely that a non-linear effect of processing intensity contributes ...” „... surface of around 0.11 m/s. (It's critical to mention that these are average values measured across the ...” „... workpiece holder axle. It is evident that the particles do not undesirably adhere to the gear, as the ...”
- „... vibration acceleration fluctuated around the equilibrium position. It can be observed from the frequency ...” „... analysis. It was found that at 28,000 rpm, as the tooth number increases, the base body flexibility at the ...” „... an unavoidable phenomenon in high-speed rotating components; it causes outward deformation of the ...”
- „... formed by gear rack-cutter tool. In order to obtain accurate gear tooth profile equation, it is necessary ...” „... power density is that it can transmit more power per unit volume. In this paper, power density is also ...” „... have certain performance, it is necessary to constrain the gear parameters and gear performance. The ...”
- „... losses are related to the ratio of the angular stage. Under these conditions it applies qualitatively ...” „... smaller lead angle has a poorer efficiency. It is assumed, that this relation for worm gearings is ...” „... Mdrag is not included in the measured load efficiency, therefore it is also set to zero. 6 Efficiency ...”
- „... injection molding process may affect the results of the experimental and numerical studies, it has been ...” „... dimensions and the ideal ones but it also provides us with the CAD file (stp format) of the real geometry ...” „... must be calibrated according to experimental tests and, in the present work, it is proposed to consider ...”
- „... gear axis is released at its reference node, then this node is rotated a step angle, and after that it ...” „... be low, as it can be drawn from previous studies [7]. 2. Gear geometry Gear tooth surfaces are ...” „... increased in 1/2 (as it can be deduced from Figure 3). The increased transverse contact ratio of double ...”
- „... servo motors to impose input and output torque fluctuations ( )iT t in the following harmonic form ...” „... ( ) sin [ ( ) ]i mi ai i i iT t T T n t (1) Here, miT and aiT are the mean and alternating components ...” „... 1 / 2 0.95,1.95 is seen to cause peaks in the 1( )t signal as well although it is not severe as ...”
- „... parameters of transmission system are not designed properly, it will lead to excessive vibration amplitude ...” „... system, torsional vibration has a more serious impact. It will not only accelerate VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422 ...” „... Conditions3.1 Dynamic meshing force analysisAccording to Table 1 and Table 2, it is easy to deduce the ...”
- „... behavior of gears. It is calculated in quasi-static conditions (n ). Due to their inertia, gears and teeth ...” „... parameter for designing flank modifications is the LTE, since it describes the displace-ment of the tooth ...” „... there is almost zero, while it increases for smaller and larger loads. The amplitudes of the higher ...”
- „... rapid flank wear. In the VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422, 2023 1719microscope images, it can also be seen that ...” „... resulting in a tool life of L = 3.72 m. When machining 56NiCrMoVBi7 it is expected, that the additional ...” „... , it can be assumed that this fly-cutter exhibited a pre-damage. The results of the trials with the ...”
- „... oft he artIn order to be able to analyze the lifetime prediction model for the tooth root, it is ...” „... Abaqus assuming a solid test gear body. It is assumed that the contact between test pinion and test gear ...” „... between 1 and 3. For the plane stress state, α takes the value α = 1 and for the plane strain state, it ...”
- „... , 7]. It offers the possibility for higher rolling as well as higher sliding velocities than ...” „... transversally ground pattern was chosen as it most closely resembles the orientation of the grinding pattern on ...” „... gear. Fig. 2 (a) shows a schematic of the test rig. In the centre it illustrates the oil box, that ...”
- „... surface-initiated failure modes). The application of ISO 6336-5 [5] has proven its value and has made it possible to ...” „... other documents in the ISO 6336 series, it provides a method by which different gear designs can be ...” „... has certainly, proven its added value. Currently steps are being taken to improve torque density on ...”
- „... over all the teeth of the gears. [1][2] Therefore, it is considered as important to understand the ...” „... of the analysis of helical gear tooth flanks using the proposed method, it was confirmed that the ...”
- „... condition due to isotropic superfinishing, nor is it valid for speed regimes of 50 𝑚/𝑠 which are relevant ...” „... and sustainable drive systems with a high degree of material utilization, it is necessary to quantify ...” „... the tribological properties of the surface, isotropic superfinishing can be applied on gears. It leads ...”
- „... load. However, it is also noticeable that the P3 Lightweight gear pair variant is louder than its P3 ...” „... , and avoid motor or gear whine issues, it is key to have the right simulation tools that enable their ...” „... resolution is chosen such that it includes the characteristic gear meshing orders and possible sidebands ...”
- „... this Special Issue, and may it inspire your own work. On behalf of the program committee. Your ...” „... powertrain industry and academia. Given the increasing challenges of climate change and its impacts, acting ...”
- „... gearbox design. It is known that the power transmission process leads to an internal vibration excitation ...” „... are based on the same concept as it is illustrated in Figure 2, but with different gear design data ...” „... gearboxes. At this point, it is also noteworthy to mention that none of these gearboxes actually exists ...”
- „... consequently based on the description of the worm gear tooth contact by means of substitute rollers. It is ...” „... ]) VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422, 2023912conditions can be achieved. Due to the test rig design, it is not possible to ...” „... according to ISO/TS 14521 [1]. It can be seen that the wear intensity and thus the wear on the bronze disk ...”
- „... phase position of the two eccentric bushings of a stepped planetary shaft set in the same direction, it ...” „... the disk spring and via the force element of type 5 before it is also applied to the output block. Fig ...” „... the load carrying capacity at maximum torque of MSun = 150 Nm is K = 1.039. Overall, it can be ...”
- „... . 2422, 2023 463The advantage of an isothermal approach relies on its implementation facility: it can be ...” „... point measured. On one hand, for the cooling phase, it is obvious that all parts have similar ...” „... 0,24 1600 -3,7 -5,9 - 2100 -2,2 - - As the numerical model has been validated, it can be used to ...”
- „... of the presented diagrams, it is obvious that some of the investigated modifications give lower ...” „... fatigue strength. By analyzing the results obtained for the particular investigated cast iron gears, it ...” „... for improving the gears load capacity. It is important to emphasize that the presented research is a ...”
- „... methods can hardly be used. With SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) it is possible to simulate complex ...” „... circumferential speeds, the PreonLab results are within the range of measurement. It is noticeable that the torque ...”
- „... moulding is possible. It has been shown that the formation of exclusive sc-PLA through proper nucleation ...” „... . Polylactide (PLA) is already one of the most popular biopolymers on the market due to its good processability ...” „... and wide availability. However, due to its poor thermal stability, PLA is mainly used in ...”
- „... is VDI-Berichte Nr. 2422, 20231666generated during the production process, it does not have to be ...” „... sufficient for the following prints. It could be kept constant in the range of rel = 1.7 % over all gear ...” „... microscopic images of the fracture surfaces. Generally, it should be considered that the crack initiation ...”
- „... superfinished and coated gear flanks is evaluated in this extended abstract. Note that it only shows an ...”
- „... specified combinations of factor levels. While this method yields good results, it is not feasible for large ...” „... friction conditions the COF was determined by calculating its average over a 10 minute test duration. These ...”
- „... experimental data makes the evaluation of these rating procedures difficult. In summary it can be stated that ...” „... of the plastic gear, an in situ gear test rig, developed at the LKT was used. The test rig and its ...”
- „... Tag Online, Deutschlands führende Karrieremesse für Ingenieur*innen und IT-Ingenieur*innen.Für alle ...” „... , Politecnicodi Milano, Milano, Italy;M. Geitner, T. Tobie, K. Stahl, Gear Research Center (FZG), TUM School ...” „... applications 499F. Concli, M. N. Mastrone, Free University of Bolzano/Bozen, Bozen, ItalyLubrication ...”